POFFENBARGER, PRESIDENT :
Having overruled a demurrer to a bill for enforcement of a lien claimed for the cost of street paving, under a reassessment made in pursuance of provisions of sec. 28 of ch.,12 of the Acts of 1915, constituting the amended charter of the city of Elkins, and rejected a plea of res acljudic-ata thereto, the judge of the Circuit Court of Randolph County has certified his decision to this court for review.
Certain special assessments made by the city of Elkins in the year 1904, for street paving done in the previous year, were invalid for reasons assigned in the opinion delivered in Whetsell v. City of Elkins, 68 W. Va. 709. Among the properties specially benefited by the improvement and then invalidly assessed was a lot owned by Seymour Harper, all of which he has since conveyed to other parties in separate parcels and by separate conveyances. He as well as the present owners of the parts conveyed and the holders of liens on one or more of them are made parties defendant to the bill.
Unconstitutionality of the reassessment provision of the statute is urged upon several grounds and the validity of the assessment itself is attacked for alleged irregularity in procedure, in view of the possibility of an adverse holding as to the other grounds assigned.
[380]*380The inhibition of the passage of local or special laws for “laying out, opening, altering and working roads or highways,” and “vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds,” found in sec. 39, Árt. VI of the Constitution, must be read and considered in connection with another provision of the same section, impliedly authorizing the granting of special charters to cities, towns and villages having populations of two thousand or more. Such charters' invariably confer special powers of street improvement. If they did not and streets stood on the footing of country roads as to alteration and “working,” in the sense of mere improvement, one of the principal purposes of incorporation would be impossible. The implied authorization of special charters necessarily restricts the operation of the limitation relied upon, to roads and highways outside of incorporated cities, towns and villages, in so far as it pertains to maintenance and improvement thereof and methods of providing means therefor. Matter of Lexington Avenue, 29 Hun. (N. Y.) 304, affirmed without an opinion, 92 N. Y. 629; Matter of Application of Woolsey, 95 N. Y., 135. As to establishment, opening, vacation and changes of location, it may be otherwise, but, whether it is or not, there is no occasion now to inquire.
The legislature had undoubted power to provide, in. ch. 47 of the Code, under which the paving wa.s done, for such an improvement as was made and special assessments for payment of the costs thereof, without the filing of a petition therefor by the abutting property owners. The raising of funds for such purposes is an exercise of the state’s taxing power, whether asserted and applied directly or through local taxing tribunals, by delegation. New York C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. City of Hammond, 83 N. E. 244; Page and Jones, Tax. by Assessment, sec. 8, citing numerous authorities. The reassessment act is a curative statute, providing the means of enforcing an economic and moral obligation which it could have imposed and intended to impose, but which failed as a legal obligation by reason of mere irregularities in procedure. Such statutes are everywhere held to be within the legislative power unless the constitution forbids retroactive or retro[381]*381spective legislation. Spencer v. Merchant, 125 U. S. 345; Lombard v. Park Commissioners, 181 U. S. 33; Newman v. City of Emporia, 41 Kan. 583; Baltimore v. Ulman, 79 Md. 469; Byram v. Detroit, 50 Mich. 56; Carpenter v. St. Paul, 23 Minn. 232; Lord v. Bayonne, 65 N. J. L. 127; Fountain v. Newark, 57 N. J. Eg., 76; Wilson’s Appeal, 152 Pa. St. 136; Hanber v. Milwaukee, 124 Wis. 153. Our constitution forbids enactment of ex post facto laws, but not merely retroactive laws. Ex parte Quarrier, 4 W. Va. 210, 224; Morris v. Wyatt, 2 W. Va. 575; Ex parte Hunter, 2 W. Va. 122, 155; Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. U. S. 390; Cummings v. Morris, 4 Wall. (U. S.) 277.
The reassessment act did not validate the assessments made in 1904, nor' purport to do so. On the contrary, it assumed invalidity of some assessments made, for non-compliance with regulatory provisions, and authorized reassessment in such cases, on a prescribed basis which the legislature could have originally adopted. The city had no power to remedy its defective assessments and they were void, but there was a moral obligation resting upon the property owners benefited by the improvement of their properties, and an equitable right against the property itself, which the legislature had constitutional power to legalize and enforce. Authorities already cited cover and foreclose the contention of lack of legislative authority, based upon this theory. The legislature may raise money by taxation to discharge such obligations and, therefore, to reimburse the state as to money paid on account thereof. Woodall v. Darst, 71 W. Va. 350; Town of Gilford v. Darst, 13 N. Y. 143; Cole v. State, 102 N. Y. 48. And, on the same principle, it may provide for moral obligations of a city or for its reimbursement. Doyle v. Newark, 34 N. J. L. 236.
The adjudication of invalidity of the former assessment does not preclude a reassessment xuider new legislative authority. That decision stands only upon the law and facts then obtaining. Power in the legislature 1o alter the law .underlying that assessment and adjudication completely annihilates the contention of vested right by adjudication. Doyle v. Newark, 34 N. J. L. 236. The assessment was void [382]*382without adjudication, only because the delegated authority to tax had -not been strictly pursued. Limitations imposed which the legislature could have omitted had been disregarded. As the legislature could subsequently forego disregard of the limitations it was not bound to impose, the moral obligation could be enforced by a new act, and the adjudication became immaterial. Dillon, Mun. Corp. 5th Ed. sec. 1496.
The attempt to make out a case of vested right under the statute of limitations proceeds upon a manifestly incorrect theory and assumption respecting the nature and origin of the reassessment act and the lien asserted under the reassessment made. There is no time limitation upon the state’s power of taxation in any statute or the constitution. This assessment arises out of the exercise of that power. It does not stand upon a legal obligation or lien brought into existence by the work done in 1903 or the assessment made in 1904. The legislative power to impose a tax in 1915 for discharge of a moral obligation incurred in 1903 and 1904 was not a right of action falling under the operation of the statute 'of limitations. The ostensible tax and lien of 1904 had no legal virtue or validity at all. They conferred no right of action. In them, there was nothing against which statutory time could run.
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POFFENBARGER, PRESIDENT :
Having overruled a demurrer to a bill for enforcement of a lien claimed for the cost of street paving, under a reassessment made in pursuance of provisions of sec. 28 of ch.,12 of the Acts of 1915, constituting the amended charter of the city of Elkins, and rejected a plea of res acljudic-ata thereto, the judge of the Circuit Court of Randolph County has certified his decision to this court for review.
Certain special assessments made by the city of Elkins in the year 1904, for street paving done in the previous year, were invalid for reasons assigned in the opinion delivered in Whetsell v. City of Elkins, 68 W. Va. 709. Among the properties specially benefited by the improvement and then invalidly assessed was a lot owned by Seymour Harper, all of which he has since conveyed to other parties in separate parcels and by separate conveyances. He as well as the present owners of the parts conveyed and the holders of liens on one or more of them are made parties defendant to the bill.
Unconstitutionality of the reassessment provision of the statute is urged upon several grounds and the validity of the assessment itself is attacked for alleged irregularity in procedure, in view of the possibility of an adverse holding as to the other grounds assigned.
[380]*380The inhibition of the passage of local or special laws for “laying out, opening, altering and working roads or highways,” and “vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds,” found in sec. 39, Árt. VI of the Constitution, must be read and considered in connection with another provision of the same section, impliedly authorizing the granting of special charters to cities, towns and villages having populations of two thousand or more. Such charters' invariably confer special powers of street improvement. If they did not and streets stood on the footing of country roads as to alteration and “working,” in the sense of mere improvement, one of the principal purposes of incorporation would be impossible. The implied authorization of special charters necessarily restricts the operation of the limitation relied upon, to roads and highways outside of incorporated cities, towns and villages, in so far as it pertains to maintenance and improvement thereof and methods of providing means therefor. Matter of Lexington Avenue, 29 Hun. (N. Y.) 304, affirmed without an opinion, 92 N. Y. 629; Matter of Application of Woolsey, 95 N. Y., 135. As to establishment, opening, vacation and changes of location, it may be otherwise, but, whether it is or not, there is no occasion now to inquire.
The legislature had undoubted power to provide, in. ch. 47 of the Code, under which the paving wa.s done, for such an improvement as was made and special assessments for payment of the costs thereof, without the filing of a petition therefor by the abutting property owners. The raising of funds for such purposes is an exercise of the state’s taxing power, whether asserted and applied directly or through local taxing tribunals, by delegation. New York C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. City of Hammond, 83 N. E. 244; Page and Jones, Tax. by Assessment, sec. 8, citing numerous authorities. The reassessment act is a curative statute, providing the means of enforcing an economic and moral obligation which it could have imposed and intended to impose, but which failed as a legal obligation by reason of mere irregularities in procedure. Such statutes are everywhere held to be within the legislative power unless the constitution forbids retroactive or retro[381]*381spective legislation. Spencer v. Merchant, 125 U. S. 345; Lombard v. Park Commissioners, 181 U. S. 33; Newman v. City of Emporia, 41 Kan. 583; Baltimore v. Ulman, 79 Md. 469; Byram v. Detroit, 50 Mich. 56; Carpenter v. St. Paul, 23 Minn. 232; Lord v. Bayonne, 65 N. J. L. 127; Fountain v. Newark, 57 N. J. Eg., 76; Wilson’s Appeal, 152 Pa. St. 136; Hanber v. Milwaukee, 124 Wis. 153. Our constitution forbids enactment of ex post facto laws, but not merely retroactive laws. Ex parte Quarrier, 4 W. Va. 210, 224; Morris v. Wyatt, 2 W. Va. 575; Ex parte Hunter, 2 W. Va. 122, 155; Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. U. S. 390; Cummings v. Morris, 4 Wall. (U. S.) 277.
The reassessment act did not validate the assessments made in 1904, nor' purport to do so. On the contrary, it assumed invalidity of some assessments made, for non-compliance with regulatory provisions, and authorized reassessment in such cases, on a prescribed basis which the legislature could have originally adopted. The city had no power to remedy its defective assessments and they were void, but there was a moral obligation resting upon the property owners benefited by the improvement of their properties, and an equitable right against the property itself, which the legislature had constitutional power to legalize and enforce. Authorities already cited cover and foreclose the contention of lack of legislative authority, based upon this theory. The legislature may raise money by taxation to discharge such obligations and, therefore, to reimburse the state as to money paid on account thereof. Woodall v. Darst, 71 W. Va. 350; Town of Gilford v. Darst, 13 N. Y. 143; Cole v. State, 102 N. Y. 48. And, on the same principle, it may provide for moral obligations of a city or for its reimbursement. Doyle v. Newark, 34 N. J. L. 236.
The adjudication of invalidity of the former assessment does not preclude a reassessment xuider new legislative authority. That decision stands only upon the law and facts then obtaining. Power in the legislature 1o alter the law .underlying that assessment and adjudication completely annihilates the contention of vested right by adjudication. Doyle v. Newark, 34 N. J. L. 236. The assessment was void [382]*382without adjudication, only because the delegated authority to tax had -not been strictly pursued. Limitations imposed which the legislature could have omitted had been disregarded. As the legislature could subsequently forego disregard of the limitations it was not bound to impose, the moral obligation could be enforced by a new act, and the adjudication became immaterial. Dillon, Mun. Corp. 5th Ed. sec. 1496.
The attempt to make out a case of vested right under the statute of limitations proceeds upon a manifestly incorrect theory and assumption respecting the nature and origin of the reassessment act and the lien asserted under the reassessment made. There is no time limitation upon the state’s power of taxation in any statute or the constitution. This assessment arises out of the exercise of that power. It does not stand upon a legal obligation or lien brought into existence by the work done in 1903 or the assessment made in 1904. The legislative power to impose a tax in 1915 for discharge of a moral obligation incurred in 1903 and 1904 was not a right of action falling under the operation of the statute 'of limitations. The ostensible tax and lien of 1904 had no legal virtue or validity at all. They conferred no right of action. In them, there was nothing against which statutory time could run.
The alienation of the propetrv between the dates of the adjudication of invalidity and the reassessment constitutes no obstacle to the operation of the reassessment act. Purchasers must take notice of the state’s powers over the property they buy. Individuals can obtain no rights against its known right of taxation or regulation. Benwood v. Pub. Serv. Com., 75 W. Va. 127. The principle has been judicially applied to cases of this kind. City of Seattle v. Kelleher, 195 U. S. 351; Tollman v. Janesville, 17 Wis. 51; Cross v. Milwaukee, 19 Wis. 5.09.
A further ground of demurrer is alleged defectiveness of the notice of the reassessment. The city council passed a resolution reciting the reassessment act,' vacating the old assessment, fixing a day and place, “for a hearing upon all matters pertaining to” such reassessment as the act authorizes, “of the costs of said pavement against said respective [383]*383properties,” the pavement and properties having been mentioned, and directing the city clerk to give notice of the time and place of hearing, by publication agreeably to the requirements of the act. The clerk, by way of execution of this order, caused the resolution to be published in full. Though somewhat informal, the notice was clearly sufficient to apprise all interested persons of the intention and purpose of the council to make the reassessment authorized by the statute, and nothing more ivas necessary. An obvious clerical error as to the date of publication of the notice, in the certificate thereof, is relied upon, but the bill alleges due publication and the date is a matter of proof. The certificate was not a recordable paper, requiring recordation -within a certain time to be effective, and, therefore, incapable of amendment. Hence, a different date generally alleged can be proved.
The amounts of the unpaid assessments, the frontages of the properties and the names of the owners were set forth in a report of a civil engineer, used for the purposes of the reassessment, and this fact is relied upon as a ground of impeachment. The reassessment is the act of the council,” after notice, however it may have ascertained the data therefor. Though the report of the engineer was used, its own records no doubt furnished information verifying the correctness of the report.
Discrepancies in the assessments per front foot are revealed, but these may be due to payments made on the old assessments. They are clearly not sufficient of themselves to invalidate the assessments, as matter of law, upon a demurrer to the bill, whatever their effect may be upon the final hearing.
The plea of former adjudication, based upon the unsuccessful effort to enforce the original assessment is insufficient for reasons already stated.
The decree overruling the demurrer to the bill and rejecting the special plea will be affirmed and the cause remanded.
Affirmed, and cause remanded.