STEPHENS, J.
This appeal arises from an order for costs after judgments in an action in eminent domain brought by the City of Downey for the purpose of building a municipal hospital. Under one complaint, multiple parcels were sought to be condemned. Multiple persons had interests in various parcels. Some persons had interests in multiple parcels. Each person with an interest in any parcel was named as a defendant. The appellants here, 28 in number, are but a portion of the named defendants. The parcels involved here are 15 in number, and are but a portion of the total number of parcels condemned. Of the 15 parcels, there are 3 wherein there is a [565]*565single interested person, and 2 of these 3 parcels belong to the same person. Of the remaining 12 parcels, there are 8 parcels-wherein there are 2 interested persons. As to the 4 remaining parcels, there are 3 parcels with 3 interested persons, and 2 of these parcels have the same 3 interested persons involved. The last parcel has 6 persons interested therein.1
As to the 15 parcels being here condemned, there are but 13 independent litigated causes. The multiple condemnation of the numerous parcels stands in court, then, in the same posture as had there been filed 13 separate condemnation actions. The reason for the difference between the 15 parcels and the 13 causes is that Parcels 34 and 45 have the same group of defendants interested in each, and Parcels 29 and 30 are owned by the same individual. As to these two groups of parcels, there is but one judgment as to each group; thus the four parcels represent but two litigated causes. Each cause could have been severed from the others for trial. The defendant (or joint defendants) involved in the particular parcels being condemned answers separately from each of the others. It is only because the City, for its own convenience, lumped what is tantamount to 13 condemnation causes within one complaint, and that the numerous defendants saw fit to respond “jointly and severally” in one filed answer, that there is any question presented to us.
At the close of the ease, each of the 28 defendants filed a verified memorandum of costs and disbursements, and each claimed the statutory witness fee of $9.00 per day. ($4.00 [566]*566basic fee plus $5.00 for mileage) for each of the 8 days that an expert appraiser called by them was in court.2 The total amount claimed as costs for this item then amounted to $2,016 (8 days x $9.00 x 28 defendants). The plaintiff moved to retax costs as to this item, and after hearing on the matter, the trial court ruled in favor of the plaintiff. The trial court reduced the costs allowed to $9.00 per day for only seven days, for a total of $63 for all defendants. This amounted to a pro rata share of $2.25 for each defendant.3 The defendants appeal from the order of the trial court granting plaintiff's motion to retax costs.
Two questions are presented for consideration as to the witness fees: (1) was the trial court correct in granting only one daily fee rather than 28 (or 13) ; and (2) was it correct to reduce the number of days defendants were entitled to recover costs from 8 to 7.
Code of Civil Procedure section 1255 provides that in eminent domain cases, costs may be allowed or not, and if allowed, may be apportioned between the parties on the same or adverse sides, in the discretion of the court. In the early case of City & County of San Francisco v. Collins, 98 Cal. 259 at p. 262 [33 P. 56], it was held: “But this power [provided within section 1255] must be limited by section 14 of article I of the constitution, which provides that ‘private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation having been first made to or paid into court for the owner. ’ ... To require the defendants in this case to pay any portion of their costs necessarily incidental to the trial of the issues on their part, or any part of the costs of the plaintiff, would reduce the just compensation awarded by the jury, by a sum equal to that paid by them for such costs. ’ ’
Witness fees and mileage of expert witnesses called by the defendant are proper costs. (Frustuck v. City of Fairfax, 230 Cal.App.2d 412, 416 [41 Cal.Rptr. 56]; City of Los Angeles v. Vickers, 81 Cal.App. 737 [254 P. 687].) It is [567]*567improper, however, to assess witness fees in excess of those for an ordinary witness, even where the witness is called, as an expert.4 (People v. Bowman, 173 Cal.App.2d 416 [343 P.2d 267]; Code Civ. Proc., § 1871 (in effect at the time of trial, though now repealed; now Evid. Code, § 733).)
Defendants recognize the fact that discretion is given to the trial court by section 1255 to tax costs in eminent domain cases. They claim, however, that since there were 28 defendants, each is entitled to recover the statutory fee. In essence, they argue that the recovery should be the same as if there had been 28 separate trials, with the expert having to go through his testimony on 28 separate occasions.
In Rice v. Leonard, 5 Cal. 61, this argument, so far as it applies to “joint defendants" or “codefendants" with but a single and unified interest, was laid to rest. In that case, there was allowed a single cost bill where there had been codefendants. In the instant case, as we have pointed out, some of the 28 defendants seeking costs are within the “joint defendant" class.
In Lichtenauer v. Dorstewitz, 200 Cal.App.2d 777 [19 Cal.Rptr. 654], a similar question to that before us was posed. In that ease the issue was as to separate causes or actions brought by two plaintiffs. The court, in upholding the trial court’s striking of a cost bill for the two plaintiffs (on the theory that the total of the two recoveries entitled them to costs), said at page 779:
“As stated in Colla v. Carmichael U-Drive Autos, Inc., 111 Cal.App.Supp. 784 [294 P. 378], at page 788: ‘In the complaint filed, each “case” or cause of action preserved its identity and each plaintiff prayed for and obtained a segregated award based on the damages individually proved. The code section [Code Civ. Proc., § 378] contemplates of course an action single in form, but with each “case” or demand retaining its distinctive identity as though pleaded in an independent action. No plaintiff is interested in the entire complaint. The interest of each is in his own “case" or cause of action; and the complaint as a whole is merely a series of ‘ ‘ cases ’ ’ embodied in one document.
“ ‘The institution of a joint action thus amounts to an election to consolidate at the outset several causes of action for trial instead of bringing several actions based on common grounds, and then having them consolidated later.’ (See also [568]*5681 Chadbourn, Grossman & Van Alstyne, California Pleading, § 183.)
“Since each cause of action retained its distinctive identity and each plaintiff recovered on his or her separate demand, the matter of the right to costs had to be determined with respect to each award separately and not in the light of the aggregate amount awarded to both plaintiffs. (Cf. Fields v. Napa Milling Co.,
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STEPHENS, J.
This appeal arises from an order for costs after judgments in an action in eminent domain brought by the City of Downey for the purpose of building a municipal hospital. Under one complaint, multiple parcels were sought to be condemned. Multiple persons had interests in various parcels. Some persons had interests in multiple parcels. Each person with an interest in any parcel was named as a defendant. The appellants here, 28 in number, are but a portion of the named defendants. The parcels involved here are 15 in number, and are but a portion of the total number of parcels condemned. Of the 15 parcels, there are 3 wherein there is a [565]*565single interested person, and 2 of these 3 parcels belong to the same person. Of the remaining 12 parcels, there are 8 parcels-wherein there are 2 interested persons. As to the 4 remaining parcels, there are 3 parcels with 3 interested persons, and 2 of these parcels have the same 3 interested persons involved. The last parcel has 6 persons interested therein.1
As to the 15 parcels being here condemned, there are but 13 independent litigated causes. The multiple condemnation of the numerous parcels stands in court, then, in the same posture as had there been filed 13 separate condemnation actions. The reason for the difference between the 15 parcels and the 13 causes is that Parcels 34 and 45 have the same group of defendants interested in each, and Parcels 29 and 30 are owned by the same individual. As to these two groups of parcels, there is but one judgment as to each group; thus the four parcels represent but two litigated causes. Each cause could have been severed from the others for trial. The defendant (or joint defendants) involved in the particular parcels being condemned answers separately from each of the others. It is only because the City, for its own convenience, lumped what is tantamount to 13 condemnation causes within one complaint, and that the numerous defendants saw fit to respond “jointly and severally” in one filed answer, that there is any question presented to us.
At the close of the ease, each of the 28 defendants filed a verified memorandum of costs and disbursements, and each claimed the statutory witness fee of $9.00 per day. ($4.00 [566]*566basic fee plus $5.00 for mileage) for each of the 8 days that an expert appraiser called by them was in court.2 The total amount claimed as costs for this item then amounted to $2,016 (8 days x $9.00 x 28 defendants). The plaintiff moved to retax costs as to this item, and after hearing on the matter, the trial court ruled in favor of the plaintiff. The trial court reduced the costs allowed to $9.00 per day for only seven days, for a total of $63 for all defendants. This amounted to a pro rata share of $2.25 for each defendant.3 The defendants appeal from the order of the trial court granting plaintiff's motion to retax costs.
Two questions are presented for consideration as to the witness fees: (1) was the trial court correct in granting only one daily fee rather than 28 (or 13) ; and (2) was it correct to reduce the number of days defendants were entitled to recover costs from 8 to 7.
Code of Civil Procedure section 1255 provides that in eminent domain cases, costs may be allowed or not, and if allowed, may be apportioned between the parties on the same or adverse sides, in the discretion of the court. In the early case of City & County of San Francisco v. Collins, 98 Cal. 259 at p. 262 [33 P. 56], it was held: “But this power [provided within section 1255] must be limited by section 14 of article I of the constitution, which provides that ‘private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation having been first made to or paid into court for the owner. ’ ... To require the defendants in this case to pay any portion of their costs necessarily incidental to the trial of the issues on their part, or any part of the costs of the plaintiff, would reduce the just compensation awarded by the jury, by a sum equal to that paid by them for such costs. ’ ’
Witness fees and mileage of expert witnesses called by the defendant are proper costs. (Frustuck v. City of Fairfax, 230 Cal.App.2d 412, 416 [41 Cal.Rptr. 56]; City of Los Angeles v. Vickers, 81 Cal.App. 737 [254 P. 687].) It is [567]*567improper, however, to assess witness fees in excess of those for an ordinary witness, even where the witness is called, as an expert.4 (People v. Bowman, 173 Cal.App.2d 416 [343 P.2d 267]; Code Civ. Proc., § 1871 (in effect at the time of trial, though now repealed; now Evid. Code, § 733).)
Defendants recognize the fact that discretion is given to the trial court by section 1255 to tax costs in eminent domain cases. They claim, however, that since there were 28 defendants, each is entitled to recover the statutory fee. In essence, they argue that the recovery should be the same as if there had been 28 separate trials, with the expert having to go through his testimony on 28 separate occasions.
In Rice v. Leonard, 5 Cal. 61, this argument, so far as it applies to “joint defendants" or “codefendants" with but a single and unified interest, was laid to rest. In that case, there was allowed a single cost bill where there had been codefendants. In the instant case, as we have pointed out, some of the 28 defendants seeking costs are within the “joint defendant" class.
In Lichtenauer v. Dorstewitz, 200 Cal.App.2d 777 [19 Cal.Rptr. 654], a similar question to that before us was posed. In that ease the issue was as to separate causes or actions brought by two plaintiffs. The court, in upholding the trial court’s striking of a cost bill for the two plaintiffs (on the theory that the total of the two recoveries entitled them to costs), said at page 779:
“As stated in Colla v. Carmichael U-Drive Autos, Inc., 111 Cal.App.Supp. 784 [294 P. 378], at page 788: ‘In the complaint filed, each “case” or cause of action preserved its identity and each plaintiff prayed for and obtained a segregated award based on the damages individually proved. The code section [Code Civ. Proc., § 378] contemplates of course an action single in form, but with each “case” or demand retaining its distinctive identity as though pleaded in an independent action. No plaintiff is interested in the entire complaint. The interest of each is in his own “case" or cause of action; and the complaint as a whole is merely a series of ‘ ‘ cases ’ ’ embodied in one document.
“ ‘The institution of a joint action thus amounts to an election to consolidate at the outset several causes of action for trial instead of bringing several actions based on common grounds, and then having them consolidated later.’ (See also [568]*5681 Chadbourn, Grossman & Van Alstyne, California Pleading, § 183.)
“Since each cause of action retained its distinctive identity and each plaintiff recovered on his or her separate demand, the matter of the right to costs had to be determined with respect to each award separately and not in the light of the aggregate amount awarded to both plaintiffs. (Cf. Fields v. Napa Milling Co., 164 Cal.App.2d 442, 450 [330 P.2d 459, 68 A.L.R.2d 1052].)”
Though the record before us is inadequate to inform us as to the time during which the expert witness testified as to the value of each parcel, the verified cost bills are prima facie evidence that the items thereof had been necessarily incurred and, in the absence of objection to the contrary, the prima facie evidence must be taken as conclusive for the purpose of this appeal. (City & County of San Francisco v. Collins, supra, 98 Cal. 259, 263.)
So far as each defendant (or group of defendants) had separate, litigated causes within the litigation, and to the extent that a witness testified as to the value of the property affected by that separate litigated cause, defendant (or those defendants) must be allowed that witness’ costs. In City of Los Angeles v. Industrial Acc. Com., 215 Cal.App.2d 310, 313 [30 Cal.Rptr. 75], referring to the expert testimony necessarily given by an examining doctor, the court states: “When the services of an expert witness are engaged, and there is no express agreement as to his compensation, the obligation to pay for the service rendered is implied. In order for the time spent in submitting to cross-examination to be excluded, it would have to be shown that there was an express agreement to that effect.” The fact that as to each such separate, litigated cause the same witness was called does not lessen the propriety of the witness cost charge, for a defendant could not call the particular witness as his witness without obligating himself to the fee properly demandable by the witness.5 [569]*569Of course, where one defendant (or group of defendants) has interests in more than one parcel under condemnation, such defendant (or group of defendants) is entitled to but the single witness cost incurred.
"We therefore find that witness costs were necessarily allowable and subject to apportionment between joint defendants, in the trial court’s discretion.
The disallowance of the fee for the eighth day requires more consideration. It appears that the witnéss in question was under subpoena for the seven days and that at the conclusion of his testimony defendants requested that he be subpoenaed for the eighth day, but the court refused the request. The expert returned at the request of defendants, however. Defendants are correct in the proposition that a witness need not appear under the coercion of a subpoena before statutory witness fees can be recovered in connection with his testimony. The fact that a witness who resided within the effective range of a subpoena appeared voluntarily did not prevent the allowance of such witness fee as costs, since when a witness was sworn and testified, he was “legally required to attend” within the meaning of Political Code section 4300g (now Gov. Code, § 68093) providing for allowance of witnesses’ fees. (Del Mar Canning Co. v. Pacific Gas & Elec. Co., 44 Cal.App.2d 718 [112 P.2d 953]; Linforth v. San Francisco Gas etc. Co., 9 Cal.App. 434 [99 P. 716]; 54 Cal.Jur.2d, Witnesses, §§ 204, 207, pps. 668, 673.) In certain circumstances a witness need not actually testify in the proceedings before a fee can be recovered for his appearance. The necessity for the expenditure objected to was a subject for determination by the trial court in the exercise of a legal discretion. (Moss v. Underwriters’ Report, Inc., 12 Cal.2d 266, 275-276 [83 P.2d 503]; City of Burbank v. Nordahl, 199 Cal.App.2d 311, 332 [18 Cal.Rptr. 710]; Whitaker v. Moran, 23 Cal.App. 758 [139 P. 901].) City & County of San Francisco v. Collins, supra, 98 Cal. 259, 263 makes clear that in eminent domain cases the court has the power to disallow what it considers to be unnecessary expenditures, but only if objections are made in the trial court that the costs in the cost [570]*570bill are not necessarily incurred. No objection was made as to the necessity of the costs for the eighth day, other than on the ground that the witness was not under subpoena for that day. This, as we have seen, is not a proper ground for disallowance. On such a record we must modify the order of the trial court insofar as it refuses the recovery of costs for the eighth day.
Defendants also contend that expenses incurred in the preparation of certain photographs introduced at the trial were improperly stricken from their cost bill. These were not properly allowable costs, and the trial court was correct in its ruling. (Simms v. County of Los Angeles, 35 Cal.2d 303, 319 [217 P.2d 936] (cert. den. 340 U.S. 891 [95 L.Ed. 646, 71 S.Ct. 207]; rehg. den. 340 U.S. 916 [95 L.Ed. 662, 71 S.Ct. 291]); 97 A.L.R.2d 138, 177-180; but see Miller v. Highland Ditch Co., 91 Cal. 103 [27 P. 536].)
The order is reversed, with directions that the trial court apportion such costs to each defendant’s interest in each of the severable condemnation causes in accordance with the view herein expressed.