Mr. Justice Elliott
delivered the opinion of the court.
The city of Denver was organized and existing under and by virtue of a special charter long before and at the time of the adoption of our state constitution. The constitution did not abrogate such charters, nor does it exempt them from legislative amendments. Constitution, art. 14, sec. 14: also, art. 15, sec. 2; Brown v. City of Denver, 7 Colo. 305; Carpenter v. The People ex rel., 8 Colo. 116.
On April 3, 1893, the general 'assembly of Colorado passed “ An Act to Revise and Amend the Charter of the City of Denver.” See Session Laws, 1893, p. 131. Prior to the passage of that act, the territorial limits of the city were wholly within the county of Arapahoe. Jefferson county bounds Arapahoe on the west; but between Jefferson and the western limits of the city of Denver there were at the time of the passage of the act above mentioned several municipal corporations, viz.: the town of North Denver, the town [477]*477of Highlands, the town of Colfax, and the town of Barnum. The territorial boundaries of these municipalities for the most part extended to the Jefferson county line, and so separated the city of Denver from that county. In fact, at the time of the passage of the act to revise and amend the Denver charter, no part of the territorial limits of the city of Denver was contiguous to any part of Jefferson county. Nevertheless, by the terms of said act it was attempted to enlarge or extend the limits of the city of Denver by adding thereto a strip of land, five and one half miles long by one and one half miles wide, lying along the eastern border and wholly within the county of Jefferson.
If the act adding the Jefferson county strip to the city of Denver he upheld as valid, there might, perhaps,.be no escape from the taxation complained of in the present action. The decisions exempting certain property within the territorial limits of a town or city from municipal taxation, on the ground that the property is so situated that it cannot receive its due proportion of municipal benefits, are strongly combated on the ground that the doctrine they assert is illogical as well as impractical, in that it amounts to a substitution of judicial opinion for legislative judgment in matters peculiarly within the province of the lawmaking power. See, upon this subject, Cooley’s Const. Lim., (6th Ed.), p. 616, note 3, and cases there cited; also, 2 Dillon’s Mun. Corporations, (4th Ed.), secs. 794,795, and notes. But it is unnecessary to decide this point.
In determining the present controversy we shall endeavor to reach a proper solution of the following question: Has the legislature the power to extend or enlarge'the territorial limits of a specially chartered town or city by adding thereto noncontiguous lands — that is, lands entirely separated from such town or city by intervening territory ?
It is customary to speak of the power of the legislature over municipal corporations as plenary. But this, like most attempts at epigrammatic statements of the law, must be taken cum grano salis. Certain it is that constitutional limi[478]*478tations must always be observed in respect to such legislation; besides, insurmountable obstacles may arise out of the nature and subject-matter of the legislation to render the same ineffectual. In general, the boundaries of a specially chartered town or city may, by act of the legislature, be extended and enlarged so as to include additional lands, the property'' thus added becoming subject to municipal taxation and entitled to municipal benefits. It is urged that power thus vested in the legislature is subject to abuse or improvident use. This may be true; and yet it does not necessarily follow that the courts can restrain the enforcement of a legislative act merely because the legislature acted improvidently in passing it. Before the courts will restrain the enforcement of a legislative act, it must appear beyond reasonable doubt that the legislature in passing the act exceeded its power, or attempted to exercise a power it did not possess. Wadsworth v. U. P. Ry. Co., 18 Colo. 612. The improvident use of power by the legislative department of the government does not justify usurpation by the judicial department. The remedy for the improvident use of official power is by appeal to the people, whose will, when legally expressed under the constitution, is sovereign over all departments. It is true that all remedies for maladministration in civil government may fail, because all governmental agencies must be intrusted to minds subject to human infirmities. In such case, we can only suffer and wait while we strive for improvement. Martin v. Dix, 52 Miss. 53; Turner v. Althaus, 6 Neb. 54.
Is there, then, in the present case, no check that can curb the vaulting ambition of a great city in its efforts to enlarge its corporate boundaries and increase its corporate revenues ? Has the legislature such transcendent power in respect to territorial additions to specially chartered towns and cities that the courts can give no relief? Is there nothing left but an appeal to the people as the dernier resort? The answer to these questions must depend upon the nature and scope, as well as the subject-matter, of the legislative act in question.
As we have seen, the general rule is that the legislature [479]*479has the power to extend the boundaries, and thus enlarge the territorial limits, of a town or citj'- existing under special charter. But may the legislative arm be extended as a great pothook into any and all the counties, of the state, there to encircle, as in this case, many square miles of the territory of such outside counties, and make the same part and parcel of the city of Denver ? May the legislature do this, without annexing any intervening territory, and without providing even a street or an alley to connect such outlying municipal additions to the city proper? It may be said that this is an extreme illustration; but, as was once said by Chief Justice Shaw, “ it is necessary to put extreme cases to test a principle.”
What is a city? With much research into the historical derivation of the word, Webster, preeminently the lexicographer of the law as well as the common people, defines a city in substance as follows : (1) A large town ; (2) a corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and alderman; (3) the collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city.
Since a city is a large town, we look for the meaning of the word town. Again, we find from Webster that the primitive idea of a town was an inclosure. The popular use and meaning of the word is a large, closely populated place, whether incorporated or not, as distinguished from the country, or from rural communities. These definitions are sustained and amplified by the Century Dictionary.
The legal as well as the popular idea of a town or city in this country, both by name and use, is that of- oneness, community, locality, vicinity; a collective body, not several bodies ; collective body of inhabitants, — that is, a body of people collected or gathered together in one mass, not separated into distinct musses, and having a community of interest because residents of the same place, not different places; hence, locality, not localities; vicinity, vicinage, near, adjacent, not remote. So, as to territorial extent, the idea of a [480]
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Mr. Justice Elliott
delivered the opinion of the court.
The city of Denver was organized and existing under and by virtue of a special charter long before and at the time of the adoption of our state constitution. The constitution did not abrogate such charters, nor does it exempt them from legislative amendments. Constitution, art. 14, sec. 14: also, art. 15, sec. 2; Brown v. City of Denver, 7 Colo. 305; Carpenter v. The People ex rel., 8 Colo. 116.
On April 3, 1893, the general 'assembly of Colorado passed “ An Act to Revise and Amend the Charter of the City of Denver.” See Session Laws, 1893, p. 131. Prior to the passage of that act, the territorial limits of the city were wholly within the county of Arapahoe. Jefferson county bounds Arapahoe on the west; but between Jefferson and the western limits of the city of Denver there were at the time of the passage of the act above mentioned several municipal corporations, viz.: the town of North Denver, the town [477]*477of Highlands, the town of Colfax, and the town of Barnum. The territorial boundaries of these municipalities for the most part extended to the Jefferson county line, and so separated the city of Denver from that county. In fact, at the time of the passage of the act to revise and amend the Denver charter, no part of the territorial limits of the city of Denver was contiguous to any part of Jefferson county. Nevertheless, by the terms of said act it was attempted to enlarge or extend the limits of the city of Denver by adding thereto a strip of land, five and one half miles long by one and one half miles wide, lying along the eastern border and wholly within the county of Jefferson.
If the act adding the Jefferson county strip to the city of Denver he upheld as valid, there might, perhaps,.be no escape from the taxation complained of in the present action. The decisions exempting certain property within the territorial limits of a town or city from municipal taxation, on the ground that the property is so situated that it cannot receive its due proportion of municipal benefits, are strongly combated on the ground that the doctrine they assert is illogical as well as impractical, in that it amounts to a substitution of judicial opinion for legislative judgment in matters peculiarly within the province of the lawmaking power. See, upon this subject, Cooley’s Const. Lim., (6th Ed.), p. 616, note 3, and cases there cited; also, 2 Dillon’s Mun. Corporations, (4th Ed.), secs. 794,795, and notes. But it is unnecessary to decide this point.
In determining the present controversy we shall endeavor to reach a proper solution of the following question: Has the legislature the power to extend or enlarge'the territorial limits of a specially chartered town or city by adding thereto noncontiguous lands — that is, lands entirely separated from such town or city by intervening territory ?
It is customary to speak of the power of the legislature over municipal corporations as plenary. But this, like most attempts at epigrammatic statements of the law, must be taken cum grano salis. Certain it is that constitutional limi[478]*478tations must always be observed in respect to such legislation; besides, insurmountable obstacles may arise out of the nature and subject-matter of the legislation to render the same ineffectual. In general, the boundaries of a specially chartered town or city may, by act of the legislature, be extended and enlarged so as to include additional lands, the property'' thus added becoming subject to municipal taxation and entitled to municipal benefits. It is urged that power thus vested in the legislature is subject to abuse or improvident use. This may be true; and yet it does not necessarily follow that the courts can restrain the enforcement of a legislative act merely because the legislature acted improvidently in passing it. Before the courts will restrain the enforcement of a legislative act, it must appear beyond reasonable doubt that the legislature in passing the act exceeded its power, or attempted to exercise a power it did not possess. Wadsworth v. U. P. Ry. Co., 18 Colo. 612. The improvident use of power by the legislative department of the government does not justify usurpation by the judicial department. The remedy for the improvident use of official power is by appeal to the people, whose will, when legally expressed under the constitution, is sovereign over all departments. It is true that all remedies for maladministration in civil government may fail, because all governmental agencies must be intrusted to minds subject to human infirmities. In such case, we can only suffer and wait while we strive for improvement. Martin v. Dix, 52 Miss. 53; Turner v. Althaus, 6 Neb. 54.
Is there, then, in the present case, no check that can curb the vaulting ambition of a great city in its efforts to enlarge its corporate boundaries and increase its corporate revenues ? Has the legislature such transcendent power in respect to territorial additions to specially chartered towns and cities that the courts can give no relief? Is there nothing left but an appeal to the people as the dernier resort? The answer to these questions must depend upon the nature and scope, as well as the subject-matter, of the legislative act in question.
As we have seen, the general rule is that the legislature [479]*479has the power to extend the boundaries, and thus enlarge the territorial limits, of a town or citj'- existing under special charter. But may the legislative arm be extended as a great pothook into any and all the counties, of the state, there to encircle, as in this case, many square miles of the territory of such outside counties, and make the same part and parcel of the city of Denver ? May the legislature do this, without annexing any intervening territory, and without providing even a street or an alley to connect such outlying municipal additions to the city proper? It may be said that this is an extreme illustration; but, as was once said by Chief Justice Shaw, “ it is necessary to put extreme cases to test a principle.”
What is a city? With much research into the historical derivation of the word, Webster, preeminently the lexicographer of the law as well as the common people, defines a city in substance as follows : (1) A large town ; (2) a corporate town; in the United States, a town or collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and governed by a mayor and alderman; (3) the collective body of citizens, or inhabitants of a city.
Since a city is a large town, we look for the meaning of the word town. Again, we find from Webster that the primitive idea of a town was an inclosure. The popular use and meaning of the word is a large, closely populated place, whether incorporated or not, as distinguished from the country, or from rural communities. These definitions are sustained and amplified by the Century Dictionary.
The legal as well as the popular idea of a town or city in this country, both by name and use, is that of- oneness, community, locality, vicinity; a collective body, not several bodies ; collective body of inhabitants, — that is, a body of people collected or gathered together in one mass, not separated into distinct musses, and having a community of interest because residents of the same place, not different places; hence, locality, not localities; vicinity, vicinage, near, adjacent, not remote. So, as to territorial extent, the idea of a [480]*480city is one of unity, not of plurality; of compactness or contiguity, not separation or segregation.
Legislative acts in the matter of extending the boundaries of municipal corporations are to be interpreted and applied according to the essential nature as well as the subject-matter of such legislation. In the nature of things, there must be some limit to legislative power. For example, the legislature cannot extend the municipal boundaries of a city into another state. Legislative acts upon such a subject would have no extraterritorial force. There are some things that in their very nature cannot be accomplished by any human power; a thing cannot be made to exist as a whole and in broken disjointed fragments at one and the same time ; a thing essentially single in its nature cannot have a plural existence.
Every' municipality must have its territorial corpus in which to exercise its corporate functions and powers. Such corpus may be enlarged or diminished by the action of the legislature. So the human body may grow or diminish by the action or nonaction of its vital forces; but neither the human body nor the municipal corpus loses its identity, its individuality, or its unity, by such growth or enlargment. It is a misnomer- — -a solecism — to speak of a growth of the human body not connected with the body itself; such a growth is, in fact, not of the body. So, territory not in fact connected with, or adjacent to, a city, cannot be regarded as a part of the municipal corpus, or as an addition thereto, in any true sense of the term.
Analogous questions have been considered by the Wisconsin supreme court. The Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co. v. Town of Oconto, 50 Wis. 189; Smith v. Sherry, 50 Wis. 210. In the latter case Mr. Justice Taylor said:
“We do not by this decision intend to set bounds to the discretion of the legislature in fixing the boundaries of a village, so long as the territory of which it is composed is adjacent or contiguous, nor to intimate that the legislature may not incorporate as one village two or more assemblages of inhabitants living at some distance from each other, with [481]*481spaces of uninhabited lands intervening, when such intervening spaces are also included in such village, but that a village cannot be incorporated containing two or more tracts of territory not contiguous or adjoining, and separated by some other civil subdivision of the state, and especially that an uninhabited and separate tract of country cannot be annexed to or made a part of an incorporated village. If by an act of the legislature a tract of country not inhabited, and not adjoining a village, can be made a part of such village, then it would seem to follow that by another act of the legislature the inhabited part of such village might be separated therefrom, and we should have the anomalous thing of a village without inhabitants, and composed simply of a tract of territory, which would be an absurdity.”
From careful investigation and consideration it is evident that it was never contemplated by the law that the territorial limits of a town or city might include distinct, disjointed fragments or parcels of land, situate miles and miles distant from each other, and separated from the city proper by intervening territory. It is not to be understood from this that a city may not be formed from territory lying on different sides of a natural stream. Nor must anything in this opinion be construed as intimating that noncontiguous territory may be added to a city by connecting the same by a narrow street or alley. Annexation sought to be accomplished by such means might bear upon its face such ear-marts of fraud as would vitiate an ordinary transaction; though we do not intimate that judicial inquiry may extend to the motives of a coordinate department of the government. Kountze v. City of Omaha, 5 Dillon (C. C. Rep.) 443; Kelly v. City of Pittsburgh, 85 Pa. St. 170; People ex rel. v. Martin & Orr, 19 Colo. 565; Hudson v. City of Denver, 12 Colo. 157.
In City of Galesburg v. Hawkinson, 75 Ill. 158, it is said that the boundaries of municipal corporations can be altered and changed by the legislature in its discretion, and that the authorities are all that way. The opinion, however, significantly adds:
[482]*482“ Courts may determine what are the corporate limits already established; they may determine whether what is claimed by the municipal authority to be the corporate limits is so or not, and they may inquire whether the legislative authority has exceeded the powers with which it is-invested; but all this implies an existing law, applicable to the particular subject, and the inquiry is, what is the law, and has it been violated or complied with ? ” ■ ■
Counsel for appellant relies upon the following from an ■eminent text writer: “Not only may the legislature originally fix the limits of the corporation, but it may, unless specially restrained in the constitution, subsequently annex, or authorize the annexation of, contiguous or other territory, and this without consent, and even against the remonstrance, of the majority of the persons residing in the corporation or on the annexed territory.” 1 Dillon’s Mun. Corp., (4th Ed.) sec. 185.
The words “ or other,” in the foregoing extract, are no.t italicised in the published volume. The leading case cited in support of the text is Blanchard v. Bissell, 11 Ohio St. 96. •That case was one wherein it was sought to annex an unincorporated village to the city of Toledo. It was objected that the territory sought to be annexed was not in fact contiguous to the city of Toledo. The opinion shows :
“That the center of the Maumee-river formed the southeastern boundary of the city of Toledo. That the annexed territory (consisting of an unincorporated village called Yondota) is situated on the southeastern side of the river, in a bend running up near to the heart of the citjq and that all of it is nearer to the center of business and valuable property than many other portions of the original city territory. That the river is navigable, and where it formed said original boundary, is of unequal width, but for half a mile or more, does not exceed one fourth of a mile in width, and has been permanently bridged for railroad purposes, and may be - bridged for other purposes. That Yondota depended mainly [483]*483upon the influence of business and improvements in Toledo for its growth and importance.
“ The transcript of the annexation proceedings, and the accompanying map, show that the annexation consists in an extension of the original boundaries, so as to include the whole of the river and a considerable tract of land on its southeast side. There is no territory intervening between ■ that'which was annexed and the original city limits. All the parts of the annexed territory are in immediate contact with each other; and the whole is in direct contact for several miles with the original boundary. Contiguity cannot import more than immediate contact; and we think the objection founded on a want of contiguhy is not well taken.”
It is clear that the Toledo Case in no way militates against the views we have expressed, but rather confirms them; none of the other cases cited by counsel sustain the view that noncontiguous territory may be added to, and made part of, a town or city; hence we conclude that the text of Judge Dillon, above quoted, cannot be accepted as correct to its full extent and import. The dearth of authority upon this point leads to the belief that legislatures have seldom, or never before, attempted to annex to an incorporated town or city territory so clearly noncontiguous as in the present instance.
It was argued orally that while the legislature may not have the power'to annex distant noncontiguous territory by a direct act for that purpose, yet in this .case the Jefferson county strip must be regarded as a part of the city of Denver for the reason that it is included in the boundary surveys as specified in the revised and amended charter, and that, unless so included, the city has no boundary lines, particularly on the west. This argument is without force. Equity looks to the substance rather than the form; it regards the result of an act rather than the mode of accomplishing it. There may be a wrong way of doing a right thing, -but there is no right way of doing a lorong thing. An act essentially wrong does not become right by the manner of doing [484]*484it. If the mode of making municipal additions as argued by counsel were to be upheld, any noncontiguous territory, however remote, might be surveyed in, and thus become attached to and made a part of the city. The conclusion at which we have arrived need not disturb the boundary lines of the city as established by the amended charter, except on the west. As to these, the city limits must end where the insurmountable obstacles — that is, the territorial limits of the intervening municipalities — begin.
For the reasons stated, we are clearly of the opinion that the legislature did not have the power to extend or enlarge the territorial limits of the city of Denver by adding thereto the noncontiguous strip of lands situate in Jefferson county, and that the district court did not err in restraining the collection of taxes by or for the use of the city of Denver upon such Jefferson county property. This conclusion being decisive of the present controversy, other questions sought to be raised upon this appeal need not be discussed. The judgment of the district court is accordingly affirmed.
Affirmed.