REVERSE and RENDER; and Opinion Filed August 7, 2019.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-19-00045-CV
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant V. ROSA RODRIGUEZ AND MARIO RODRIGUEZ, Appellees
On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-14889
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Bridges, Brown, and Nowell Opinion by Justice Bridges The City of Dallas appeals the trial court’s order denying its plea to the jurisdiction in the
underlying case involving Rosa Rodriguez’ collision with a marked police car. In three issues, the
City argues the trial court abused its discretion in sustaining Rodriguez’ objections to the City’s
evidence offered in support of its plea to the jurisdiction, the trial court erred in denying its plea to
the jurisdiction, and the City is immune from suit because its officer is entitled to official immunity.
We reverse the trial court’s order, grant the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, and dismiss appellees’
claims for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
In October 2017, Rodriguez1 filed her original petition in which she alleged she was injured
when a vehicle operated by Veronica Alejandro, a Dallas police officer, disregarded a red light
1 Both Rosa and Mario Rodriguez are appellees in this case; however, for purposes of this opinion, we refer to “Rodriguez” in the singular. and caused Rodriguez’ vehicle to strike Alejandro’s vehicle. Rodriguez alleged claims of
negligence, gross negligence, respondeat superior, and negligence per se.
In October 2018, the City filed a plea to the jurisdiction in which it argued Alejandro was
entitled to official immunity and the City was therefore shielded from liability by sovereign
immunity. Specifically, the City argued Alejandro was performing a discretionary function within
the scope of her employment and acting in good faith. The plea to the jurisdiction was supported
by Alejandro’s affidavit in which she described the circumstances of the accident and explained
her actions and perception of the urgency of the situation and the risks involved.
In response to the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, Rodriguez first objected to Alejandro’s
affidavit as “hearsay and violations of the best evidence rule.” Rodriguez argued Alejandro’s
affidavit was fatally defective on the grounds that it failed to unequivocally show it was based on
personal knowledge and it made no representation that the facts disclosed were true. Rodriguez
also objected that Alejandro’s affidavit contained self-serving statements, legal conclusions, and
conclusory statements of fact. Accordingly, Rodriguez argued, five paragraphs of Alejandro’s
affidavit should be excluded.
In addition, Rodriguez argued Alejandro approached the intersection where the traffic
signal controlling travel for Rodriguez was green, and the traffic signal for Alejandro was red.
Nevertheless, Alejandro approached the intersection without coming to a complete stop to ensure
she could safely cross the intersection and avoid a collision. Rodriguez alleged Alejandro entered
the intersection on a red light and proceeded through the intersection without her lights and sirens
on. Rodriguez attached a copy of the collision report which contained a “City Driver’s Statement”
in which Alejandro stated she came to a complete stop before entering the intersection and
proceeded very slowly through the intersection. Alejandro also stated that “all traffic on the
northbound side had stopped and was giving [her] passage.” Rodriguez argued that, although
–2– Alejandro stated she came to a complete stop at the intersection, her dash cam showed her speed
never read zero until after the collision.
Rodriguez alleged the accident was investigated by the Dallas police, and the investigator
found that Alejandro’s disregarding a stop and go signal was a contributing factor in the accident.
The investigator also “noted that the vehicle in front of [Rodriguez] proceeded through the
intersection prior to [Rodriguez],” and this contradicted Alejandro’s statement that northbound
travel had stopped to allow her to proceed through the intersection. Rodriguez argued Alejandro’s
actions were not discretionary because a general order of the Dallas police chief required officers
to “come to a complete stop” before entering an intersection; therefore, because the order was
mandatory, Alejandro had no discretion to ignore the order and was required to obey the order.
Rodriguez also argued Alejandro did not act in good faith because she violated the order requiring
her to come to a complete stop and the traffic laws of Texas when she ran a red light without
coming to a complete stop. In making this argument, Rodriguez argues Alejandro’s dash cam
“shows the triggers for her lights and sirens to be going on and off up until the accident” and, “in
listening to the audio it is clear that Officer Alejandro’s overhead sirens were not activated and
cannot be heard until after the collision.” Rodriguez added “[i]t was later noted the sirens on
Officer Alejandro’s vehicle were not working properly.”
In her brief, Rodriguez argues Alejandro’s dash cam shows that she never came to a
complete stop at the intersection. Rodriguez argues Mario Rodriguez testified Alejandro was
driving without her lights and siren when the collision occurred, and an incident report stated
Alejandro’s sirens did not work properly, contradicting Alejandro’s statement in her affidavit that
her emergency lights, siren, and air horn were activated. Rodriguez complains Alejandro did not
mention in her affidavit that her view was obstructed by another vehicle and that at least one other
vehicle besides Rodriguez’ did not stop and yield.
–3– The dash cam video shows Alejandro constantly honking her patrol car’s air horn as she
approached the intersection where the collision occurred. The video’s GPS “speed” indication
shows Alejandro’s speed at 23 miles per hour just before Alejandro appears to come to a complete
stop. The speed indicator quickly drops to nine and then to two miles per hour after she stopped
and the indicator immediately shows her speed at three miles per hour as she slowly entered the
intersection. It is obvious from viewing the video in relation to the GPS speed indicator that the
indicator is delayed in its indication of Alejandro’s speed at a given instant. Alejandro’s stop at
the intersection is very brief, but the stop is apparent from the video, and it is clear that the GPS
simply did not have time to read zero before Alejandro was moving again. In effect, the laws of
physics showed Alejandro stopped, and the readout on the GPS was not accurate. Alejandro’s
speed fluctuated between two, three, six, three, and seven miles per hour as she proceeded through
the intersection, and she reached fourteen miles per hour and had almost cleared the intersection
when the collision occurred. As Alejandro proceeded, all other vehicles cleared the intersection,
giving her a clear line of sight at the road ahead.
The video also indicates “Triggers” including lights, siren, and brakes. Just as Alejandro
stops at the intersection, the siren indicator flickers on and off for a second, but Alejandro was
continuously honking her air horn at the time, and it is difficult to hear the siren clearly until after
the collision when Alejandro stops honking the air horn. However, the siren is audible
immediately before the collision as Alejandro pulls into the intersection. The lights indicator
stayed on continuously throughout Alejandro’s approach to the intersection and the following
collision, although the lights themselves are not visible in the video.
On December 31, 2018, the trial court signed an order denying the City’s plea to the
jurisdiction. The order also sustained Rodriguez’ objections to Alejandro’s affidavit except for
her statement that “The potential danger posed by proceeding through the intersection was far less,
–4– considering the above factors, than the danger posed to the officers and victims involved in the
6XE major disturbance (violence) emergency.” This appeal followed.
In its first issue, the City argues the trial court abused its discretion in sustaining Rodriguez’
objections to the City’s evidence offered in support of its plea to the jurisdiction. The City argues
the trial court erred in striking twenty sentences of Alejandro’s affidavit, effectively striking the
bulk of Alejandro’s testimony. Specifically, the City argues that, by “failing to identify which of
her general objections applied to the larger parts of Alejandro’s affidavit being challenged,
Rodriguez failed to put the district court on notice of the precise grounds on which she challenged
the affidavit.”
The party contesting jurisdiction in a plea to the jurisdiction must meet the summary-
judgment standard of proof to support its contention that the trial court lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction. HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Watson, 377 S.W.3d 766, 773 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012,
pet. dism’d). An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling that sustains an objection to summary
judgment evidence for an abuse of discretion. Cantu v. Horany, 195 S.W.3d 867, 871 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). An appellant has the burden to bring forth a record that is sufficient
to show the trial court abused its discretion when it sustained the appellee's objections to the
summary judgment evidence. See id.
Rodriguez’ response to the City’s plea to the jurisdiction objected to Alejandro’s testimony
in her affidavit as “hearsay and violations of the best evidence rule,” evidence of an interested
witness, unsubstantiated opinions or unilateral subjective determinations of facts, self-serving
statements not susceptible of being readily controverted, legal conclusions, and conclusory
statements of fact. Rodriguez’ response then separately listed sections of Alejandro’s affidavit to
which Rodriguez objected. Rodriguez did not state the specific grounds on which each identified
section of the affidavit was objectionable. We conclude these objections were not sufficiently
–5– specific. Stewart v. Sanmina Texas L.P., 156 S.W.3d 198, 207 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.)
(rejecting argument that evidence was substantively defective where objections identified only
number of particular paragraphs and exhibits with no description of particular basis for objection);
see Womco, Inc. v. Navistar Int’l Corp., 84 S.W.3d 272, 281 n.6 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2002, no pet.)
(objection that individual paragraph of affidavit “contains unsubstantiated legal conclusions” is
itself conclusory because it fails to identify which statements in individual paragraph are
objectionable or offer any explanation to trial court as to precise bases for objection); Garcia v.
John Hancock Variable Life Ins. Co., 859 S.W.2d 427, 434 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993, writ
denied) (objection that individual paragraphs contained “speculation” and “conclusion” failed to
give grounds to support inadmissibility argument). Under these circumstances, we conclude the
trial court abused its discretion in sustaining Rodriguez’ objections to Alejandro’s affidavit. See
Cantu, 195 S.W.3d at 871. We sustain the City’s first issue.
In its second issue, the City argues the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction.
In its third issue, the City argues it is immune from suit as a result of Alejandro’s official immunity.
Immunity from suit defeats a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction and thus is properly
asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. Tex. Dep’t of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004). Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction and whether a pleader
has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction are
questions of law. Id. at 226. Therefore, we review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a jurisdictional
plea. Id.
When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we determine if the pleader has
alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause. Id. We
construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the plaintiffs and look to the pleaders’ intent. Id. If the
pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction
–6– but do not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading
sufficiency and the plaintiffs should be afforded the opportunity to amend. Id. at 226-27. If the
pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be
granted without allowing the plaintiffs an opportunity to amend. Id. at 227.
However, if a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we
consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional
issues raised, as the trial court is required to do. Id. When the consideration of a trial court’s
subject matter jurisdiction requires the examination of evidence, the trial court exercises its
discretion in deciding whether the jurisdictional determination should be made at a preliminary
hearing or await a fuller development of the case, mindful that this determination must be made as
soon as practicable. Id. Then, in a case in which the jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits
of the plaintiffs’ cause of action and the plea to the jurisdiction includes evidence, the trial court
reviews the relevant evidence to determine if a fact issue exists. Id. If the evidence creates a fact
question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the
jurisdiction, and the fact issue will be resolved by the fact finder. Id. at 227-28. However, if the
relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial
court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228.
This standard generally mirrors that of a summary judgment under Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 166a(c). Id. The standard allows the state in a timely manner to extricate itself from
litigation if it is truly immune. Id. After the state asserts and supports with evidence that the trial
court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the plaintiffs are required, when the facts underlying the
merits and subject matter jurisdiction are intertwined, to show that there is a disputed material fact
regarding the jurisdictional issue. Id. A summary judgment may be based on uncontroverted
testimonial evidence of an interested witness if the evidence is clear, positive and direct, otherwise
–7– credible and free from contradiction, and could have been readily controverted. TEX. R. CIV. P.
166a(c); City of San Angelo Fire Dep’t v. Hudson, 179 S.W.3d 695, 698 (Tex. App.—Austin
2005, no pet.).
When reviewing a plea to the jurisdiction in which the pleading requirement has been met
and evidence has been submitted to support the plea that implicates the merits of the case, we take
as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. We indulge every
reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Id.
Official immunity is an affirmative defense. Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464,
465 (Tex. 1997). A governmental employee has official immunity for the performance of
discretionary duties within the scope of the employee’s authority, provided the employee acts in
good faith. Id. at 466. A court must measure good faith in official immunity cases against a
standard of objective legal reasonableness, without regard to the employee’s subjective state of
mind. Id. Good faith depends on how a reasonably prudent officer could have assessed the need
to which an officer responds and the risks of the officer’s course of action, based on the officer’s
perception of the facts at the time of the event. Id. at 467 (applying City of Lancaster v. Chambers,
883 S.W.2d 650, 656 (Tex. 1994) (good faith balancing test in context of emergency response
case). The “need” aspect of the test refers to the urgency of the circumstances requiring official
intervention. Id. In the context of an emergency response, need is determined by factors such as
the seriousness of the crime or accident to which the officer responds, whether the officer’s
immediate presence is necessary to prevent injury or loss of life or to apprehend a suspect, and
what alternative courses of action, if any, are available to achieve a comparable result. Id. The
“risk” aspect of good faith, on the other hand, refers to the countervailing public safety concerns:
the nature and severity of harm that the officer’s actions could cause (including injuries to
bystanders as well as the possibility that an accident could prevent the officer from reaching the
–8– scene of the emergency), the likelihood that any harm would occur, and whether any risk of harm
would be clear to a reasonably prudent officer. Id.
In its plea to the jurisdiction, the City alleged that, on March 2, 2017, at approximately
2:40 p.m., Alejandro was on routine patrol duty in a marked Dallas police patrol car. Through the
911 call center, Alejandro was dispatched to a report of a person breaking windows and threatening
to shoot a woman at her home. The call was dispatched as a “code 3” assignment, which meant
the call was “to be given priority and answered without delay.”
Here, Alejandro’s affidavit stated she understood that, in making discretionary decisions
during emergency calls, she must weigh the need to urgently respond to the emergency call against
the risk involved to the general public when responding to the emergency. Based on her law
enforcement experience and responding to emergency calls, Alejandro understood that “6X major
disturbance (violence) emergency calls” needed to be responded to immediately because fellow
officers and/or victims could be in imminent danger from the disturbance, and the immediate
presence of other police officers is necessary to prevent serious injury to the police officers and/or
the victims.
Alejandro’s affidavit stated that, when she proceeded through the intersection after
stopping, she believed in good faith that the need to get to the scene of the disturbance emergency
outweighed what she perceived to be the minimal risk of an accident. Alejandro recognized that
there was some risk in deciding to proceed through an intersection on a red light. Alejandro came
to a complete stop, looked to her right and left, and activated the air horn on her patrol car. Given
the dry condition of the roadway at the time and the fact that traffic at the intersection appeared to
be yielding to her vehicle, Alejandro’s emergency lights, siren and air horn were activated, and
Alejandro had stopped at the light and proceeded slowly through the intersection, Alejandro did
–9– not perceive that proceeding through the intersection would cause any danger to any other driver
near her location.
Alejandro’s affidavit stated that, considering the above factors, the potential danger posed
by proceeding through the intersection was far less than the danger posed to the officers and
victims involved in the 6X major disturbance (violence) emergency. Given that Alejandro had
been dispatched through the 9-1-1 system to respond and was expected to respond urgently to
provide assistance to other officers and victim(s), there was no other reasonable alternative but to
proceed through the intersection in the manner in which she proceeded. From her point of view at
the time and at all times while en route to the call, Alejandro did not engage in conduct she believed
would pose a likelihood of serious injury to anyone. Alejandro stated she was acting in good faith
and within the scope of her discretionary authority as a Dallas police officer. Alejandro stated her
actions were reasonable in light of the circumstances, and any reasonably prudent police officer,
under the same or similar circumstances, could have believed Alejandro’s actions were justified.
Section 546.001(2) of the transportation code provides that the operator of an emergency
vehicle may proceed past a red or stop signal or stop sign after slowing as necessary for safe
operation. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 546.001(2). The fact that a collision occurred does not
amount to a showing that an officer violated the statute and is insufficient to raise a genuine issue
of material fact as to whether the officer acted recklessly. See Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. Sparks,
347 S.W.3d 834, 842 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2011, no pet.); see also City of
Laredo v. Varela, No. 04–10–619–CV, 2011 WL 1852439, *3–5 (Tex. App. —San Antonio
May 11, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding officer’s failure to adhere to policy requiring
emergency vehicles to come to complete stop and failure to remember looking both ways
before entering intersection did not raise fact issue as to whether officer acted in conscious
indifference to or reckless disregard for safety of others).
–10– A police officer’s own affidavit may establish good faith. City of La Joya v. Herr, 41
S.W.3d 755, 761 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2001, no pet.) (citing Barker v. City of
Galveston, 907 S.W.2d 879, 888 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied)). An
officer’s good faith is not rebutted by evidence that he violated department policy. City of Fort
Worth v. Robinson, 300 S.W.3d 892, 900 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (citing
Johnson v. Campbell, 142 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, pet. denied)).
The record shows the need to which Alejandro was responding was a potentially life
threatening emergency involving several unknown people beating on a woman’s door and
threatening her with a gun. Alejandro stopped at the intersection, and she believed in good
faith that the need to get to the scene of the emergency call outweighed the perceived minimal
risk of an accident. The road was dry, traffic “appeared to be yielding to [Alejandro’s]
vehicle,” and Alejandro’s emergency lights, siren, and air horn were activated. While there
may have been some malfunction with Alejandro’s lights and siren, they were nevertheless
activated, and Alejandro used her air horn continuously. Alejandro did not perceive that
proceeding through the intersection would cause any danger to any other driver near her
location. Alejandro recognized that there was some risk in deciding to proceed through an
intersection on a red light. However, the potential danger posed by proceeding through the
intersection was far less than the danger posed to the officers and victims involved in the 6X major
disturbance (violence) emergency. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we conclude
appellees failed to raise a factual dispute as to whether Alejandro acted recklessly or in violation
of the Texas Transportation Code. See Sparks, 347 S.W.3d 834 at 842; Varela, 2011 WL 1852439
at *3–5. Further, we conclude the evidence conclusively established Alejandro acted in good faith.
See Wadewitz, 951 S.W.2d at 465-67. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying the City’s plea
to the jurisdiction. We sustain the City’s second and third issues. –11– We reverse the trial court’s order, grant the City’s plea to the jurisdiction, and dismiss
appellees’ claims for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
/David L. Bridges/ DAVID L. BRIDGES JUSTICE
190045F.P05
–12– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-19-00045-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. DC-17-14889. Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges. ROSA RODRIGUEZ AND MARIO Justices Brown and Nowell participating. RODRIGUEZ, Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is REVERSED and judgment is RENDERED that:
the City's plea to the jurisdiction is GRANTED, and Rosa Rodriguez and Mario Rodriguez' claims against the City are DISMISSED for want of subject matter jurisdiction.
It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.
Judgment entered this 7th day of August, 2019.
–13–