Mr. Chief Justice Hernández
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal by defendant José Fernández, known as Fernández Martínez, from, a judgment rendered on appeal and after a trial de novo by the District Court of Humacao on May 29, 1914, in favor of plaintiff Emiliano Cintrón for $366 and the costs.
It is alleged in the complaint, which is dated November 1, 1913, that on August 2 of the same year the plaintiff lent to the defendant the sum of $362, which was to be returned on October 30, 1913, and that the debt having matured the plaintiff demanded payment from the defendant, who refused payment, the debt therefore being still unpaid.
The defendant denied each and all of the allegations of the complaint and the ease went to trial. After the plaintiff had introduced his evidence and rested, the defendant made a motion for nonsuit which was overruled, whereupon the defendant, stating that he desired to stand on the insuf[452] ficiency of tfie evidence before tlie Supreme Court on appeal, abstained from offering any evidence and allowed tfie court to render judgment. It did so in tbe terms stated and the defendant appealed. *
The attorney for tbe appellant alleges the following grounds of appeal:
1. That the court erred in overruling the motion for non-suit based on the insufficiency of the evidence which the defendant made after the plaintiff had rested and that section 1247 of the Civil Code, as amended by the Act of March 7, 1912, in relation to section 162 of the Law of Evidence, had been violated.
2. That the court violated article 51 of the Code of Commerce in finding the existence of the said, contract proven by the testimony of witnesses.
3. That the court erred in not allowing the following question to be put to witness Emiliano Cintrón: “Is it not true that you transacted that business with another man who was a partner of Benitez?”
4. That the court erred in not allowing the following question to be put to witness Luis Toro Pérez: “Do you know where the $162 came from?”
Let us examine the errors in the same order in which they have been assignéd.
FIRST ERROR.
After providing that certain enumerated acts and contracts must appear in public instruments section 1247 of the Civil Code adds that all other contracts, in which the amount of the consideration of one (or) of the two contracting parties exceeds $300, must be i educed to writing even though it be a private contract.
The amendment to the said section by Act No. 65 of March 7, 1912, does not change the provision transcribed, for the amendment refers only to contracts made, through agents. Section 1247 cannot be construed to mean that as the said [453] loan contract was not reduced to writing, notwithstanding’ its amount, it cannot be proved by oral testimony. It is true that in the case at bar the loan contract was not reduced to writing, but this does not force us to. the conclusion reached by the appellant, for the oral testimony was admitted without. objection and neither in the Civil Code nor in the Law of Evidence do we find any provision that evidence in writing is necessary to prove the validity of a loan contract.
Sections }03 and 104 of the Law of Evidence are not applicable to the present case inasmuch as section 1247 should be construed in harmony with the provisions of sections 1221 and 1225. 'According to section 1221, a contract exists from the moment one or more persons consent to bind himself or themselves, with regard to another or others, to give something or to render some service; and section 1225 provides that contracts are perfected by mere consent and from that time they are binding, not only with regard to the fulfilment of what has been expressly 'stipulated, but also with regard to all the consequences which, according to their character, are in accordance with good faith, use, and law.
The loan contract between.the plaintiff and the defendant existed and was perfected from the time when both parties consented thereto, consequently the obligation on the part of the defendant to return the money lent him within the time stipulated attached from the time when he received it from the plaintiff..
Nor is evidence in writing indispensable to recovery on such an obligation; for, according to section 1245, “Contracts shall -be binding, whatever may be the form in which they have been executed, provided the essential conditions required for their validity exist”; and the following section, or 1246, provides that, should the law require the execution of an instrument or other special formality in order to make the obligations- of a contract binding, the contracting parties may compel each other to comply with said formalities from the moment in which consent and the other [454] requirements necessary for their validity have taken place.
It is worthy of note that said sections 1245, 1246 and 1247 comprise the whole of Chapter III of Title II of Book Fourth of the Civil Code under the title, “Effectiveness of Contracts. ’ ’
In a judgment of July 4, 1899, the Supreme Court of Spain said:
“Tbe effectiveness of contracts between contracting parties depends exclusively upon tbeir validity by virtue of tbe existence of tbe essential conditions and not upon tbe extrinsic formalities required by law for other different purposes, therefore tbe parties may compel each other reciprocally to comply.with tbe contracted obligations. Article 1279 of tbe said Code (section 1246 of tbe Revised Civil Code) ratifies that rule of law, because, foreseeing tbe probability that the law would require tbe execution of an instrument or other special formality in order that tbe obligations of a contract may be made effective, at all events by tbe party in whose favor they may have been undertaken, it does not subordinate tbe effectiveness of tbe contract to tbe existence of that extrinsic formality, but, on tbe contrary, considers principally its validity in prescribing that in such a case tbe contracting parties, apart from tbe obligations contracted, are obliged to comply with that external formality or solemnity. This does not permit of tbe contention that it would be lawful for tbe obligor to contravene the contracted obligations by bis acts or even that an action to enforce compliance with tbe formalities must precede an action arising from tbe contract.”
In a judgment of October 19, 1901, the said court sustains the doctrine laid down in that of July 4, 1899, and expresses itself in the following language:
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Mr. Chief Justice Hernández
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal by defendant José Fernández, known as Fernández Martínez, from, a judgment rendered on appeal and after a trial de novo by the District Court of Humacao on May 29, 1914, in favor of plaintiff Emiliano Cintrón for $366 and the costs.
It is alleged in the complaint, which is dated November 1, 1913, that on August 2 of the same year the plaintiff lent to the defendant the sum of $362, which was to be returned on October 30, 1913, and that the debt having matured the plaintiff demanded payment from the defendant, who refused payment, the debt therefore being still unpaid.
The defendant denied each and all of the allegations of the complaint and the ease went to trial. After the plaintiff had introduced his evidence and rested, the defendant made a motion for nonsuit which was overruled, whereupon the defendant, stating that he desired to stand on the insuf[452] ficiency of tfie evidence before tlie Supreme Court on appeal, abstained from offering any evidence and allowed tfie court to render judgment. It did so in tbe terms stated and the defendant appealed. *
The attorney for tbe appellant alleges the following grounds of appeal:
1. That the court erred in overruling the motion for non-suit based on the insufficiency of the evidence which the defendant made after the plaintiff had rested and that section 1247 of the Civil Code, as amended by the Act of March 7, 1912, in relation to section 162 of the Law of Evidence, had been violated.
2. That the court violated article 51 of the Code of Commerce in finding the existence of the said, contract proven by the testimony of witnesses.
3. That the court erred in not allowing the following question to be put to witness Emiliano Cintrón: “Is it not true that you transacted that business with another man who was a partner of Benitez?”
4. That the court erred in not allowing the following question to be put to witness Luis Toro Pérez: “Do you know where the $162 came from?”
Let us examine the errors in the same order in which they have been assignéd.
FIRST ERROR.
After providing that certain enumerated acts and contracts must appear in public instruments section 1247 of the Civil Code adds that all other contracts, in which the amount of the consideration of one (or) of the two contracting parties exceeds $300, must be i educed to writing even though it be a private contract.
The amendment to the said section by Act No. 65 of March 7, 1912, does not change the provision transcribed, for the amendment refers only to contracts made, through agents. Section 1247 cannot be construed to mean that as the said [453] loan contract was not reduced to writing, notwithstanding’ its amount, it cannot be proved by oral testimony. It is true that in the case at bar the loan contract was not reduced to writing, but this does not force us to. the conclusion reached by the appellant, for the oral testimony was admitted without. objection and neither in the Civil Code nor in the Law of Evidence do we find any provision that evidence in writing is necessary to prove the validity of a loan contract.
Sections }03 and 104 of the Law of Evidence are not applicable to the present case inasmuch as section 1247 should be construed in harmony with the provisions of sections 1221 and 1225. 'According to section 1221, a contract exists from the moment one or more persons consent to bind himself or themselves, with regard to another or others, to give something or to render some service; and section 1225 provides that contracts are perfected by mere consent and from that time they are binding, not only with regard to the fulfilment of what has been expressly 'stipulated, but also with regard to all the consequences which, according to their character, are in accordance with good faith, use, and law.
The loan contract between.the plaintiff and the defendant existed and was perfected from the time when both parties consented thereto, consequently the obligation on the part of the defendant to return the money lent him within the time stipulated attached from the time when he received it from the plaintiff..
Nor is evidence in writing indispensable to recovery on such an obligation; for, according to section 1245, “Contracts shall -be binding, whatever may be the form in which they have been executed, provided the essential conditions required for their validity exist”; and the following section, or 1246, provides that, should the law require the execution of an instrument or other special formality in order to make the obligations- of a contract binding, the contracting parties may compel each other to comply with said formalities from the moment in which consent and the other [454] requirements necessary for their validity have taken place.
It is worthy of note that said sections 1245, 1246 and 1247 comprise the whole of Chapter III of Title II of Book Fourth of the Civil Code under the title, “Effectiveness of Contracts. ’ ’
In a judgment of July 4, 1899, the Supreme Court of Spain said:
“Tbe effectiveness of contracts between contracting parties depends exclusively upon tbeir validity by virtue of tbe existence of tbe essential conditions and not upon tbe extrinsic formalities required by law for other different purposes, therefore tbe parties may compel each other reciprocally to comply.with tbe contracted obligations. Article 1279 of tbe said Code (section 1246 of tbe Revised Civil Code) ratifies that rule of law, because, foreseeing tbe probability that the law would require tbe execution of an instrument or other special formality in order that tbe obligations of a contract may be made effective, at all events by tbe party in whose favor they may have been undertaken, it does not subordinate tbe effectiveness of tbe contract to tbe existence of that extrinsic formality, but, on tbe contrary, considers principally its validity in prescribing that in such a case tbe contracting parties, apart from tbe obligations contracted, are obliged to comply with that external formality or solemnity. This does not permit of tbe contention that it would be lawful for tbe obligor to contravene the contracted obligations by bis acts or even that an action to enforce compliance with tbe formalities must precede an action arising from tbe contract.”
In a judgment of October 19, 1901, the said court sustains the doctrine laid down in that of July 4, 1899, and expresses itself in the following language:
“Article 1280 (section 1247 of tbe Revised Civil Code) only enumerates tbe acts and contracts which must appear in public or private instruments, and article 1279 (section 1246 of tbe Revised Civil Code) not only does not subordinate tbe effectiveness of tbe contract as between tbe contracting parties to any specific extrinsic formality, but recognizes its complete effectiveness by the'mere fact of its granting tbe contracting parties themselves a right of action to compel each other to execute tbe instrument or comply with any other special formality when such formalities are necessary to give full effect to tbe purposes and objects of tbe contract. This substan[455] tially is equivalent to establishing tbe compliance with, said formality as an implied condition of all contracts, although the contracting parties may not have so stipulated expressly, and not to subordinate the institution of the principal action to enforce compliance with the obligations contracted to the bringing of the secondary action to compel compliance with the formalities, for no reason for such subordination could exist inasmuch as' both actions are based on the same right, i. e., the existence of a valid contract, and have one single object, namely, compliance with the contract itself.”
Finally, in a judgment of June 18, 1902, the same court said: .
‘‘The effectiveness of contracts does not depend upon their extrinsic form, but upon the existence of such circumstances as are essential to their validity, being binding upon the parties regardless of the form in which they are executed; and their appearance in public or private instruments, as prescribed by law in some cases, is not an essential condition to their existence, but only a coercive means; allowed the contracting parties to compel 'each other to comply therewith. ’ ’
The doctrine laid down by the' learned Spanish tribunal' in the judgments just cited seems to us to be sound and we' cited the one of June 18, 3902, in the case of Vázquez v. Medina, 17 P. R. R., 96.
The employment of the coercive means referred to in the-judgment of the Supreme Court of Spain of June 18, 1902,, may be necessary in order to secure the right arising from a purely verbal contract, such, for example, as a contract, of bargain and sale of real property which cannot be recorded1 in the registry of property without being raised to a public instrument' and the failure to record which may cause the purchaser to lose his right of ownership as against another purchaser who may have acquired title to the same property later by a public deed and recorded the same in the registry. The employment of said coercive measure may be convenient also in order to reduce to writing a contract, even if a private one, the fulfilment of which cannot be demanded immediately and proof of which by oral testimony may be [456] made difficult, if not impossible, by the lapse of time. But it cannot be held that an action to enforce compliance with the formalities mnst precede the action arising from the contract.
Moreover, we agree with the distinguished commentator Manresa that there is a manifest distinction between the necessity for the public instrument and for the private document, and it is that while the former may be necessary even after the verbal contract has been established by a judgment, the latter has hardly any object after such judgment, which presupposes greater authenticity and legal effect.
In the present case, the existence of the loan contract lias been proved sufficiently by the testimony of witnesses. Its effectiveness cannot be denied because it has not been reduced to writing, although in the form of a private document, and at this time an action to enforce compliance with that external formality would have no object apart from the fact that a judgment to that effect would establish ipso facto the existence of the contract and would have greater legal force for the purpose of showing its existence than the written instrument itself executed by the debtor in acknowledgment of the obligation in compliance with the said judgment.
The court did not err in overruling the motion for non-suit.
SECOND ERROR.
Neither did the court violate the provisions of article 51 of the Code of Commerce. " .
The said article provides that the testimony of witnesses shall not in itself be sufficient to prove the existence of a contract wherein the amount involved exceeds 1,500 pesetas if no other evidence is adduced in support thereof.
This case involves a loan contract and article 311 of the said code provides that a loan shall be considered commercial when the following conditions are present: 1. That one of the contracting parties is a merchant. 2. When the articles loaned áre destined to commercial transactions.
[457] It does not appear that either of these conditions exists ■with regard to the loan nnder consideration. The plaintiff does not allege in his complaint that the defendant is a merchant, nor does the latter allege it in his answer; and although plaintiff Emiliano Cintrón testified that Fernández was a commercial employee and witness Luis Toro Pérez testified that he has seen Fernández working in the establishment of Méndez, said testimony may be sufficient to prove that he was an employee of a commercial firm but not that he was a merchant, or one who regularly devotes himself to trade, as defined by article 1 of the Code of Commerce. Nor is it shown that the amount lent by the plaintiff to the defendant was to be used in commercial transactions, for the evidence shows that Fernández asked Cintrón to lend him that amount in order to establish himself as a merchant, but there is no evidence that he used the money for that purpose.
As this is not a commercial loan it is superfluous to discuss the violation of the statute cited.
THIRD ERROR.
It appears from the statement of the case that 'after Emi-liano Cintrón had testified that the Marshal of the Municipal Court of Yabucoa had delivered to Mm $162 of the $366 which he lent to José Fernández, by reason of a suit brought against Benitez and Vázquez, and that the loan transaction was made with Fernández, the attorney for the defendant asked Cintrón the following question: “Is it not a fact that you transacted that business with another person who was a partner'of Benitez?”- The said question was ordered stricken out and the defendant excepted.
We are of the opinion that although that question might have been admitted, the judge did not abuse his discretion in ordering it to be stricken out inasmuch as Cintrón had already testified categorically that he had made the transaction with Fernández, but in any event the ruling of the court did not prejudice the defendant, for if he had wished to prove [458] that Cintron made tlie transaction with another person who was a partner of Benitez, he could have called that person as a witness for the purpose of contradicting the testimony .of Cintron and freeing’ himself of liability to the latter.
FOURTH ERROR.
The statement of the case also shows that after witness Luis Toro Pérez had testified that the Marshal of the Municipal Court of Yabucoa delivered to Cintron the said $162, the •attorney for the defendant asked the witness the following question: “Do you know where the $162 came from?’v’ The court ordered the question stricken out and the defendant excepted.
The court committed no error in so ruling, for Cintron himself and not Toro Pérez was the proper person to testify as to where that money came from and he had already done so. In any event, the answer which the witness might have given to the said question would have had no influence on the result of the suit.
The judgment appealed from should be
Affirmed.
Justices Wolf, del Toro, Aldrey and Hutchison concurred.