2015 IL App (3d) 130809
Opinion filed April 27, 2015 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2015
CINCINNATI INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Will County, Illinois, ) v. ) Appeal No. 3-13-0809 ) Circuit No. 09-MR-663 ) ROBERT PRITCHETT, ) Honorable ) Barbara Petrungaro, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ) )
_______________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Carter and O'Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion. _____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The plaintiff, Cincinnati Insurance Co. (Cincinnati), filed this interlocutory appeal in
connection with a declaratory judgment action it brought against the defendant, Robert Pritchett
(Pritchett). Pritchett was covered under an automobile liability insurance policy issued by
Cincinnati. Cincinnati filed suit in the circuit court of Will County seeking a declaration that it
has no obligation to arbitrate Pritchett's claim for bodily injury and other claims arising from a single-car vehicle accident on October 10, 2007. Cincinnati and Pritchett filed cross-motions for
summary judgment.
¶2 Relying on our appellate court's decision in Groshans v. Dairyland Insurance Co., 311
Ill. App. 3d 876 (2000), the trial court found that the language of the Cincinnati policy at issue is
ambiguous as to whether automobile accidents like Pritchett's, which did not involve physical
contact between the insured's car and a hit-and-run vehicle, are covered under the policy.
Accordingly, the trial court denied both parties' motions for summary judgment. Cincinnati filed
a motion for reconsideration and clarification which the trial court denied.
¶3 Cincinnati then filed a motion to certify questions for interlocutory appeal under Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (eff. February 26, 2010). The trial court granted Cincinnati 's
motion and certified the following two questions for interlocutory appeal:
"1. Is the policy language ambiguous in that it does not clearly require
physical contact between an insured vehicle and another vehicle, either directly or
through a continuous chain of events, for coverage to exist?;
2. Is the policy language ambiguous with respect to the necessity of physical
contact between an insured vehicle and either a hit and run vehicle or an object
caused by a hit and run vehicle to make contact with the insured vehicle through a
continuous sequence of events?"
¶4 Although we initially declined to accept Cincinnati's petition seeking our review of these
questions, our supreme court has by supervisory order directed us to accept the appeal and
answer the certified questions. Cincinnati Insurance Co. v. Pritchett, No. 117102 (March 26,
2014). We conclude that, like the policy language at issue in Groshans, the policy at issue in this
case is ambiguous as to whether coverage extends to hit-and-run automobile accidents that
2 involve no physical contact between the insured vehicle and either a hit-and-run vehicle or an
object that a hit-and-run vehicle causes to make contact with the insured vehicle. Accordingly,
we answer both certified questions in the affirmative and remand the case for further
proceedings.
¶5 FACTS
¶6 On October 10, 2007, Pritchett was driving a 2000 Mack semitrailer owned by his
employer, Carl A. Anderson & Sons, Inc. (Anderson), when he was involved in a single-car
accident. Pritchett was traveling westbound on Diehl Road toward the intersection of Diehl
Road and Old Diehl Road. When Diehl Road approaches that intersection, the right westbound
lane becomes a turn lane and curves to the right onto Old Diehl Road. Pritchett testified that he
was traveling in the far right lane at approximately 40 miles per hour and intended to turn right
onto Old Diehl Road. Pritchett claimed that, when he was approximately 50 to 100 feet from the
right turn lane, a light green sedan passed his truck and cut in front of him, approximately one
foot from his bumper. Pritchett claimed that, in response to this, Pritchett slammed on his brakes
and turned the wheel to the right. His vehicle then hit the curb on the right side of the road and
Pritchett turned the wheel to the left. As a result, the load in the truck shifted, causing the truck
to flip over. Pritchett stated that the green sedan did not stop and continued westbound on Diehl
Road. Pritchett stated that the green sedan never made contact with his vehicle.
¶7 There were two eyewitnesses to the accident, Janie Tomasek and Thomas Modzelewski.
Both testified that there were no other vehicles in the vicinity of Pritchett's truck at the time of
the accident. Tomasek was stopped at a stop sign at the intersection of Old Diehl Road and
Diehl Road when she first saw Pritchett's truck. She testified that Pritchett was traveling in
excess of the speed limit at approximately 45 miles per hour. She stated that Pritchett's truck
3 made contact with the curb, bounced back, and "popped" up on the curb a second time, causing
the truck to flip over. Tomasek testified that she saw a sedan traveling in the left lane of Diehl
Road approximately four to six car lengths in front of Pritchett's truck but did not pass Pritchett's
truck or swerve into Pritchett's lane of travel. According to Tomasek, the sedan was never any
closer than four to six car lengths from Pritchett's truck.
¶8 Modzelewski was standing on the porch of the employer's building when he first saw
Pritchett's truck. He testified that Pritchett was traveling "awkwardly fast for that corner" when
it approached the turn. Modzelewski stated that, after Pritchett's truck hit the curb, it "hopped the
curb" and "it seemed like the driver overcompensated maybe and jackknifed and went over on its
side." Modzelewski did not witness any other vehicles in the vicinity of Pritchett's truck at the
time of the accident.
¶9 Cincinnati had issued a policy of automobile liability insurance to Anderson which was
in effect at the time of Pritchett's accident. With respect to Uninsured Motorist Coverage, the
policy stated:
¶ 10 "A. Coverage
1. We will pay all sums the 'insured' is legally entitled to recover
as compensatory damages from the owner or operator of an 'uninsured
motor vehicle.' The damages must result from 'bodily injury' sustained by
the 'insured' caused by an 'accident.' The owner's or operator's liability for
these damages must result from the ownership, maintenance or use of the
'uninsured motor vehicle.'
***
F. Additional Definitions 4 As used in this endorsement:
4. 'Uninsured motor vehicle' means a 'motor vehicle':
c. That is a hit-and-run vehicle and neither the
driver nor owner can be identified. The vehicle must hit, or
cause an object to hit, an 'insured,' a covered 'auto' or a
vehicle an 'insured' is 'occupying.' If there is no physical
contact with the hit-and-run vehicle, the facts of the 'accident'
must be proved." (Emphasis added.)
¶ 11 The policy required arbitration if the parties do not agree whether a claimant "is legally
entitled to recover damages from a party responsible for the 'accident.' "
¶ 12 Pritchett made a claim under the uninsured motorist coverage in the Cincinnati policy.
Cincinnati denied coverage and filed this declaratory judgment action, arguing that, for coverage
to apply, "the [hit-and-run] vehicle must hit, or cause an object to hit, an 'insured,' a covered
'auto' or a vehicle an 'insured' is 'occupying.' " By Pritchett's own admission, that did not occur
here. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment.
¶ 13 The trial court denied both motions. In so ruling, the trial court relied principally on our
appellate court's decision in Groshans. In Groshans, our appellate court held that the uninsured
motorist provision of the automobile insurance policy at issue in that case was ambiguous as to
whether coverage extended to automobile accidents that did not involve physical contact
between the insured's car and a hit-and-run vehicle. The trial court ruled that the relevant
language of the Cincinnati policy at issue in the instant case "appears to be identical to that in 5 Groshans" and that, "[a]lthough Plaintiff contends that there is additional language, the policies
appear to be very similar." Accordingly, the trial court ruled that, like the policy in Groshans,
the Cincinnati policy is ambiguous. The trial court also ruled that, because there was no physical
contact, Pritchett must prove the facts of the accident so that the court could ascertain whether
coverage applies before the court would send the matter to arbitration.
¶ 14 Cincinnati subsequently filed a motion for reconsideration and clarification which the
trial court denied. In its order denying reconsideration, the trial court again applied Groshans
and reaffirmed the reasoning in its prior order. The trial court explained that the "first and
second sentences of the [uninsured motorist liability] section appear to require actual physical
contact, while the third sentence, like the policy in Groshans, requires the facts of the accident to
be proved when there is no physical contact with the hit and run vehicle." Thus, the trial court
reasoned that, as in Groshans, the Cincinnati policy was ambiguous.
¶ 15 Cincinnati then filed a motion to certify questions for interlocutory appeal under Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 308(a). The trial court granted Cincinnati 's motion, finding that the court's
order dismissing the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment "involves a question of law as
to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and the immediate appeal from the
Order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation." After receiving
proposed certified questions from the parties, the trial court issued an order certifying the
questions as specified above.
¶ 16 Our appellate court initially denied Cincinnati's application for leave to appeal under
Supreme Court Rule 308, but later vacated its prior order and entered an order allowing
Cincinnati 's application for leave to appeal after our supreme court issued a supervisory order
6 directing our appellate court to vacate its prior order and to answer the questions certified by the
trial court.
¶ 17 ANALYSIS
¶ 18 Our analysis in this case is limited to answering the questions of law certified for
interlocutory review, which is governed by a de novo standard of review. Thompson v. Gordon,
356 Ill. App. 3d 447, 451 (2005).
¶ 19 The certified questions ask us to determine whether the Cincinnati policy unambiguously
limited coverage for hit-and-run accidents to situations involving some type of physical contact
between the insured's vehicle and the hit-and-run vehicle or between the insured's vehicle and an
object that the hit-and-run vehicle caused to come in contact with the insured's vehicle. Before
answering these questions, we must first address Cincinnati's argument the Illinois Insurance
Code (Code) (215 ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2006)) requires such "physical contact" coverage
limitations as a matter of law. We hold that the Code imposes no such requirement.
¶ 20 Section 143a(1) of the Code requires automobile liability insurance policies to include
"protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from
owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles and hit-and-run motor vehicles because of
bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death, resulting therefrom." 215 ILCS 5/143a(1)
(West 2006). The statute does not expressly limit such coverage to accidents involving physical
contact. Our supreme court and our appellate court have ruled that the Code does not bar
insurers from including such a limitation in a policy, have repeatedly upheld physical-contact
limitations as "valid," and have found such limitations consistent with the statute's policy of
preventing fraudulent claims. See, e.g., Ferega v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,
58 Ill. 2d 109, 111 (1974) ("[W]e see no inconsistency between the policy provisions [limiting
7 coverage to accidents involving physical contact] and the requirements of the statute. Indeed,
both seem to be entirely consistent and to be aimed to be entirely consistent and to be aimed at
the avoidance of fraudulent claims."); Kannel v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,
222 Ill. App. 3d 1013 (1991). However, as we ruled in Groshans, the Code does not require
insurers to limit coverage for hit-and-run accidents to situations involving direct or indirect
physical contact. Groshans, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 878-79; see also id. at 879 ("Illinois law does not
require actual physical contact [for hit-and-run coverage] but merely permits an insurance policy
to require such contact" (emphases added)).
¶ 21 We acknowledge that some older decisions of our appellate court have held or implied
that section 143a(1) requires insurers to limit coverage to accidents involving physical contact.
See Swan v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 306 Ill. App. 3d 958 (1999); Illinois National
Insurance Co. v. Palmer, 116 Ill. App. 3d 1067 (1983). However, in Groshans, our appellate
court ruled to the contrary and declined to follow those decisions. Groshans, 311 Ill. App. 3d at
878-79. Although the legislature has amended section 143a of the Code twice since Groshans
was issued, it has not invalidated Groshans or amended the statute to clarify that coverage
applies only in cases of physical contact. This suggests that the legislature does not disapprove
of Groshans' interpretation of the statute. See Ferega, 58 Ill. 2d at 111-12; see also Bruso v.
Alexian Brothers Hospital, 178 Ill. 2d 445, 458 (1997) ("in amending a statute, the legislature is
presumed to have been aware of judicial decisions interpreting the statute and to have acted with
this knowledge").
¶ 22 Accordingly, we proceed to the certified questions, which ask us to determine whether
the Cincinnati policy is ambiguous as to whether coverage extends only to accidents involving
physical contact. The policy provides coverage for "all sums the 'insured' is legally entitled to
8 recover as compensatory damages from the owner or operator of an 'uninsured motor vehicle.' "
In section F(4)(c), the policy defines an "uninsured motor vehicle" to include, inter alia:
"a hit-and-run vehicle and neither the driver nor owner can be identified.
The vehicle must hit, or cause an object to hit, an 'insured,' a covered 'auto'
or a vehicle an 'insured' is 'occupying.' If there is no physical contact with
the hit-and-run vehicle, the facts of the 'accident' must be proved."
¶ 23 As Cincinnati notes, the second sentence of the above definition states that coverage
applies only when the hit-and-run vehicle "hit[s], or causes an object to hit," the insured vehicle.
When read in isolation, that sentence suggests a physical-contact requirement. However, the
third sentence of the above definition states that coverage applies even when "there is no
physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle," so long as the facts of the accident are proved.
When these two sentences are read together, the extent of the policy's physical-contact
requirement (if any) becomes unclear and the policy becomes susceptible of two equally
reasonable interpretations. On the one hand, the policy may be read as covering accidents in
which the hit-and-run vehicle "hits" or "causes an object to hit" the insured's vehicle, but as
requiring the facts to be proven in the latter scenario (i.e., when the alleged "contact" is with an
"object" rather than with the hit-and-run vehicle itself). On this reading (which is urged by
Cincinnati), the third sentence does not contradict or eliminate the physical-contact requirement
imposed by the previous sentence; it merely explains how a certain type of physical contact must
be proven. On the other hand, however, the policy might be read as covering certain accidents
which involve no physical contact of any kind. The third sentence provides for coverage where
there is no "physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle," so long as the facts of the accident are
proved. The phrase "physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle" may reasonably be
9 interpreted as including both direct physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle and indirect
contact with that vehicle by means of contact with an object that the hit-and-run vehicle causes to
hit the insured's vehicle. On this reading, where the facts of the accident are proved, the policy
covers all hit-and-run accidents, even those that do not involve any such physical contact. We
find both of these conflicting interpretations of the Cincinnati policy to be reasonable.
Therefore, the policy is ambiguous.
¶ 24 In further support of our holding, we note that the relevant language of the Cincinnati
policy is materially indistinguishable from the policy language at issue in Groshans, which our
appellate court found to be ambiguous. That policy language provided:
" ' We promise to pay damages, excluding punitive or exemplary damages,
the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle is legally obligated to pay
because of bodily injury you suffer in a car accident while occupying a car, or as a
pedestrian, as a result of having been struck by an uninsured motor vehicle.
A hit-and-run motor vehicle, if the driver or owner cannot be identified
and which strikes, or causes another vehicle to strike, you or a motor vehicle you
are occupying is an uninsured motor vehicle. If there is no physical contact with
the hit-and-run vehicle the facts of the accident must be proved.' " (Emphases
omitted.) Groshans, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 877.
The accident in Groshans, like the accident here, did not involve any physical contact between
the insured's vehicle and the hit-and-run vehicle. (The insured in Groshans claimed that he
swerved to avoid an alleged hit-and-run driver which caused his car to leave the roadway and roll
over in a ditch. Groshans, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 877.) At issue was whether the insured's
10 automobile insurance policy covered such an accident. The insurer argued that the policy
provisions quoted above unambiguously restricted coverage to accidents involving physical
contact with the hit-and-run vehicle. Rejecting this argument, our appellate court held that the
policy provision requiring the facts of an accident to be proved when there is no physical contact
with the hit-and-run vehicle was "susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation," and
therefore ambiguous. Id. at 879-80.
¶ 25 Cincinnati argues that the policy at issue in Groshans is distinguishable from the policy
in this case for two reasons. First, Cincinnati maintains that the Groshans policy "does not
define what an uninsured motor vehicle is." Second, Cincinnati contends that the Groshans
policy sets forth only a single "coverage scenario," i.e., it provides coverage "only when a hit-
and-run vehicle makes physical contact with an insured vehicle," whereas the Cincinnati policy
provides coverage both in that scenario and when the hit-and-run vehicle causes an object to hit
the insured vehicle. Cincinnati asserts that the "lack of a second coverage scenario creates
ambiguity in the Groshans policy" because the Groshans policy later states that "[i]f there is no
physical contact with the hit and run vehicle the facts of the accident must be proved." According
to Cincinnati, its own policy, with its "two distinct coverage scenarios," "does not suffer from the
same flaw."
¶ 26 We do not find these arguments persuasive. First, contrary to Cincinnati's argument, the
Groshans policy defined what qualified as an "uninsured motor vehicle" under the policy.
Specifically, the Groshans policy stated that " '[a] hit-and-run motor vehicle, if the driver or
owner cannot be identified and which strikes, or causes another vehicle to strike, you or a motor
vehicle you are occupying is an uninsured motor vehicle.' " (Emphases added, omitted, and in
original.) Groshans, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 877. In addition, the Groshans policy did not set forth
11 only a single "coverage scenario"; rather, like the Cincinnati policy, it provided coverage in two
distinct circumstances. Specifically, it provided coverage when a hit-and-run motor vehicle "
'strikes, or causes another vehicle to strike' " the insured's vehicle. (Emphasis added.) Id.
Nevertheless, our appellate court held that a separate policy provision stating that " '[i]f there is
no physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle the facts of the accident must be proved' "
rendered the Groshans policy ambiguous as to whether coverage was limited to accidents
involving physical contact. Id. at 879. We find the Cincinnati policy ambiguous in the same
respect.
¶ 27 For the foregoing reasons, we answer both certified questions in the affirmative.
¶ 28 CONCLUSION
¶ 29 Certified questions answered; cause remanded.