COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Athey UNPUBLISHED
Argued by videoconference
CHRISTIAN LINDALE STEVENSON MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1614-19-1 JUDGE MARY BENNETT MALVEAUX NOVEMBER 24, 2020 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON Michael A. Gaten, Judge1
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Matthew P. Dullaghan, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Christian Lindale Stevenson (“appellant”) entered conditional Alford pleas2 to the
charges of shooting into an occupied vehicle, in violation of Code § 18.2-154, attempted robbery,
in violation of Code §§ 18.2-26 and -58, maiming, in violation of Code § 18.2-51, aggravated
maiming, in violation of Code § 18.2-51.2, and three counts of use of a firearm in the
commission of a felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. On appeal, he argues that the trial
court erred by denying his motion to suppress certain statements made to law enforcement that
were obtained in the absence of a Miranda3 warning and in the absence of a voluntary, knowing,
and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Judge Christopher W. Hutton presided over appellant’s suppression hearing. 2 See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970). 3 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). I. BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.
Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381
(2016)). In doing so, we discard any of appellant’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all
credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be
drawn from that evidence. Id. at 473. This applies to the evidence presented both at the
suppression hearing and at trial. Tirado v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 15, 24 (2018).
On June 1, 2018, City of Hampton Police Investigator David Giles was investigating an
incident at a Zaxby’s restaurant, in which two persons were shot in the parking lot. While at the
crime scene, Investigator Giles received a call from Officer Lucy that a walk-in gunshot wound
patient had arrived at Sentara CarePlex. Giles went to the hospital and encountered appellant,
who had a gunshot wound to his buttocks area.
Investigator Giles testified that when he entered appellant’s hospital room to talk with
him, he was still trying to determine what had happened at Zaxby’s and was unsure if appellant
was the victim or the perpetrator in the shooting. Giles had “[v]ery briefly” spoken with two
people who had been injured in the shooting at Zaxby’s before they were transported to
Riverside Hospital. However, he had not yet reviewed any security camera footage from the
scene of the shooting.
Investigator Giles questioned appellant about his involvement in the shooting. Appellant
initially said that he had been shot in Newport News, but Giles told him that he knew appellant
had been at Zaxby’s.
Giles told appellant that police were going to collect a gunshot residue kit from his hands,
and they did so. Giles testified that the test would have been conducted regardless as to whether
-2- appellant was the suspect in or victim of the shooting. Giles also asked appellant if he would
pass a polygraph test.
Detective Raines was working with Giles and had arrived at the Sentara CarePlex with
him. Officer Ramirez had responded to the hospital in response to the gunshot victim’s arrival.
These two officers remained in the room with Giles during the entire questioning. Two
additional officers, Detectives Lawrence and Healy, were in and out of the hospital room while
Investigator Giles spoke with appellant. Officer Lucy, who was working “overtime extra-duty
security” for the hospital, was in the hallway.
Giles, Raines, and Lawrence were dressed in civilian clothing. Ramirez, Lucy, and Healy
were in uniform.
Giles testified as to the officers’ positioning in the room when he began to question
appellant. He noted that he was leaning against the railing of the bed while Detective Raines was
on the other side of the bed. Detective Lawrence was located at the foot of appellant’s bed but
did not stay in the room the entire time. Officer Ramirez was standing near the door but was
“not guarding the door or stopping the door.”
Giles testified that appellant was not restrained, was not told that he was under arrest, and
was not told that he was not free to leave. Hospital personnel continued to provide medical
treatment to and collect insurance information from appellant while the law enforcement officers
were in the room. Investigator Giles stated that the officers “stepped away whenever they came
in to do something.”
One of appellant’s family members also arrived at the hospital and stayed in appellant’s
room for “quite a while.” Giles testified that he would not have allowed the family member to
remain in the room if he thought appellant was a suspect.
-3- At one point, a hospital employee asked appellant for his insurance information.
Appellant directed the employee to a bag on the floor containing his belongings. The employee
removed appellant’s pants from the bag, and several unfired bullets fell out of the pants pocket to
the hospital floor. Ramirez told the employee to step away from the clothing and told appellant’s
family member to leave the room. Giles then asked appellant about the bullets. Giles did not
testify as to any response given by appellant.
Investigator Giles testified that he believed that his questioning did not prolong
appellant’s stay at the hospital because the medical staff was able to continue treating appellant.
Giles estimated that he questioned appellant for fifteen to twenty minutes, and Giles left the
hospital while appellant was still receiving treatment and prior to his discharge from the hospital.
After Investigator Giles left the Sentara CarePlex, he went to Riverside Hospital and
re-interviewed the two shooting victims before he returned to the police station. Arrest warrants
for appellant were obtained sometime after Giles arrived at the police station.
Once appellant was discharged, Officer Ramirez transported him from the hospital to the
police department, where Giles advised appellant of his Miranda rights. Appellant was still in
his hospital gown, as his clothing remained in police custody. Investigator Giles did not believe
that appellant was transported in handcuffs, and appellant was not in handcuffs when Giles spoke
with him at the police station.
Appellant filed a motion to suppress the statements he made at the hospital to police. The
trial court denied the motion, stating that it did not see the “facts and circumstances” surrounding
appellant’s hospitalization to be “coercive and suggestive.” The trial court found that appellant
voluntarily went to the hospital for treatment which he was receiving at the time the police were
there and that the police did not interfere with appellant’s treatment. Further, police were there
investigating a shooting “with substantial confusion about who was a victim and who may have
-4- been a perpetrator.” According to the trial court, nothing Investigator Giles testified to “should
have suggested to [appellant] that he was in custody when he was not.” The trial court
concluded that appellant was not in custody at the hospital and that his statements made at the
Hampton Police Department were not the result of coercive behavior.
II. ANALYSIS
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress certain
statements that were obtained in the absence of a Miranda warning and in the absence of a
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights.
When challenging the denial of a motion to suppress evidence, the appellant bears the
burden of establishing that reversible error occurred. Glenn v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 123,
130 (2008). At this juncture, the Court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth and affords it the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from that evidence.
Mason v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 362, 367 (2016). Appellant must show “that even when the
evidence is reviewed in that light, denying the motion to suppress was reversible error.” Taylor
v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 182, 186 (2019) (quoting Sidney v. Commonwealth, 280 Va.
517, 520 (2010)).
“Whether the circumstances of [a police interview] were such as to require Miranda
warnings is a mixed question of law and fact.” Keepers v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 17, 33
(2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Spinner v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 384, 392 (2019)). In
reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we are “bound by [its] findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly
wrong,’ and we ‘give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts’ by the trial judge and
law enforcement.” Salahuddin v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 190, 202 (2017) (quoting McGee
v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198 (1997) (en banc)). “We review de novo the trial
court’s application of the law to the particular facts of the case.” Taylor, 70 Va. App. at 186.
-5- “The right to have counsel present during a custodial interrogation is an axiom of
American law expressed in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) and its progeny.” Zektaw
v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 127, 135 (2009). “Where an accused in a criminal case is subjected
to custodial police interrogation, he first must be advised of his Fifth Amendment rights as
defined in Miranda . . . for any statement he makes to be admissible in evidence.”
Commonwealth v. Thornton, 24 Va. App. 478, 488 (1997).
“[P]olice officers are not required to administer Miranda warnings to everyone whom
they question.” Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977). “Miranda warnings are not
required when the interviewee’s freedom has not been so restricted as to render him or her ‘in
custody.’” Aldridge v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 618, 641 (2004) (quoting Harris v.
Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 554, 564 (1998)). A determination of whether an individual is in
custody for purposes of Miranda is an objective inquiry and is based on the totality of the
circumstances. Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 323 (1994). Under “Miranda case law,
‘custody’ is a term of art that specifies circumstances that are thought generally to present a
serious danger of coercion.” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 508-09 (2012). Courts do not find
that degree of coercive danger “simply because the questioning takes place in the station house,
or because the questioned person is one whom the police suspect” as the perpetrator. Mathiason,
497 U.S. at 495.
“In assessing whether the interrogation was custodial, we inquire ‘whether there [was] a
formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal
arrest.’” Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 96 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting
California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983) (per curiam)).
This Court has identified a number of circumstances to be considered when determining
whether or not a suspect was in custody, including: (1) the manner in which the individual was
-6- summoned by the police; (2) the familiarity or neutrality of the surroundings; (3) the number of
officers present; (4) the degree of physical restraint; (5) the duration and character of the
interrogation; and (6) the extent to which the officers’ beliefs concerning the potential culpability
of the individual being questioned were manifested to the individual. Wass v. Commonwealth, 5
Va. App. 27, 32-33 (1987); Harris, 27 Va. App. at 565. However, in evaluating whether an
individual is in custody when questioned by the police, no single factor is dispositive. Wass, 5
Va. App. at 33. Further, not all of the factors might be relevant in any given case. Id. Rather,
“[t]he totality of circumstances must be considered.” Id. at 32.
Appellant contends that the factors listed in Harris and Wass establish that he was not
free to leave during the questioning at the hospital. We reject appellant’s argument and instead
hold that the consideration of these factors as a whole demonstrates that appellant was not in
custody.
First, as to the manner in which appellant was summoned by police, appellant was not
summoned at all. He was at the location of the questioning (the Sentara CarePlex) of his own
free will. He chose the hospital and voluntarily transported himself there. Police encountered
appellant later. As such, there was no police summoning of appellant. Appellant was already at
the hospital of his own volition when he initially encountered police. See Lanier v.
Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 541, 554-55 (1990) (concluding that appellant’s statement to police
while he was in the back seat of a locked police vehicle did not require a Miranda warning in
part because he entered the police car “of his own accord”).
Second, as to the familiarity or neutrality of the surroundings, we again note that
appellant chose the location in which to seek medical treatment. He was at the hospital for
medical treatment, and the police did not interfere with or prolong that treatment. Hospital staff
-7- interrupted when they needed to conduct business or treat appellant. Appellant’s family member
was also allowed to be in the hospital room with him.
Third, as to the number of officers present, while five officers were present at the
hospital, there were only three who stayed in appellant’s room, and only one was in uniform.
There was one other officer working off-duty as hospital security, but the record does not suggest
that this officer participated in the investigation. Cf. Wass, 5 Va. App. at 34 (concluding that the
defendant was in custody for purposes of Miranda in part because he was confronted by twelve
armed officers, four of whom arrived by helicopter). While more than one officer was present in
appellant’s hospital room during questioning, we conclude that the number of officers in the
present case does not suggest coercion.
Fourth, as to the degree of physical restraint, in the instant case appellant was not
physically restrained in any way by police. Appellant was in a hospital bed due to the medical
treatment that he voluntarily sought. He was not handcuffed, locked in the room, or otherwise
restrained. See Ford v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 249, 257 (1998) (finding that the defendant
was not in custody and noting in its analysis that “[a]lthough [the defendant] was not free to
leave, he was not restrained, handcuffed, or searched”). Further, while Officer Ramirez was
standing near the door, he was “not guarding the door or stopping the door.” We also agree with
the Commonwealth’s assertion that appellant’s submission to a gunshot residue test was not
coercive. He was at the hospital for treatment of a gunshot wound, and as a potential victim of a
shooting, Investigator Giles testified that it would not have been unusual for appellant to have
that test. In addition, to the extent that appellant argues he was restrained when bullets fell out of
his pants pocket and police cleared the hospital room, this action was necessary both for safety
and to preserve potential evidence, and it involved no physical confinement of appellant. As
there was no restraint on the part of police, this factor also leans in favor of the Commonwealth.
-8- Fifth, as to the duration and character of the interrogation, we conclude that a reasonable
person in appellant’s situation would not have believed that he was in custody. The questioning
lasted no more than twenty to thirty minutes,4 and it did not prolong or interfere with his medical
treatment. Hospital personnel continued treating appellant even after police had concluded their
questioning and left the hospital. The duration of appellant’s interaction with police does not
suggest that appellant was in custody. See Ramos v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 365, 369-70
(1999) (rejecting appellant’s suggestion that a twenty-one-minute detention, among other
circumstances, created a custodial interrogation).
Appellant argues that the character of the interrogation was “undoubtedly coercive,”
citing the gunshot residue test, clearing of the room at one point, and the question to appellant
about whether he would pass a polygraph test. However, we conclude that these circumstances,
viewed in light of the factors we previously discussed, do not support the finding that appellant
was in custody for purposes of Miranda while in the hospital room.
As we have previously discussed, Investigator Giles testified that a gunshot residue test is
given to anyone involved in a shooting, and appellant’s hospital room was cleared for a proper
purpose. Further, no evidence in the record supports appellant’s contention that anyone
suggested that he would have to submit to a polygraph test; rather, Giles asked appellant about
taking a lie detector test and if he would pass the test. Finally, it is true that Giles told appellant
that they knew he had been at Zaxby’s, where a shooting had occurred. However, that statement
was in response to appellant’s statement to police that he had been shot in Newport News.
Investigator Giles’s response, therefore, did not indicate that he thought appellant had been the
shooter, but merely that his gunshot wound had occurred at Zaxby’s, not in Newport News.
Moreover, at the time law enforcement was at the hospital with appellant, the situation was very
4 Giles testified that he was in appellant’s hospital room “15 to 20 minutes maybe.” -9- much in flux, with confusion about what had happened, who was a victim, and who was a
perpetrator. As such, the police did not yet have a belief that appellant was culpable in that
shooting.
This Court has previously held that “police may, within the scope of an investigative
stop, ask a suspect to explain suspicious circumstances.” Ford, 28 Va. App. at 257. Giles’s
conversation with appellant was no more than an attempt to make sense of a confusing and
still-evolving situation. Even as an investigation progresses, “Miranda warnings are not required
merely because . . . the investigation has centered on the person being questioned.” Kauffmann
v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 400, 404-05 (1989). Moreover, the fact that an investigation has
become “accusatory and focused upon a suspect is not necessarily determinative of custody.”
Wass, 5 Va. App. at 33.
In this case, Investigator Giles testified that he would not have allowed appellant’s
relative to stay in the hospital room had appellant been considered a suspect. It was not until
after Giles left the hospital and obtained more information from the two victims at Riverside
Hospital that he went to the police station and gave appellant a Miranda warning. As the
Commonwealth noted at oral argument, this permits an inference that Giles did not develop
appellant as a suspect until that point. Further, the trial court made a specific factual finding that
police were at the hospital investigating a shooting with “substantial confusion” as to who was a
victim and who was a perpetrator, a finding that is binding on appeal as it is not plainly wrong or
without evidence to support it.
Considering all of these circumstances, a reasonable person in appellant’s position during
the hospital interview would have understood that his freedom was not restricted to a degree
associated with a formal arrest. See Harris, 27 Va. App. at 564; see also Webber v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 549 (1998), where the defendant, while at the hospital with his
- 10 - injured child, told a police officer that he “[didn’t] want to talk to anyone.” This Court held that
the defendant’s statement “did not invoke Miranda protections,” because he was not in custody
at the hospital. Id. at 556.5 Thus, we conclude that the evidence supports a finding that appellant
was not in custody when he made his statements to police in the hospital room.
III. CONCLUSION
Based upon the facts of this case, we conclude that appellant was not in custody at the
hospital, and thus police officers were not required to provide Miranda warnings to appellant
before questioning him. As such, the trial court did not err by denying appellant’s motion to
suppress. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
5 Cf. Dixon v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 34 (2005), and Hasan v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 674 (2008), where the Supreme Court of Virginia held that the defendants were in custody for Miranda purposes. In Dixon, the defendant was restrained in handcuffs and placed in a locked police car. Dixon, 270 Va. at 38. The Court found that a reasonable person subjected to both of those restraints “would conclude that he was in police custody.” Id. at 41. In Hasan, between six and eight police officers conducted a traffic stop, in which they brought a K-9 unit, drew their weapons, removed the defendant from the vehicle, and handcuffed him. Hasan, 276 Va. at 677. The Court noted that the character of the detention, which “was not similar to an ordinary traffic stop,” would lead a reasonable person in that position to understand “‘that his freedom was being restricted to a degree associated with a formal arrest.’” Id. at 680-81 (quoting Dixon, 270 Va. at 40). - 11 -