Chicago Land and Trust Company v, United Structural Systems of Illinois, Inc

2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: March 25, 2022
• Docket: 2-21-0299
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U No. 2-21-0299 Order filed March 25, 2022

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l). ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

CHICAGO TITLE AND LAND TRUST, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court COMPANY, as Trustee for Land Trust ) of Kane County. Agreement No. 8002353688, 3006 Fox Glen) Ct., St. Charles, Illinois, ) NICHOLAS FITZ, P.C., and ) NICHOLAS FITZ, individually, ) ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ) v. ) No. 20-CH-359 ) UNITED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS ) OF ILLINOIS, INC., RICK THOMAS, ) and ROBERT VANN, ) ) Defendants ) Honorable ) Kevin T. Busch, (Robert Vann, Defendant-Appellee). ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Hutchinson and Birkett concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Trial court did not err in dismissing with prejudice plaintiff’s complaint against an individual defendant. Affirmed.

¶2 Plaintiff, Nicholas Fitz, is the beneficiary of a land trust. He began an expansion project

on the land trust’s property, located at 3006 Fox Glen Court in St. Charles, with the intent that his 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

law firm would use the improved area to entertain clients and generate business. Ultimately, a

dispute arose between Fitz and one of the construction contractors, interfering with the permitting

process. As such, Fitz, his law firm (Nicholas Fitz, P.C.), and Chicago Title and Land Trust

Company (as trustee for Land Trust Agreement Number 8002353688, 3006 Fox Glen Court., St.

Charles, Illinois) (collectively, “plaintiffs”) sued contractor United Structural Systems of Illinois,

Inc. (USS), Rick Thomas (USS’s owner), and Robert Vann (St. Charles’s inspector) (collectively

“defendants”). Vann moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the

Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2020)). The trial court granted Vann’s

motion with prejudice and denied plaintiffs’ request for an opportunity to amend the complaint.

Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 A. Complaint against Vann

¶5 On November 10, 2020, plaintiffs filed their complaint. In relevant part, the complaint’s

introductory paragraphs identified the parties, describing Vann as “an individual being sued in his

individual capacity and who at all relevant times in this complaint, was the Village of St. Charles

City Inspector but is now retired.”

¶6 Plaintiffs alleged that the property at issue is a 5,000-square-foot residence with a large

outdoor area. The outdoor area was to be expanded to include a large, self-supported balcony, a

veranda with outdoor kitchen, a pool, and a seating area for seasonal entertainment. Ultimately,

plaintiffs desired to entertain clients and generate business. The outdoor area expansion required

support by “heli coils” encased in concrete and rebar under the rear balcony. To that end, plaintiffs

alleged, they accepted USS’s proposal of $17,310 to install 10 helical piers and steel bolt caps to

support the balcony foundation pillars. The parties entered into a written contract, which was

-2- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

attached to the complaint. USS required an initial payment of $7,000 for materials, before work

was performed, and plaintiffs paid that amount.

¶7 Plaintiffs further alleged that the City of St. Charles 1 required that certain testing be

performed on the helical coils after their installation and that USS and Thomas agreed to perform

that work in accordance with the structural engineering plans that Vann had approved. Further,

plaintiffs alleged, the City required that USS submit compression logs prior to additional permits

being issued for work on the helical coil foundation by subsequent contractors.

¶8 Plaintiffs alleged that, “upon information and belief compression testing was performed by

USS for the helical coils and compression logs were created and given to Robert Vann.” However,

the compression logs were not given to plaintiffs, nor did USS tender any “official” compression

logs to the City. Plaintiffs alleged that they asked the City for the logs, but the City represented

none were received.

¶9 According to the complaint, the property was damaged and there were disputes about

correcting the damage. USS then demanded that plaintiffs pay $8,500 before it would release the

compression logs.

¶ 10 Around November 2017, plaintiffs alleged, Kevin Ciccone (relationship to plaintiffs not

specified in the complaint, although the record reflects that he is the president of plaintiffs’ general

contractor) asked Thomas about USS’s submission of the compression logs to the City. Thomas

stated that “Bob Vann is a friend of mine” and that he had “Vann on speed dial.” Further, “Ciccone

conversed with Robert Vann, then Inspector for the [City] of St. Charles. Robert Vann said that

1 The complaint actually repeatedly referred to St. Charles as a village, but it is a city and

we refer to it as such. See, e.g., http://www.stcharlesil.gov.

-3- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

no compression logs would be provided until Rick Thomas and USS were paid. Robert Vann’s

conduct was intentional and willful and outside the scope of his employment.”

¶ 11 Plaintiffs alleged that, as a result of “USS’s actions and conduct,” the City “pulled” the

permit, as Thomas said would happen, and no further action may be taken with respect to the

outdoor area and foundation. They alleged that the real property lost value, along with the intended

use of the outdoor area, and that plaintiffs have been denied use of their outdoor area. Further, the

purchased materials have aged beyond use and defendants’ “malfeasance and incompetence

caused a pestilence that resulted in damages in excess of $75,000.”

¶ 12 The complaint alleged seven counts, six of them against Vann. Specifically, in count II,

“waste” (also alleged against USS and Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that their property and outdoor

area required protection, and defendants’ malfeasance, incompetence, and affirmative actions

resulted in waste, disuse of the property, and interruption of other work. Further, Vann and

Thomas “acted together to prevent the release of the compression logs along with the revocation

or pulling of the permit so as to impede progress and completion of the work.” Plaintiffs sought

damages, costs, and interest.

¶ 13 In count III, “intentional interference with prospective advantage” (also alleged against

Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that they had a valid business expectancy to use the outdoor area to

entertain prospective clients, yet Vann and Thomas intentionally acted to (1) halt renovations; (2)

prevent the property owners from obtaining other permits; and (3) thwart plaintiffs’ ability to

entertain clients and generate business. They alleged that defendants’ actions were arbitrary,

capricious, and willful, and purposefully interfered with plaintiffs’ prospective advantage and

business expectancies. Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess

of $75,000.

-4- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

¶ 14 In count IV, “fraudulent concealment” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged

that, while they had believed that they were simply involved in a contractual dispute, it was

concealed that, by withholding and concealing the compression logs, Thomas and Vann were

acting in concert to prohibit the progression and completion of the construction. Specifically,

plaintiffs alleged, prior to Ciccone’s November 2017 conversations with Thomas and Vann,

plaintiffs justifiably believed that they were in a contractual dispute with USS and Thomas.

However, “[h]ad [they] known prior to November of 2017 of Messrs. Thomas and Vann’s covert

conduct they would have taken a course of action with the [City] of St. Charles to rectify the

situation.” Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess of $75,000.

¶ 15 In count V, “consumer fraud: deceptive trade practice” (also alleged against Thomas),

plaintiffs alleged that it was unfair and deceptive for defendants to act together and in concert to

withhold the compression logs as leverage so that USS and Thomas would get paid. Plaintiffs

alleged that it was concealed from them that defendants were acting in concert to prohibit the

progression and completion of the additions by withholding and concealing the compression logs.

They also alleged that the conduct was immoral, unethical, oppressive, and unscrupulous, and,

further, that “Vann’s conduct offends public policy for Mr. Vann acted outside of the scope of his

public employment and placed the self-interest of his friend ahead of his responsibilities [to] the

citizens.” Plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages and costs in excess of $75,000.

¶ 16 In count VI, “civil conspiracy” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged that

defendants acted in concert, knowingly and willingly, to deprive plaintiffs of the use, expected

use, and enjoyment of the property. The conspiracy included acts to (1) deprive plaintiffs by

pulling and/or revoking the construction permit; (2) deprive plaintiffs of the compression logs; (3)

deprive plaintiffs of the ability to continue and complete construction; (4) “engage in an intensified

-5- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

program of harassment”; and (5) “cause the plaintiffs misery.” Plaintiffs alleged that, on account

of defendants’ malicious conduct, they were entitled to compensatory and punitive damages and

costs in excess of $75,000.

¶ 17 Finally, in count VII, “injunctive relief” (also alleged against Thomas), plaintiffs alleged

that it is “evident from the admissions of Robert Vann to Mr. Ciccone that either Mr. Vann or Mr.

Thomas are in possession of the compression logs.” Plaintiffs alleged that defendants’ collective

or singular possession of the compression logs is unlawful, the logs are needed to complete

construction, and plaintiffs have the right to “return” of the compression logs. Plaintiffs alleged

that they had no adequate remedy at law to secure the return of the compression logs and that

defendants’ possession of the logs will cause irreparable harm. Plaintiffs requested a temporary

restraining order or preliminary injunction ordering defendants to return the logs pending

resolution of the case on the merits or, alternatively, ordering them to return the logs to plaintiffs

to prevent further waste on the property.

¶ 18 B. Motion to Dismiss

¶ 19 Vann filed a section 2-619.1 motion to dismiss the complaint and attached an affidavit,

sections of the City’s code, and certain business records, including emails between Vann and

Ciccone. In sum, Vann argued that the complaint allegations all concerned his performance as the

City’s Building and Code Enforcement Division Manager, and, further, that plaintiffs failed to

state claims upon which relief could be granted. Moreover, to the extent that plaintiffs’ claims

constituted civil actions, Vann argued that they were barred by the one-year statute of limitations

provided by the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort

Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/8-101(a) (West 2020)). Alternatively, Vann argued that, to the extent

that plaintiffs’ claims against him arose from the issuance or revocation of a building permit, or

-6- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

from some negligent misrepresentation, sections 2-206 and 2-210 of the Tort Immunity Act

afforded him immunity (id. §§ 2-206, 2-210). Specifically, Vann moved to dismiss counts II, III,

IV, and VI against him pursuant to both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of the Code.

¶ 20 C. Hearing and Court’s Ruling

¶ 21 On May 6, 2021, the court held a hearing on Vann’s motion. As a preliminary matter, the

court allowed plaintiffs to voluntarily non suit count V (consumer fraud/deceptive trade practice)

against Vann.

¶ 22 Next, after hearing argument, the court found that the complaint was based almost entirely

on alleged fraud. However, the court found, none of the pleaded allegations satisfied the level of

specificity needed to establish claims such as fraudulent concealment or civil conspiracy.

Moreover, as to count II, “[t]he waste claim. It is impossible for plaintiff[s] to establish a waste

claim against [Vann] because [Vann] wasn’t in a position to control the property. His position as

a City inspector issuing permits or denying permits could not, as a matter of law, [have] resulted

in waste to the property.” Regarding count III (intentional interference with prospective

advantage), the court found the claim lacked allegations that could substantiate such a claim, as

plaintiffs did not plead that Vann knew what the prospective advantage was and with whom. As

for counts IV and VI (fraudulent concealment and civil conspiracy, respectively), the court found

both lacking any specific allegations of fraud.

¶ 23 The court dismissed with prejudice all counts for failing to state a claim and, further, as

outside the statute of limitations. It noted, “when a party knowingly pleads an action that is

obviously outside the statute of limitations, that party must specifically plead why they’re exempt

from the statute of limitations. [Plaintiffs] have not. [Plaintiffs] haven’t even gotten close to

-7- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

pleading any allegations that rise to the level of alleging fraudulent concealment or civil

conspiracy.”

¶ 24 As the court had dismissed counts IV and VI based on the statute of limitations, but also

for lacking specific allegations of fact, plaintiffs’ counsel requested, at the end of the hearing, the

opportunity to amend the complaint with regards to the “defraud counts.” The court responded, “I

dismissed it with prejudice.” The written order reflects that the court dismissed counts II, III, IV

and VI for failing to allege facts sufficient to state a claim and also pursuant to section 2-619(a)(5)

for failing to timely file within the one-year statute of limitations. Plaintiffs appeal.

¶ 25 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 26 A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

¶ 27 Preliminarily, although not raised by the parties, we briefly comment on our jurisdiction.

See, e.g., Fligelman v. City of Chicago, 264 Ill. App. 3d 1035, 1037 (1994) (appellate court has an

independent obligation to verify jurisdiction). We note that Vann moved to dismiss all counts

against him except count VII, which concerned injunctive relief. The record does not reflect that

the count was nonsuited (like count V), nor was count VII addressed by either party in the motion

to dismiss briefing, at hearing on the motion, or the court’s dismissal order. Nor do the parties

mention count VII in the briefing before this court. The May 6, 2021, dismissal order dismisses

counts II-IV and VI, then sets a date for a hearing on claims against only USS and Thomas. Thus,

it is not clear whether count VII remains pending against Vann and, if it does, then contrary to

plaintiffs’ jurisdictional statement (left uncorrected by defendant), our jurisdiction is not proper

under Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and 303 (eff. July 1, 2017), as the order

was not a final one disposing of all claims. Nevertheless, dismissal of this appeal is unnecessary

because Illinois Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016) provides that we do have

-8- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

jurisdiction over judgments that dispose of fewer than all claims against fewer than all parties if

the order expressly reflects that there is no just reason for delaying either enforcement or appeal.

The written order here just barely meets Rule 304(a)’s standards, as it states that the judgment is

“final and immediately appealable.” Cf., Palmolive Tower Condominiums, LLC v. Simon, 409 Ill.

App. 3d 539, 544 (2011) (noting that circuit court’s finding that an order was “final and

appealable,” without reference to an immediate appeal or the justness of delay, is insufficient to

trigger Rule 304(a)). Thus, our jurisdiction is proper.

¶ 28 Next, we define our standard of review. Vann’s motion was filed pursuant to section 2-

619.1 of the Code and included arguments for dismissal under both sections 2-615 and 2-619 of

the Code. See, e.g., Downey v. Wood Dale Park District, 286 Ill. App. 3d 194, 199 (1997)

(combined motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code is proper if movant indicates

under which section of the Code each part of the combined motion to dismiss is brought). The

court dismissed the complaint, citing 2-615 (failure to state a claim) and 2-619 (affirmative

matter/statute of limitations) bases. We review de novo dismissals under both 2-615 and 2-619.

See, e.g., Zahl v. Krupa, 365 Ill. App. 3d 653, 658 (2006). Further, when reviewing a dismissal

under either section, we accept all well-pleaded facts as true and make all reasonable inferences

therefrom. Id.

¶ 29 B. Dismissal With Prejudice Was Proper

¶ 30 On appeal, plaintiffs ask that we reverse and vacate the court’s order dismissing the

complaint against Vann and remand so that they can file an amended complaint. Plaintiffs assert

that, had they been afforded leave to amend, they could have alleged additional facts to support

their causes of action and establish their exemption from the “allegedly expired” statute of

limitations. They note that discovery might uncover information reflecting that the statute of

-9- 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

limitations did not commence until they knew or reasonably should have known that they were

injured. Plaintiffs emphasize that the Tort Immunity Act does not apply because they sued Vann

in his individual capacity for actions and conduct that were intentional, malicious, and exceeded

his authority and position. Specifically, plaintiffs alleged that Vann, “the Building Code and

Enforcement Division Manager of St. Charles,” sought to defraud plaintiffs and concealed his

deception. Further, plaintiffs alleged that Vann misrepresented that no compression logs were

submitted to maintain the permit, when they allege that Thomas had, in fact, provided the logs.

They argue that they further alleged that Vann maliciously pulled the permit for the construction

project at the subject property to aid Thomas in his contract dispute with plaintiffs. As such,

plaintiffs contend, the Tort Immunity Act does not apply to immunize Vann nor, by extension,

does the one-year statute of limitations apply.

¶ 31 We note that, although, in their prayer for relief, plaintiffs request that we reverse the

dismissal of the entire complaint, plaintiffs’ counsel below requested leave to amend only counts

IV and VI, which he referred to as the “defraud” counts. Further, in their brief’s statement of the

issues, plaintiffs question whether they should be permitted to “amend and re-plead fraudulent

concealment or civil conspiracy.” Thus, it is not clear whether plaintiffs seek leave to amend only

those counts or the entire complaint. In any event, plaintiffs argue that, had the court given them

leave to amend, they might have been able to cure the defects. Vann responds, in part, that

plaintiffs were not entitled to amend because their request came after a final judgment, since the

court dismissed the complaint “with prejudice.” We need not address Vann’s argument in this

regard. We conclude that, even if plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend was a valid one, the trial

court properly denied it and dismissed the claims as barred by the statute of limitations.

- 10 - 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

¶ 32 Specifically, section 2-616(a) of the Code provides that, at any time before final judgment,

amendments to the pleadings may be allowed on just and reasonable terms. See 735 ILCS 5/2-

616(a) (West 2020). “Courts are given broad discretion in liberally allowing amendments of

pleadings to foster the policy of resolving controversies on their merits.” Boffa Surgical Group

LLC v. Managed Healthcare Associates Ltd., 2015 IL App (1st) 142984, ¶ 32. However, the ability

to amend the pleadings is not unlimited; “[a]mong the factors to be considered in deciding that

discretion was properly exercised is whether the proposed amendment would cure the defective

pleading; whether it could cause prejudice or surprise to other parties; the timeliness of the

proposed amendment; and whether previous opportunities to amend the pleadings could be

identified.” Talas v. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., 134 Ill. App. 3d 103, 107 (1985). Here, by

dismissing four counts as falling outside the applicable statute of limitations, the court inherently

determined that no amendment could cure the pleading’s defects and would, therefore, be

untimely.

¶ 33 Section 8-101(a) of the Tort Immunity Act provides that no civil action may be commenced

against a local entity or any of its employees for any injury “unless commenced within one year

from the date that the injury was received or the cause of action accrued.” 745 ILCS 10/8-101(a)

(West 2020). Section 8-101(c) clarifies that a “civil action” includes “any actions, whether based

upon the common law or statutes or Constitution of this State.” Id. § 8-101(c). Section 1-202

defines “employee” as a present or former servant or employee. 745 ILCS 10/1-202 (West 2020).

As such, here, at all times relevant to the complaint, Vann was a City employee as defined by the

Tort Immunity Act. In fact, the complaint alleges this. Further, there is no dispute that the claims

plaintiffs pursued against Vann are “civil actions” as defined by the Tort Immunity Act. Moreover,

the complaint allegations, taken as true, reflect that, in November 2017, Vann made his comments

- 11 - 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

to Ciccone that the compression logs would not be provided until Thomas and USS were paid. In

addition, documents attached to the motion to dismiss (which plaintiffs did not rebut) reflect that,

in April 2018, Ciccone wrote to Vann concerning the building department’s request for the

compression results, stating that USS would not provide them and urging that the building

department should “subpoena” them. Vann emailed back, reiterating the permit review and plan

requirements, as well as noting that the department did not have the resources to pursue legal action

against contractors to provide information that is the property owner’s obligation to provide.

Although the complaint alleged that the permit was later “pulled,” it did not specify the date.

However, the record reflects that, on October 26, 2018, Vann informed plaintiffs that, because

information necessary to complete review of the application had not been received, the application

for construction of the residential addition was voided. Accordingly, at the very latest, by October

26, 2018, plaintiffs clearly knew of their injury. Yet, plaintiffs did not file their complaint until

November 10, 2020, more than two years later.

¶ 34 Plaintiffs seek to remove their allegations from the Tort Immunity Act’s purview by

asserting that Vann’s conduct was willful and wanton. They seek leave to “amend and re-plead

fraudulent concealment or civil conspiracy with more specific factual allegations to determine

whether the matter is within the applicable statute of limitations.” (Emphasis added.) They

emphasize that they sued Vann in his individual capacity and alleged that Vann was acting

willfully, wantonly, and engaged in fraud; thus, it is improper to dismiss the claims on the basis

that Vann was operating in his official capacity, such that the Tort Immunity Act and its one-year

statute of limitations applies.

¶ 35 First, these arguments more concern pleading requirements to state a claim under section

2-615, as opposed to the statute of limitations dismissal under section 2-619. For example,

- 12 - 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

plaintiffs cite McKay v. Kusper, 252 Ill. App. 3d 450, 460 (1993), as authority for the proposition

that immunity applies only to officials who make discretionary judgments based upon the public

needs (arguing that Vann’s actions did not concern public needs), and that “immunity does not

extend to a public employee’s acts based on corrupt or malicious motives or willful and wanton

acts.” Similarly, plaintiffs also cite Loman v. Freeman, 229 Ill. 2d 104, 112 (2008), for the

proposition that whether an action is one against the State depends on the issues involved and relief

sought, and a State employee who breaches a duty is no more entitled to immunity than is a private

individual who breaches that same duty. Their reliance is misplaced, as plaintiffs conflate the

concepts of immunity, which the trial court did reach, and statutory limitations. See, e.g., Griffin

v. Willoughby, 369 Ill. App. 3d 405, 412 (2006) (rejecting the plaintiff’s argument that, if the

defendant would not be immune for his actions, the limitations period in section 8-101 of the Tort

Immunity Act should not apply and noting that the limitations period and the likely success of an

immunity defense are not connected).

¶ 36 Second, we also note that plaintiffs did not plead willful and wanton conduct; rather,

although the word “willful” occasionally appears in the complaint, the “defraud” counts IV and

VI alleged “malicious” conduct. Our supreme court has held that there is no “corrupt or malicious

motives” exception contained in the Tort Immunity Act. Village of Bloomingdale v. CDG

Enterprises, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 484, 494 (2001). Further, there are specific pleading requirements to

sufficiently allege the willful and wanton conduct exceptions to the Tort Immunity Act, none of

which were pleaded here. See, e.g., Floyd v. Rockford Park District, 355 Ill. App. 3d 695, 700

(2005) (“To sufficiently plead willful and wanton conduct, a plaintiff must allege not only duty,

breach, and proximate cause [citation], but also that the defendant engaged in a course of action

- 13 - 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

that showed a deliberate intention to harm or an utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the

plaintiff’s welfare.”).

¶ 37 In any event, focusing on the court’s section 2-619 dismissal based on the statute of

limitations, plaintiffs assert that the one-year statute of limitations cannot apply to “malicious

actions an individual undertakes outside of the authority of employment,” but they cite no authority

for this proposition. Moreover, courts have held that, to recover against a local employee, acting

within the scope of employment, a plaintiff must file suit within one year, even if the plaintiff is

seeking to recover against the employee in only his or her individual capacity. See, e.g., Sperandeo

v. Zavitz, 365 Ill. App. 3d 691, 694 (2006); see also Delgadillo v. Paulnitsky, 2007 WL 1655252,

at *5 (N.D. Ill. June 1, 2007) (citing Sperandeo and noting, “Illinois courts have made clear that

the Tort Immunity Act’s one-year statute of limitations applies even where an employee is sued in

his individual capacity”). Here, regardless of the complaint’s statement that Vann was being sued

in his individual capacity, the allegations reflect that his involvement was entirely connected to

the scope of his employment and his position and authority within the City’s building department.

Indeed, all of plaintiffs’ claims against Vann seek damages and stem from information required

by the building department, communications with Vann over those requirements, the failure to

release and “officially” submit the logs with the building department, and the resultant harm from

the ultimately-voided permit application. In other words, but for his position as the City’s Building

and Code Enforcement Division Manager, Vann’s conduct and communications would be

irrelevant; an individual not in Vann’s position would have had no ability to cause the harm

plaintiffs allege against him. As such, the claims clearly are barred by section 8-101’s statute of

limitations, and the court’s dismissal of them with prejudice was proper. Therefore, as this issue

is dispositive, we need not reach the propriety of the court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim.

- 14 - 2022 IL App (2d) 210299-U

¶ 38 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 39 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County.

¶ 40 Affirmed.

- 15 -