Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
One of the assignments of error is, that the circuit court permitted appellee, by his next friend, Gilbert Lane, to prosecute as a poor person.
Section 5, of chapter 33, of the Bevised Statutes, provides: “If any court shall, before or after the commencement of any suit, be satisfied that the plaintiff is a poor person, and unable to prosecute his suit and pay the costs and expenses thereof, the court may, in its discretion, permit him to commence and prosecute his action as a poor person; and thereupon such person shall have all the necessary writs, process and proceedings, as in other cases, without fees or charge.”
The statute is broad enough in its terms to include all resident plaintiffs, whether they be adults or minors, who are poor persons, and are unable to prosecute their suits and pay costs and expenses. It is urged, however, that the words of the amendment made in 1881 to section 18, of chapter 64, of the Eevised Statutes, entitled “Guardian and Ward,” are such as preclude such construction. The language of the amendment is: “Provided, that any suit or proceeding may be commenced and prosecuted by any minor, by his next friend, without any previous authority or appointment by the court, on such next friend entering into bond for costs, and filing the same in the court in which * * * such suit or proceeding is instituted.” Said section 5, of chapter 33, and said proviso enacted in 1881, are to be regarded as in pari materia, and should be construed together, and a sensible and intelligent effect given to the provisions of each. It would be a harsh rule, and one which would involve an unreasonable and unjust discrimination which should not be imputed to the legislative intention, that an adult man, who happens to be a poor person, should have the privilege of prosecuting his suit in forma pauperis, and without being required to give security for costs, and that an infant, who is equally poor, should be denied such privilege, and compelled to give such security. The matter of permitting a plaintiff to prosecute his suit as a poor person, is left, by the express terms of the statute, to the judicial discretion of the court where such suit is commenced or is pending, and as in this case the affidavits upon which the court acted in granting such permission are not preserved in a bill of exceptions, it is to be presumed it was sufficiently shown that both appellee and his next friend were poor persons, within the purview of the statute, and unable to give security for costs. There was no error in allowing the cross-motion of appellee to permit him to prosecute as a poor person, and in overruling the motion made by appellant for security for costs.
The duty of a person approaching a railroad crossing with a wagon and team, even when such wagon is old and makes considerable noise, and when he knows there are obstructions which to some extent interfere with the view of an approaching train, and also knows a train is due about that time, to bring his team to a full stop before driving upon the railroad track, is not so absolute and unqualified as that a court can say, as matter of law, and regardless of all other attendant circumstances, that such person is guilty of a want of ordinary care. It is for the jury to determine, from all the facts and circumstances in proof, whether or not there was negligence, and it is not for the court to tell them that certain facts constitute such negligence as precludes a recovery. (Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Lee, Admx. 87 Ill. 454; Pennsylvania Co. v. Frana, 112 id. 398; Continental Improvement Co. v. Stead, 5 Otto, 161.) There was, therefore, no error in the ruling of the court upon the fourth refused instruction asked by appellant, or in its refusal to give the appellant’s third refused instruction, which also took the questions of ordinary care, and of negligence on the part of appellee, away from the jury.
The court also denied the motion of appellant to give the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that the fact, (if you so believe from the evidence) that the defendant did not have or keep a flagman at the crossing in question is not evidence of negligence of the defendant, under the issues in this suit, and the jury should entirely disregard the same in passing upon the question of whether or not defendant was guilty of negligence as charged in the declaration in this cause.”
There was evidence before the jury tending to prove that the place where the collision occurred was in a thickly populated neighborhood, about three blocks from the business center of the city, and that there was considerable travel on Bartholomew street at that place. The court, over the objections of appellant, had admitted evidence that there was no flagman at the crossing. The court, in instructing the jury, told them that evidence as to whether a flagman was stationed at the crossing in question at the time of the alleged injury had been admitted, not as tending to show any neglect on the part of the company in that regard, but solely as bearing on the question of the alleged negligence on the part of the company in running its engine and train; and further, that there was no absolute duty imposed on the company by law to maintain a flagman at the crossing in question, and a failure to maintain or have a flagman there was not, of itself, negligence, and that the jury should not consider the evidence as to whether a flagman was maintained or stationed there, as tending, of itself, to establish negligence. Although there was no ordinance requiring a flagman to be placed at the' crossing, yet we think the fact there was none there was properly allowed to be shown to the jury as one of the existing circumstances attendant upon the alleged injury. The absence of a flagman' was not negligence, yet such absence, in connection with proof of the condition of things, in respect to population, travel, and otherwise, in that particular locality, would shed light upon the question of the care and caution on the part of appellant in running its trains that the safety of the public would reasonably require. The instructions the court gave sufficiently guarded the interests of appellant against any improper inference that might be deduced from the circumstance there was no watchman, and the court very properly declined to tell the jury they should entirely disregard such circumstance in passing upon the question whether or not appellant was guilty of the negligence charged in the declaration.
The substance of instruction No. 4, given for appellee, was, that if, at the time of the injury, there was an ordinance in force in the city of Rochelle, limiting the rate of speed of locomotive engines and trains of cars within the city to ten miles an hour, and the place where plaintiff was injured was within the city, and the defendant, by its servants, on the occasion of the injury, ran its train within the limits of the city up to and across Bartholomew street at a greater rate of speed than ten miles an hour, and struck and injured the plaintiff, as charged in the declaration, in consequence of running its train at a greater rate of speed than ten miles an hour up to and across said street, and plaintiff used and exercised due care and caution for his own safety, then the defendant was liable.
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Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
One of the assignments of error is, that the circuit court permitted appellee, by his next friend, Gilbert Lane, to prosecute as a poor person.
Section 5, of chapter 33, of the Bevised Statutes, provides: “If any court shall, before or after the commencement of any suit, be satisfied that the plaintiff is a poor person, and unable to prosecute his suit and pay the costs and expenses thereof, the court may, in its discretion, permit him to commence and prosecute his action as a poor person; and thereupon such person shall have all the necessary writs, process and proceedings, as in other cases, without fees or charge.”
The statute is broad enough in its terms to include all resident plaintiffs, whether they be adults or minors, who are poor persons, and are unable to prosecute their suits and pay costs and expenses. It is urged, however, that the words of the amendment made in 1881 to section 18, of chapter 64, of the Eevised Statutes, entitled “Guardian and Ward,” are such as preclude such construction. The language of the amendment is: “Provided, that any suit or proceeding may be commenced and prosecuted by any minor, by his next friend, without any previous authority or appointment by the court, on such next friend entering into bond for costs, and filing the same in the court in which * * * such suit or proceeding is instituted.” Said section 5, of chapter 33, and said proviso enacted in 1881, are to be regarded as in pari materia, and should be construed together, and a sensible and intelligent effect given to the provisions of each. It would be a harsh rule, and one which would involve an unreasonable and unjust discrimination which should not be imputed to the legislative intention, that an adult man, who happens to be a poor person, should have the privilege of prosecuting his suit in forma pauperis, and without being required to give security for costs, and that an infant, who is equally poor, should be denied such privilege, and compelled to give such security. The matter of permitting a plaintiff to prosecute his suit as a poor person, is left, by the express terms of the statute, to the judicial discretion of the court where such suit is commenced or is pending, and as in this case the affidavits upon which the court acted in granting such permission are not preserved in a bill of exceptions, it is to be presumed it was sufficiently shown that both appellee and his next friend were poor persons, within the purview of the statute, and unable to give security for costs. There was no error in allowing the cross-motion of appellee to permit him to prosecute as a poor person, and in overruling the motion made by appellant for security for costs.
The duty of a person approaching a railroad crossing with a wagon and team, even when such wagon is old and makes considerable noise, and when he knows there are obstructions which to some extent interfere with the view of an approaching train, and also knows a train is due about that time, to bring his team to a full stop before driving upon the railroad track, is not so absolute and unqualified as that a court can say, as matter of law, and regardless of all other attendant circumstances, that such person is guilty of a want of ordinary care. It is for the jury to determine, from all the facts and circumstances in proof, whether or not there was negligence, and it is not for the court to tell them that certain facts constitute such negligence as precludes a recovery. (Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. v. Lee, Admx. 87 Ill. 454; Pennsylvania Co. v. Frana, 112 id. 398; Continental Improvement Co. v. Stead, 5 Otto, 161.) There was, therefore, no error in the ruling of the court upon the fourth refused instruction asked by appellant, or in its refusal to give the appellant’s third refused instruction, which also took the questions of ordinary care, and of negligence on the part of appellee, away from the jury.
The court also denied the motion of appellant to give the following instruction:
“The court instructs the jury that the fact, (if you so believe from the evidence) that the defendant did not have or keep a flagman at the crossing in question is not evidence of negligence of the defendant, under the issues in this suit, and the jury should entirely disregard the same in passing upon the question of whether or not defendant was guilty of negligence as charged in the declaration in this cause.”
There was evidence before the jury tending to prove that the place where the collision occurred was in a thickly populated neighborhood, about three blocks from the business center of the city, and that there was considerable travel on Bartholomew street at that place. The court, over the objections of appellant, had admitted evidence that there was no flagman at the crossing. The court, in instructing the jury, told them that evidence as to whether a flagman was stationed at the crossing in question at the time of the alleged injury had been admitted, not as tending to show any neglect on the part of the company in that regard, but solely as bearing on the question of the alleged negligence on the part of the company in running its engine and train; and further, that there was no absolute duty imposed on the company by law to maintain a flagman at the crossing in question, and a failure to maintain or have a flagman there was not, of itself, negligence, and that the jury should not consider the evidence as to whether a flagman was maintained or stationed there, as tending, of itself, to establish negligence. Although there was no ordinance requiring a flagman to be placed at the' crossing, yet we think the fact there was none there was properly allowed to be shown to the jury as one of the existing circumstances attendant upon the alleged injury. The absence of a flagman' was not negligence, yet such absence, in connection with proof of the condition of things, in respect to population, travel, and otherwise, in that particular locality, would shed light upon the question of the care and caution on the part of appellant in running its trains that the safety of the public would reasonably require. The instructions the court gave sufficiently guarded the interests of appellant against any improper inference that might be deduced from the circumstance there was no watchman, and the court very properly declined to tell the jury they should entirely disregard such circumstance in passing upon the question whether or not appellant was guilty of the negligence charged in the declaration.
The substance of instruction No. 4, given for appellee, was, that if, at the time of the injury, there was an ordinance in force in the city of Rochelle, limiting the rate of speed of locomotive engines and trains of cars within the city to ten miles an hour, and the place where plaintiff was injured was within the city, and the defendant, by its servants, on the occasion of the injury, ran its train within the limits of the city up to and across Bartholomew street at a greater rate of speed than ten miles an hour, and struck and injured the plaintiff, as charged in the declaration, in consequence of running its train at a greater rate of speed than ten miles an hour up to and across said street, and plaintiff used and exercised due care and caution for his own safety, then the defendant was liable. It is objected to this instruction that a demurrer was sustained to all five counts of the original declaration; that under the leave taken to amend, only the third and fifth counts were amended; that there were issue and trial only on them; that neither the third nor the fifth count alleged any ordinance of the city of Bochelle, or charged the violation of any ordinance of the city by appellant in running its trains, and that, consequently, as appellee could only recover for the specified acts of negligence charged in the declaration, it was error to admit in evidence the ordinance of said city, and error to give said instruction. This is very clearly a misapprehension of the record. It appears therefrom that the ordinance in question was properly pleaded in the fourth count of the declaration, and that on December 13,1887, a demurrer was sustained to all five of the counts, and leave given to amend. It further appears from the record, that on December 24, 1887, appellant filed another demurrer, which purports to be to “the said amended declaration, and each and every count thereof, ” and the demurrer is special, and points out specific objections to each and. every of the five counts of the amended declaration, and the cause of demurrer shown therein to the amended fourth count is as follows: “That the plaintiff does not, in and by the fourth count of his said amended declaration, aver or state that he, the plaintiff, used due care and caution in approaching the crossing where the injury alleged occurred.” The record further shows, that on January 5, 1888, the demurrer to the amended declaration was overruled, and that on January 9, 1888, appellant filed a plea of not guilty, which was not limited to any particular count or counts, but went to the whole ■declaration, and that issue was joined thereon. The premises upon which appellant bases its contention being contradicted by the record, the conclusion reached, as matter of course, is wrong.
The ninth instruction given for appellee states the doctrine of comparative negligence with unusual accuracy and perspicuity, and embodies in it the requirement of ordinary care on the part of appellee. Appellant insists the instruction is “wrong, inapplicable, and should not have been given, for the reason the evidence established appellee’s gross negligence as matter of law, and the court should have so instructed the jury, instead of giving this instruction in reference to comparative negligence, ” and cites Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Co. v. O'Connor, 119 Ill. 686, as sustaining such claim. The doctrine of that case is, that it is only when the conclusion of negligence necessarily results from the statement of fact, that the court can be called upon to say to the jury that a fact establishes negligence as a matter of law, and that if the conclusion of negligence, under the fact stated, may or may not result, or shall depend on other circumstances, the question is one of fact for the jury.
The contention of appellant that appellee was guilty of such negligence that, as matter of law, it precludes him from the right of recovery, is based upon the facts as stated by appellee himself. His evidence was: “I had a lumber wagon and a team. One of them was from sixteen to eighteen years old, the other from nine to ten. I was standing up in the wagon. I approached the railroad crossing from the north, and was driving south. There is a cross-walk one street north of the railroad, on Bartholomew street. It is about ten rods north of the crossing. From the cross-walk I went in a slow trot,— a jog. I went slower before I got to the track. From the time I left the cross-walk until I reached defendant’s track I looked for trains three or four times. I listened as well as I could. My hearing was good. My eyesight was good. I looked for trains east and west,—both ways. I was about five feet four inches tall.” The witness described the obstructions to the view, and continued: “I was nearly on the track when I saw the train: I seen it, and I tried to stop the horses, or pulled upon them, and they saw the train, and it scared them, and they started, and that is about the last I remember. I saw the engine; it was running towards me—running east. When I first saw the engine the horses’ heads were nearly on the track,—probably within five or six feet of the track,—and the engine was probably a rod off. I didn’t hear any bell ring on the engine that day. I was driving my team and looking for a train. I was listening for the train. I could not say whether the bell rung or the whistle sounded. I didn’t hear it. I had driven along there more than a dozen times, probably; I guess about twenty times. I was going about four miles an hour when I went over the cross-walk. From the street crossing to the railroad I was going less than four miles an hour. It was an old wagon. It made considerable noise when I was driving on a trot or jog. I commenced making observations when I was up at the walk—was looking around to see if there were any trains coming. I knew about what time the train generally came in. I didn’t have any time with me; didn’t know as to what time it was; knew there was a train coming before noon. I didn’t stop my team to a dead halt to listen to know whether any train was coming. I didn’t stop my team off from a-slow trot.”
We are unable to say, from this testimony, that there was no evidence tending to prove the exercise of ordinary care on the part of appellee, or that the court should, of its own motion, have instructed the jury, as matter of law, that appellee was guilty of such negligence as prevented a recovery by him, or that it was error to submit to the jury the question of comparative negligence.
Very numerous other objections are urged to the instructions given for appellee, but they are technical and without merit, and do not require special notice. The instructions were substantially correct, though some of them may be open to verbal criticism, as not being technically accurate. The jury was fully and fairly instructed, and the fifteen instructions which were given at the instance of appellant stated the law as favorably to it as could reasonably be asked.
All controverted questions of fact have been settled by the verdict and judgments below.
We find no error in the record that would justify a reversal, and the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.