Cherisha Lovejoy, an individual, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated v. Transdev Services, Inc., et al.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: November 17, 2025
• Docket: 3:23-cv-00380
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHERISHA LOVEJOY, an individual, on Case No.: 23-cv-00380-AJB-MMP behalf of herself and all others similarly 12 situated, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 13 MOTION TO STAY PARALLEL Plaintiff, CALIFORNIA STATE COURT 14 v. PROCEEDINGS 15 TRANSDEV SERVICES, INC., et al.,

16 Defendants. (Doc. No. 85) 17

18 19 Before the Court is a motion to stay five California Superior Court proceedings1 20 pursuant to the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, filed by Plaintiff Cherisha Lovejoy 21 (“Plaintiff”). (Doc. Nos. 85; 102.) Defendant Transdev Services, Inc. (“Defendant”) 22 opposes the motion. (Doc. Nos. 96; 107.) For the reasons set forth herein, the Court 23 DENIES Plaintiff’s motion. 24

25 26 1 The five actions are: (1) Reese v. Veolia Transportation, et al., No. 21STCV29413 (Cal. Super. Ct.); (2) Diaz v. Transdev North America, Inc., et al., No. 22STCV32496 (Cal. Super. Ct.); (3) Reese v. 27 Veolia Transportation, et al., 21STCV36076 (Cal. Super. Ct.); (4) Diaz v. Transdev North America, Inc., et al., No. 22STCV38405 (Cal. Super. Ct.); and (5) Brown v. Transdev, No. 23AHCV02160 (Cal. Super. 28 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 On February 27, 2023, Plaintiff filed the instant wage and hour class action, alleging 3 that Defendant, a private operator of California municipal buses, violated various 4 California labor laws with regard to Bus Driver/Operator employees like Plaintiff.2 5 (Doc. No. 1.) After Defendant filed an answer (Doc. No. 4), the parties attended an Early 6 Neutral Evaluation Conference (“ENE”) before U.S. Magistrate Judge Barbara Lynn 7 Major. (Doc. No. 10.) When the parties failed to settle, Judge Major issued a Scheduling 8 Order, and the parties began to engage in discovery regarding class certification. (Doc. No. 9 11.) 10 On August 11, 2025, the Court granted in part Plaintiff’s initial motion for class 11 certification and certified Plaintiff’s first, second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth causes 12 of action.3 (Doc. No. 72.) After full briefing on Plaintiff’s renewed motion, the Court 13 certified the fifth and sixth causes of action.4 (Doc. No. 87.) 14 On October 6, 2025, Plaintiff filed the instant motion to stay. (Doc. No. 85.) Three 15 days later, Plaintiff filed a proposed class notice plan for the Court’s approval (Doc. No. 16 91), which Defendant opposed (Doc. No. 92). The Court rejected Plaintiff’s notice for 17 violating the Civil Local Rules and issued a briefing schedule for any future class notice 18 plan. (Doc. No. 95.) 19 /// 20 21 2 Specifically, Plaintiff alleges: (1) failure to pay all regular, minimum and overtime wages; (2) 22 failure to pay split shift wages; (3) failure to provide meal periods; (4) failure to provide rest periods; (5) failure to provide accurate itemized wage statements; (6) failure to timely pay wages due; (7) violation 23 of California’s Unfair Competition Law; and (8) conversion. (See generally Compl.) 3 For these causes of action, the certified class is defined as: “All current and former California Bus 24 Driver/Operator employees of Transdev Services, Inc. who drove routes with stops in California during 25 the period from February 27, 2019 through the present[.]” (Doc. No. 72 at 28.) 4 The certified class for the fifth cause of action is defined as: “All current and former California 26 Bus Driver/Operator employees of Transdev Services, Inc. who drove routes with stops in California during the period from February 27, 2022 through the present[.]” (Doc. Nos. 87 at 8.) For the sixth cause 27 of action, the certified class is defined as: “All former California Bus Driver/Operator employees of Transdev Services, Inc. who drove routes with stops in California during the period from February 27, 28 1 On October 21, 2025, Defendant filed an opposition to the instant motion (Doc. No. 2 96), which was subsequently joined by David Reese, Isaac Kharaud, Patricia Brown, and 3 Victor Diaz, the named plaintiffs in the parallel state court actions (Doc. No. 101). Plaintiff 4 filed a reply (Doc. No. 102), and Defendant filed a sur-reply with leave of the Court (Doc. 5 No. 107). 6 II. LEGAL STANDARD 7 The All Writs Act authorizes district courts to “issue all writs necessary or 8 appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles 9 of law.” 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a). “The All Writs Act is limited by the Anti–Injunction Act, 10 which prevents a federal court from enjoining the ‘proceedings in a State court except as 11 expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to 12 protect or effectuate its judgments.’” Sandpiper Vill. Condo. Ass’n. v. Louisiana-Pac. 13 Corp., 428 F.3d 831, 842 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2283). “[Because] the 14 statutory prohibition against such injunctions in part rests on the fundamental constitutional 15 independence of the States and their courts, the exceptions should not be enlarged by loose 16 statutory construction.” Atl. Coast Line R. Co. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 398 U.S. 281, 17 287 (1970); see also Sandpiper Vill. Condo. Ass’n., 428 F.3d at 842 (“Rooted firmly in 18 constitutional principles, the Act is designed to prevent friction between federal and state 19 courts by barring federal intervention in all but the narrowest of circumstances.”). 20 “The Act creates a presumption in favor of permitting parallel actions in state and 21 federal court.” Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 806 (9th Cir. 2002), as amended 22 on denial of reh’g (May 15, 2002). As such, “[d]oubts as to the appropriateness of an 23 injunction should be ‘resolved in favor of permitting the state courts to proceed in an 24 orderly fashion to finally determine the controversy.’” Bechtel Petroleum, Inc. v. Webster, 25 796 F.2d 252, 253 (9th Cir. 1986) (quoting Vendo Co. v. Lektra-Vend Corp., 433 U.S. 623, 26 630 (1977) (plurality opinion)). “[A] decision whether to enjoin a state court proceeding 27 pursuant to the narrow exceptions in the Anti-Injunction Act is committed to the discretion 28 of the district court.” Id. 1 III. MOTION TO STAY PARALLEL STATE COURT PROCEEDINGS 2 Arguing the jurisdictional necessity exception to the Anti-Injunction Act, Plaintiff 3 asks this Court to “issue an injunction . . . carefully tailored to prevent the plaintiffs in the 4 parallel state court actions from moving to certify or certify for settlement purposes classes 5 of Defendant Transdev’s California employees––unless the state plaintiff putative class 6 representative’s motions specifically exclude Lovejoy’s Class’s absent members from any 7 requested certification order.” (Doc. No. 85-1 at 12.) In support of her stance, Plaintiff 8 argues that this action is further along than the previously filed actions, specifically this is 9 the only action with a certified class so far, and that the imminent settlement of the other 10 actions would “threaten this Court’s class certification Order and ensuing Orders.” (Id. 8, 11 13, 15; see also Doc. No. 102 at 3–4.) Finally, Plaintiff argues that “comity calls for the 12 dismissal of the first-filed action when the second-filed matter has proceeded far beyond a 13 first-filed matter[.]” (Doc. No. 85-1 at 14–15.) 14 In opposition, Defendant argues that none of the exceptions to the Anti-Injunction 15 Act apply. (See generally Doc. No. 96.) With regard to the second exception, Defendant 16 asserts that because “this case is not an MDL case, discovery is not complete, and no class 17 settlement is imminent” application of the exception “would expand the reach of the All 18 Writs Act[.]” (Id. at 13–15.) Additionally, Defendant asserts that “consideration of comity 19 and federalism weighs in favor of honoring the state court proceeding” and that the first- 20 to-file rule exception applies between federal courts, which is not the case here. (Id. at 18– 21 19.) 22 “The second exception to the Anti–Injunction Act authorizes injunctive relief ‘to 23 prevent a state court from so interfering with a federal court’s consideration or disposition 24 of a case as to seriously impair the federal court’s flexibility and authority to decide that 25 case.’” Sandpiper Vill. Condo. Ass’n., 428 F.3d at 843 (quoting Atl. Coast Line, 398 U.S. 26 at 295); see also Bennett, 285 F.3d at 806 (“Parallel in personam actions in state court 27 seriously impede a federal court’s ability to adjudicate a case only where the state court 28 proceeding threatens to render the exercise of the federal court’s jurisdiction nugatory.”). 1 “Thus, there are only very limited circumstances where such a threat exists in personam 2 cases.” Id. (collecting cases). “In general, the necessary-in-aid-of-jurisdiction exception 3 applies to in rem proceedings where the federal court has jurisdiction over the res and the 4 state court proceedings might interfere with that[, b]ut that principle does not authorize 5 interference with parallel in personam state actions merely because the state courts might 6 reach a conclusion before the district court does.” Negrete v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. 7 Am., 523 F.3d 1091, 1101 (9th Cir. 2008). 8 In Negrete, the Ninth Circuit surveyed “the considerations that have induced courts 9 to issue injunctions despite the strictures of the Anti-Injunction Act[.]” Id. at 1103. There 10 the Circuit found an injunction tailored to prevent settlement of a state court action that 11 could “draw the fangs from at least of portion of the class action case that [the district court] 12 was then considering” was improper because “[the action] was not an MDL case; discovery 13 was not complete; no class settlement was imminent, in fact, as far as the record shows no 14 serious settlement progress had been made; and, finally, there was no evidence of collusive 15 procedures, reverse auction or otherwise, even assuming that the existence of those would 16 justify an injunction of state proceedings.” Id. 17 The crux of Plaintiff’s justification for why this instant action warrants protection is 18 this Court’s certification orders. However, to achieve certification, Plaintiff had to 19 demonstrate that “a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and 20 efficiently adjudicating the controversy,” considering (1) the interest of class members 21 individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (2) the extent and 22 nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against 23 members of the class; (3) the desirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in this 24 particular forum; and (4) the manageability of the action as a class. Fed. R. Civ. P. 25 23(b)(3)(A)–(D). The Court in its certification order noted that “[t]hough light on analysis, 26 Plaintiff assert[ed] that one trial resolving all claims, instead of hundreds of trials, is 27 superior and that a class-wide action would be manageable because damages will be 28 assessed based on Transdev’s own time and pay records,” while “Defendant d[id] not 1 dispute superiority.” (Doc. No. 72 at 27 (citations omitted).) This Court then made a finding 2 of superiority on the basis that “[t]here is no indication that the putative class members 3 have brought related litigation against Defendant or have any interest in asserting 4 these claims on an individual basis” and “these claims are well-suited for class 5 adjudication through use of schedules, policies, data and records in Defendant’s possession 6 as common sources of proof.” (Id. (emphasis added).) 7 At the time Plaintiff filed for certification, she was clearly aware of the parallel state 8 court actions she here seeks to enjoin. For example, in her reply, Plaintiff delineates 9 discussions with Defense Counsel regarding the status of the other actions dating back to 10 at least September 18, 2023. (See Doc. No. 102 at 8.) Moreover, Plaintiff proffers evidence 11 that her ex parte application to intervene prior to mediation in the Reese action was denied 12 on May 3, 2024, by the Honorable Carolyn B. Kuhl. (Doc. No. 102-1.) Defendant states 13 that it “alerted Plaintiff to efforts to resolve the overlapping cases, including Reese, in July 14 2023. (Doc. No. 107 at 3.) The existence of first-filed actions that have now preliminarily 15 reached settlement undermine the Court’s finding of superiority and call into question 16 Plaintiff Counsel’s candor to the tribunal. Due to Plaintiff’s misrepresentation through 17 omission of facts that may have had an effect on whether Plaintiff met her burden to 18 demonstrate certification is proper in this case, the Court declines to consider certification 19 of the instant action as evidence of its comparatively advanced stage of litigation. 20 As noted by Defendant (see Doc. No. 96 at 16–17) and based on the Court’s own 21 review, typically “[t]he only circumstance in which federal courts typically enjoin their 22 state counterparts on jurisdictional grounds is when a final disposition of a complex 23 litigation is imminent, and injunction of the state action is necessary to effectuate the 24 settlement or judgment.” In re Lendingclub Sec. Litig., 282 F. Supp. 3d 1171, 1191 (N.D. 25 Cal. 2017) (collecting cases); see e.g., Bennett, 285 F.3d at 806 (injunctions found proper 26 where necessary to effectuate a settlement agreement over which the district court has 27 jurisdiction, to preserve the integrity of exclusive federal question jurisdiction, in multi- 28 district litigation, and in school desegregation case); In re Manufacturers Life Ins. Co. 1 Premium Litig., No. 96-CV-00230-BTM-AJB, 2008 WL 4950939 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 18, 2 2008) (enjoining state court plaintiffs from pursuing claims released by a class action 3 settlement approved by the district court in order to protect or effectuate its judgment); 4 McCormick v. Am. Equity Inv. Life Ins. Co., No. 205CV06735CASMANX, 2016 WL 5 850821, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 29, 2016) (same). 6 Notwithstanding the certification, this action is nowhere near as advanced as 7 litigation in which courts have found it proper to issue an injunction pursuant to the aid-of- 8 jurisdiction exception. See Negrete, 523 F.3d at 1102 (“[I]n less advanced cases, courts 9 have been more chary about issuing injunctions, as, indeed, they should have been.”) 10 (collecting cases). No class settlement is imminent in this action (see Doc. Nos. 96 at 13; 11 102 at 7–10), it is not an MDL case, and discovery is not yet complete (see Doc. No. 90 at 12 1). 13 For the first time in reply, Plaintiff argues that there are indicia of underhanded 14 activity and evidence of collusion that raise concerns about 15 Defendant’s purpose in claiming to seek a global settlement with all parties,” that raise the 16 specter of a “reverse auction,” and that make “protection of this [C]ourt’s jurisdiction . . . 17 most necessary and appropriate to protect this Court’s Order regarding the certified Lovejoy 18 class.” (Doc. No. 102 at 9–10.) There is no case law that the Court is aware of in which 19 “evidence of collusive procedures, reverse auction or otherwise, . . . justify an injunction 20 of state proceedings.” Negrete, 523 F.3d at 1103. 21 Finally, Plaintiff argues that the “principles of comity and federalism militate in 22 favor of” an injunction. (Doc. No. 85-1 at 14–15 (relying on an exception to the first-to- 23 file rule and the purpose of the Class Action Fairness Act).)5 As noted by Defendant (see 24 Doc. No. 96 at 18), the first-to-file rule is inapplicable to these circumstances. Moreover, 25

26 27 5 The Court notes that Plaintiff inaccurately asserts that “[t]he instant case is older than several of the parallel proceedings[.]” (Doc. No. 85-1 at 15.) Of the five state actions Plaintiff seeks enjoined, the 28 1 the principles of comity and federalism necessitate that this Court tread cautiously and 2 demonstrate restraint in interfering with state court actions. See Mitchum v. Foster, 407 3 U.S. 225, 243 (1972) (“[T]he principles of equity, comity, and federalism . . . must restrain 4 a federal court when asked to enjoin a state court proceeding.”); Younger v. Harris, 401 5 U.S. 37, 44 (1971) (“[T]he notion of ‘comity,’ that is, a proper respect for state functions, 6 a recognition of the fact that the entire country is made up of a Union of separate state 7 governments, and a continuance of the belief that the National Government will fare best 8 if the States and their institutions are left free to perform their separate functions in their 9 separate ways.”). 10 Considering the stage of the instant litigation, especially in light of the Court’s 11 concerns regarding propriety of certification, the Court finds that the second exception to 12 the Anti-Injunction Act does not apply. Moreover, on the instant record, even if the 13 exception were to apply, the Court would in its discretion decline to issue an injunction 14 considering its doubts as to the appropriateness of such a measure, see Bechtel Petroleum, 15 Inc.¸796 F.2d at 523, and the principles of comity and federalism, see Atl. Coast Line R. 16 Co., 398 U.S. 286–87. Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s motion to stay the 17 parallel state court proceedings. 18 IV. ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE 19 “Even after a certification order is entered, the judge remains free to modify it in the 20 light of subsequent developments in the litigation.” United Steel, Paper & Forestry, 21 Rubber, Mfg. Energy, Allied Indus. & Serv. Workers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO, CLC v. 22 ConocoPhillips Co., 593 F.3d 802, 809 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw. v. 23 Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 160 (1982)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(C) (“An order that 24 grants or denies class certification may be altered or amended before final judgment.”). In 25 fact, “[a] district court may decertify a class at any time.” Rodriguez v. W. Publ’g Corp., 26 563 F.3d 948, 966 (9th Cir. 2009). 27 “To certify a class, plaintiffs bear the burden of satisfying each of the four 28 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)—numerosity, commonality, 1 typicality, and adequacy—and at least one requirement of Rule 23(b).” Small v. Allianz 2 Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 122 F.4th 1182, 1197 (9th Cir. 2024). Relevant here, pursuant to 3 Rule 23(b)(3), “[a] class action may be maintained if Rule 23(a) is satisfied and if . . . the 4 court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over 5 any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other 6 available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 7 23(b)(3). To determine superiority, courts consider (1) the interest of class members 8 individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (2) the extent and 9 nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against 10 members of the class; (3) the desirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in this 11 particular forum; and (4) the manageability of the action as a class. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 23(b)(3)(A)–(D). 13 As discussed supra § IV, the Court questions whether the superiority prong of Rule 14 23(b)(3) is met in light of the five parallel state court actions. Accordingly, the Court 15 ORDERS the parties to show cause as to whether the class should be decertified. See, e.g., 16 True Health Chiropractic Inc. v. McKesson Corp., No. 13-CV-02219-HSG, 2021 WL 17 4461585, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2021). 18 V. MOTION FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 19 Plaintiff requests the Court take judicial notice of the following court records from 20 the parallel state court actions which Plaintiff filed in support of her motion to stay: 21 1. First Am. Class Action Compl., Reese v. Veolia Transportation, 22 et al., No. 21STCV29413 (Cal. Super. Ct. March 8, 2023); 23 2. Compl. for Enforcement under PAGA, Reese v. Veolia 24 Transportation, et al., No. 21STCV36076 (Cal. Super. Ct. Sept. 30, 2021); 25 3. First Am. Class Action Compl., Diaz v. Transdev Services, Inc., 26 et al., No. 22STCV32496 (Cal. Super. Ct. Feb. 20, 2024); 27 4. First Am. PAGA Representative Action Compl., Diaz v. 28 Transdev Services, Inc., et al., No. 22STCV38405 (Cal. Super. Ct. Feb. 20, 1 2024); 2 5. Compl. for Enforcement under PAGA, Brown v. Transdev 3 Services Inc., et al., No. 23AHCV02160 (Cal. Super. Ct. Sept. 18, 2023); 4 6. Docket Sheet, Reese v. Veolia Transportation, et al., No. 5 21STCV29413 (Cal. Super. Ct. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2025); 6 7. Docket Sheet, Diaz v. Transdev Services, Inc., et al., No. 7 22STCV32496 (Cal. Super. Ct. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2025); and 8 8. Joint Notice of Settlement, Reese v. Veolia Transportation, et al., 9 No. 21STCV29413 (Cal. Super. Ct. Sept. 30, 2025) (lead case) and Diaz v. 10 Transdev Services, Inc., et al., No. 22STCV32496 (Cal. Super. Ct. Sept. 30, 11 2025). (See Doc. No. 86.) 12 A court may take judicial notice of court filings. Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa 13 USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006). “However, while the authenticity and 14 existence of a particular order, motion, pleading or judicial proceeding, which is a matter 15 of public record, is judicially noticeable, veracity and validity of its contents are not.” 16 Esparza v. Kohl’s, Inc., 723 F. Supp. 3d 934, 940 (S.D. Cal. 2024) (internal punctuation 17 and citation omitted). 18 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s request (Doc. No. 86)6 pursuant to Rule 19 201(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Evidence and takes judicial notice of the identified state 20 court records. 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 27 6 Plaintiff initially requested judicial notice of records (1), (3), and (8) only. (See Doc. No. 85-3.) Having granted the amended request for judicial notice (Doc. No. 86), the Court DENIES as moot 28 1 |} VI. CONCLUSION 2 Based on the foregoing, the Court DENIES Plaintiff's motion to stay the parallel 3 || state court actions and GRANTS Plaintiff's request for judicial notice. In light of the five 4 || parallel state court actions, the Court further ORDERS: 5 1. The Hearing on Plaintiff's Motion for Order Approving Class Notice and 6 || Notice Plan and related briefing schedule are VACATED, to be reset when appropriate. 7 || (See Doc. Nos. 106; 108.) 8 2. A Show Cause Hearing is SET for January 29, 2026, at 2:00 PM, in 9 || Courtroom 4A before the undersigned. 10 3. Cross responses to this Order to Show Cause addressing the issue of 11 ||superiority must be filed no later than December 11, 2025. Responses must be no more 12 || than ten pages, exclusive exhibits. 13 4. Cross replies must be filed no later than December 18, 2025. Replies must be 14 ||no more than five pages, exclusive exhibits. 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 || Dated: November 17, 2025 © ¢ 7 Hon. Anthony J. attaglia 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28