Chemical v . Textiles CV-91-073-M 03/29/96 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Chemical Fabrics Corporation, Plaintiff, v. Textiles Coated, Inc.; Robert C . Ribbans, III; and Stephen W . Tippett, Defendants. Civil N o . 91-73-M Textiles Coated, Inc.; Robert C . Ribbans, III; and Stephen W . Tippett, Counterclaim Plaintiffs,
v.
Chemical Fabrics Corporation, Counterclaim Defendant.
DECISION AND ORDER
Plaintiff, Chemical Fabrics Corporation ("CFC"), sues
defendant, Textiles Coated, Inc. ("TCI"), for breach of a mutual
release and settlement agreement ("Agreement") that resolved a
prior lawsuit, and for unfair competition. TCI counterclaims for
attorneys' fees in connection with CFC's now abandoned patent
infringement claim. This court (Devine, J.) previously granted
CFC's motion for summary judgment, finding that under the
unambiguous terms of the Agreement TCI was in breach. On appeal
the Federal Circuit reversed, holding the Agreement's terms to be ambiguous as a matter of law, and remanded for a trial on the
merits. The case was tried to the court.
FINDINGS OF FACT AND RULINGS OF LAW
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
CFC and TCI are competitors in the manufacture and sale of
corrosive-resistant materials used mainly in the fabric expansion
joint market. On May 7 , 1985, CFC filed suit against TCI and its
officers in New Hampshire Superior Court alleging, inter alia,
interference with employment agreements and theft of trade
secrets. In November of 1987, that action was settled when the
parties executed the referenced Agreement.
The Agreement provides in relevant part that TCI:
shall not engage in the manufacture or sale of coated or laminated products based on alloying or multilayering of fluoroplastic and/or fluorelastomeric materials. (Excepted from the immediately preceding sentence is the lamination of fluoroplastics where the bonding agent or material is not integral to either of the materials being laminated).
Agreement ¶ 2(C) (emphasis added). CFC now alleges that TCI's
manufacture and sale of its TEXLAM and TEXFILM products violates
the cited provision of the Agreement.
2 A. The Parties' Products and Processes
Both parties make products that are composed, in part, of
multiple layers of fluoroplastic materials.
Polytetrofluoroethylene ("PTFE") is a major component in both
parties' products. PTFE is a capable high temperature fluoroplastic, but the molecular weight and viscosity of PTFE are
such that it requires high temperature and pressure to create a
face-to-face bond with another PTFE surface.
FEP and PFA are fluoroplastics that were developed to
facilitate the bonding of PTFE materials to one another through a
lamination process. (Tippett, 12/8 am, p.12; Effenberger, 12/6
am, p.41.) The lamination of fluoroplastics such as PTFE, FEP,
and PFA is generally accomplished by placing discrete layers of
fluoroplastic materials on top of one another and applying heat
and pressure, causing the various materials to melt together.
(Effenberger, 12/6 am, p.64, 6 7 , 9 6 ; Ribbans, 12/6 pm, p.44;
Tippett, 12/8 am, p.15.) Sandwiching a layer of FEP or PFA
between PTFE materials facilitates the bonding of the PTFE
materials to one another because FEP and PFA effect a firmer bond
with PTFE in a shorter time and with less pressure than would be
required to bond one PTFE surface directly to another. (Tippett,
12/8 am, p.15-17.)
3 TCI manufactures three products relevant to this litigation. First, before the Agreement, TCI manufactured and sold TEXCOAT, which consisted of a woven fiberglass substrate coated on both sides with a single layer of PTFE. (D.Ex. 207; Tippett, 12/7 pm, p.98-99.) CFC does not contend that TCI's manufacture or sale of TEXCOAT constitutes a breach of the Agreement.
In the spring of 1988, TCI began manufacturing and selling a different product, TEXLAM. TEXLAM consists of a single layer of PFA film sandwiched between two layers of TEXCOAT. (D.Ex. 209.) The PFA film interlayer acts as a bonding agent, facilitating joinder of the two layers of TEXCOAT to one another by means of the lamination process. Prior to lamination, each of the three distinct component parts of TEXLAM is separate from and not integral to the other two. (Effenberger, 12/6 am, p.88, 92-93.) Only after lamination do the two layers of TEXCOAT and the single layer of PFA film bond, forming a single layer of TEXLAM. (Niles, 12/5, p.49.)
Finally, in the spring of 1991, TCI began manufacturing and selling yet another product, TEXFILM. TEXFILM consists of a single layer of PTFE film laminated directly onto a single layer of TEXCOAT. (D.Ex. 210.) No FEP, PFA, or other fluoroplastic substance is incorporated into TEXFILM, either as a separate
4 bonding agent or as a coating on either the PTFE film or the
TEXCOAT substrate. (Id.; Ribbans, 12/6 pm, p.78.)
In manufacturing its own competing products, CFC employs a
proprietary bonding process relevant to its suit against TCI.
Instead of laminating three layers of fluoroplastics together in
a single high-pressure and time-consuming step, CFC uses a lower
cost and lower pressure method to produce "multilayer cast
films." (D.Ex. 6 5 , 206.) Essentially, before laminating a layer
of PTFE to another substrate, CFC "casts" a thin layer of FEP on
the layer of PTFE. According to CFC's product information, as a
result of the casting process the thin layer of FEP becomes an
integral part of the base PTFE. (D.Ex. 67.) The resulting
multilayer cast film, consisting of a layer of FEP cast to a
layer of PTFE, can then be easily laminated to another substrate
without the use of a separate FEP or PFA film. By utilizing its
multilayer cast film technology, CFC was able to develop very
flexible laminated composites not easily produced through the
normal laminating method. (Tippett, 12/8 am, p.12-29.)
II. DISCUSSION
A. Interpreting the Contract
5 Stripped of technological complexities, the parties' legal
dispute is rather straightforward: Does the Agreement bar TCI
from manufacturing and selling TEXLAM or TEXFILM? CFC argues
that TCI breached the terms of the Agreement when it manufactured
TEXLAM and TEXFILM because both products are multilayered
fluoroplastic materials that do not fall within the parenthetical
exception of Paragraph 2(C) of the Agreement (which allows TCI to
produce laminated fluoroplastics only "where the bonding agent or
material is not integral to either of the materials being
laminated"). Agreement ¶ 2 ( C ) . T C I , on the other hand, argues
that both TEXLAM and TEXFILM fall squarely within the exception
and, as a result, TCI is not in breach of the Agreement. Thus,
this case presents a basic question of contract interpretation.
It has long been the rule in New Hampshire that "the proper
interpretation of a contract is that which will make it speak to
the intention of the parties at the time it was made." Griswold
v . Heat, Inc., 108 N.H. 119, 123, 229 A.2d 183, 186 (1967)
(quoting Salmon Falls Mfg. C o . v . Portsmouth Co., 46 N.H. 249,
255 (1865). If the contract is ambiguous, as the Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held the Agreement here to
b e , "the court must examine the contract as a whole, the
circumstances surrounding the execution, and the object intended
6 by the agreement." Woodstock Soapstone C o . v . Carleton, 133 N.H.
809, 815, 585 A.2d 3 1 2 , 315 (1991); MacLeod v . Chalet Susse
Int'l, 119 N.H. 2 3 8 , 243, 401 A.2d 205, 208 (1979) ("Intent . . .
should be determined not only in light of the instrument itself,
but also in view of all the surrounding circumstances.") "The course of conduct of the parties . . . following their agreement
is further evidence of their common understanding of the meaning
of their contract and the result they expected to accomplish
thereby." Griswold, 108 N.H. at 123.
In determining whether TCI is in breach of the Agreement,
the court will first construe the Agreement, particularly the
exception described in Paragraph 2 ( C ) , in light of the evidence
of the parties' intent. The court will then proceed to determine
whether TCI's manufacture and sale of TEXLAM or TEXFILM breached
the Agreement as construed.
1. CFC's Interpretation of the Contract
CFC asserts that the Agreement was intended to bar TCI from
manufacturing any laminated fluoroplastic products using either
FEP, PFA, or PTFE film as a bonding agent. The parenthetical
exception included in Paragraph 2(C) of the Agreement, CFC
argues, was intended to permit TCI to manufacture fluoroplastic
7 laminates using only more conventional non-fluoroplastic bonding
agents.
Attempting to justify its narrow interpretation, CFC points
out that the Agreement prohibits TCI from manufacturing any
product in which, after lamination, the bonding material becomes
integral to the other materials being laminated. This argument
proves too greedy. The very object of lamination is the creation
of a single, integrated material out of several distinct
components through the application of heat and pressure.
Therefore, after lamination, a bonding agent, whether a
fluoroplastic or not, necessarily becomes "integral" in some
sense to the other layers that were laminated together. Under
CFC's proposed reading of the exception, TCI literally would be
prohibited from laminating any fluoroplastics, and the
"exception" would be meaningless.
CFC's proposed construction is also potentially at odds with
the language of the Agreement, which bars TCI from using bonding
agents "integral to either of the materials being laminated."
Use of the present tense "being laminated" suggests, without
being dispositive of the issue, that the bonding agent must be
integral to one or both of the materials prior to the lamination
process and not, as CFC suggests, after lamination.
8 In a second attempt to justify its interpretation, CFC draws
a distinction between "bonding agents" and "bonding materials."
CFC asserts that each bonding material, such as an FEP or PFA
film, has a bonding agent integral to i t . Because the Agreement
bars TCI from laminating fluoroplastics "where the bonding agent
or material is . . . integral to either of the materials being
laminated," the argument continues, TCI cannot utilize FEP or PFA
film in its laminating processes.
However, the distinction CFC tries to draw finds no support
either in the language of the Agreement or the evidence before
the court. Indeed, CFC can only point to a general dictionary
definition of "integral," unrelated to the Agreement's context,
to buttress its otherwise groundless interpretation. (CFC Mem.
at 27.)
Finally, both of CFC's theories of construction are belied
by the testimony of its own D r . John Effenberger, who stated that
under the Agreement CFC intended to permit TCI to use a layer of
PFA or FEP film to join together two pieces of TEXCOAT.
(Effenberger, 12/6 am, p.102.) Under the interpretations CFC now
offers, TCI would be banned from even that process. In light of
evidence both intrinsic and extrinsic to the document, the
Agreement cannot reasonably be read to prohibit TCI from using
9 all fluoroplastic bonding films in its laminates. Another
interpretation is more accurate, more reasonable, and more
consistent with the parties' intent.
2. TCI's Interpretation of the Contract
TCI offers a broader and more realistic interpretation of the exception language. TCI says that under the terms of the Agreement, properly read, it is precluded from using CFC's proprietary casting process and from using multilayered cast films in the manufacture of its laminates, particularly where a PFA or FEP is integral to the film and acts as a bonding agent in a lamination process involving the cast film. The evidence presented at trial supports TCI's interpretation of the Agreement.
PFA and FEP are conventionally-used, melt-bondable fluoroplastics. Their use for that purpose has been well known in the industry for decades. (Effenberger, 12/6 am, p.41, 9 4 ; Ribbans, 12/6 pm, p.70.) In a conventional laminating process involving fluoroplastics, PFA and FEP films are, prior to lamination, components separate and distinct from the
fluoroplastic materials being bonded together. (D.Ex. 209.) In contrast, in CFC's proprietary casting process, FEP film i s ,
10 prior to lamination, already integral to one of the fluoroplastic materials to be bonded, usually a multilayered cast film. (D.Ex. 6 7 , 206.) CFC's cast film process produces, therefore, a fluoroplastic material with a bonding agent integral to that material. When that cast film fluoroplastic material is laminated with another fluoroplastic material, the integral bonding agent facilitates low pressure, low heat and low time lamination — precisely the type of bonding of fluoroplastic materials the Agreement prohibits TCI from engaging i n .
TCI's interpretation is also entirely consistent with the parties' competitive positions at the time the Agreement was struck. Through its casting process, CFC was able to manufacture laminates which were more flexible than those that could be made using the higher pressure, and more expensive, conventional laminating process. It's technical innovation gave it a competitive edge in the marketplace. It is apparent, therefore, that by prohibiting TCI from utilizing "bonding agent[s] . . . integral to either of the materials being laminated," CFC intended to prevent TCI from using its less expensive, more effective, and more efficient proprietary casting process when laminating fluoroplastic materials.
11 This construction of the Agreement is further borne out by the negotiations leading up to the Agreement. The first proposed settlement agreement drafted by CFC prohibited TCI from engaging in "the manufacture or sale of coated or laminated products based on alloying or multi-layering of fluoroplastic . . . materials." (D.Ex. 6 3 , 7 3 ; P.Ex. 175.) TCI rejected that proposal because
TCI would be precluded from laminating any fluoroplastic
materials at all and felt it had to retain some laminating
capabilities. (Tilgner, 12/6 am, p.8-10.) In response to TCI's
request, CFC drafted a second iteration of the settlement
agreement which allowed TCI to laminate two layers of PTFE coated
glass (TEXCOAT) using a single layer of PFA or FEP film as a bonding agent. (D.Ex. 74.) This agreement, too, was rejected by
TCI as being too restrictive. After several more iterations, the
parties settled on the exception language contained in the
current Agreement. Duane Montopoli, the chief negotiator for and
president of CFC, described the final Agreement as follows:
[W]e were in the final analysis willing to allow TCI to make fluoroplastic laminates, but not through any means whereby the fluoroplastic on the surface of the materials being laminated was used as a bonding agent. And this exception does allow TCI to make fluoroplastic laminates, but not in that manner.
12 (Montopoli, 12/5, p.103-104.) (emphasis added) Evidence of the negotiations fully supports TCI's claim that it demanded, and eventually obtained, recognition of its right to make fluoroplastic laminates so long as it did not utilize the proprietary casting process that gave CFC a competitive edge in the marketplace.
In light of the evidence bearing on the parties' intent, the court finds that the parenthetical exception found in Paragraph 2(C) of the Agreement was intended to allow TCI to use discrete fluoroplastic films to bond together other fluoroplastic materials in a conventional laminating process, but preclude TCI's use of fluoroplastic films that, prior to lamination, have been made integral to one or both of the fluoroplastic materials being laminated.
B. Determining Breach
The meaning of the Agreement having been established, the
court now turns to the question of whether TCI's manufacture and
sale of TEXLAM or TEXFILM constituted breach of the Agreement.
If either product is made by employing a fluoroplastic bonding
film that, prior to lamination, is integral to a fluoroplastic
material being laminated, then its manufacture violates the
13 Agreement. I f , on the other hand, either product uses a
fluoroplastic bonding film that, prior to lamination, has not
been integrated into another fluoroplastic material being
laminated, its manufacture does not constitute breach of the
Agreement.
1. TEXLAM
TEXLAM is made of three components — two layers of TEXCOAT and a single layer of PFA film, none of which is integral to the others prior to lamination. Even D r . Effenberger readily agreed that the "process of using PFA or FEP film to join together two pieces of TEXCOAT was . . . okay" with CFC. (Effenberger, 12/6 am, p.102.) TCI did not, therefore, breach the settlement agreement when it manufactured and sold TEXLAM, and the court so finds.
2. TEXFILM
TEXFILM is made of two component parts, a layer of TEXCOAT
and a single layer of PTFE film. The PTFE film is not coated or
cast with another fluoroplastic. Nor is any other fluoroplastic
film used to bond the two component parts together. Rather, the
14 PTFE film bonds directly to the TEXCOAT, forming a thin
protective covering.
CFC contends that because TEXFILM requires no PTA or FEP
bonding film, the PTFE film in the product acts as both a bonding
agent and a fluoroplastic material being bonded. Thus, the
argument goes, TEXFILM utilizes a "bonding agent that is integral
to the fluoroplastic material being bonded" (i.e. because the
fluoroplastic material (PTFE) being laminated acts as its own
bonding agent — its bonding characteristics are "integral" to
itself as a laminate). S o , CFC argues that TCI's manufacture of
TEXFILM constitutes a breach of the Agreement.
CFC's characterization of the PTFE film in TEXFILM i s ,
however, contradicted by expert testimony given at trial.
Dr. Edwin Thomas credibly testified that because PTFE film and
TEXCOAT bond directly to one another, TEXFILM contains no bonding
agent per s e . (Thomas, 12/8 pm, p.15.) In addition, when asked
whether the adhesive property of a film can "properly be said to
be integral to its property as a protective coating," D r . Thomas
replied, "I would not refer to [the dual properties of the film]
as being integral to that substance." (Thomas, 12/8 pm, p.51-
52.) The court credits D r . Thomas's testimony and concludes that
the parties did not intend to preclude TCI from laminating PTFE
15 or other fluoroplastics together where no separate identifiable
bonding agent (other than the fluoroplastics own bonding
characteristics) has previously been made integral to the
fluoroplastics being laminated.
Finally, the single layer of PTFE film used in TEXFILM does
not at all resemble the multilayer cast films with integral
bonding agents that were the focus of protection under the
Agreement. As a practical matter, PTFE film bonds with TEXCOAT
(the outer layer of which is PTFE) only at a higher pressure and
after a longer period of time than would be the case if FEP or
PFA film was used as an integral bonding agent, so use of that
process does not intrude on the interests CFC sought to protect
under the Agreement. (Tippett, 12/8 am, p.15.) The court
therefore accepts D r . Thomas's testimony and finds that TCI did
not breach the Agreement when it manufactured and sold TEXFILM,
since the Agreement was not meant to prohibit TCI from laminating
one PTFE substrate directly to another PTFE substrate,
particularly when no separate bonding agent made integral to one
of the PTFE substrates prior to lamination has been employed.
C. CFC's Claims of Unfair Competition
16 CFC also sues TCI for unfair competition in violation of
section 43A of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125, and the New
Hampshire Consumer Protection Act, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 358-
A:2. Both claims arise from a single advertisement distributed
by TCI that described tests performed on TEXLAM by E.I. DuPont de
Nemours & Company ("DuPont"). While CFC has asserted these
claims, it has understandably pursued and briefed them with
little vigor. Because CFC's unfair competition claims are
without merit, the court will address them in the same summary
fashion.
The Lanham Act requires the plaintiff to prove that the
defendant made a "false or misleading representation of fact,
which is likely to cause confusion . . . as to the . . . origin,
sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods . . . ." 15 U.S.C.
§ 1125(a)(1) (emphasis added). Similarly, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann.
§ 358-A:2(V) proscribes "[r]epresenting that goods . . . have
sponsorship [or] approval . . . that they do not have . . . ."
Id.
CFC has failed to meet its burden of proof under either of
these statues. It has offered no evidence that any statements in
TCI's advertisement are actually false. Instead, CFC claims that
TCI's statement that the "TEXLAM product was selected [by DuPont]
17 as a candidate [for testing] due to its chemical resistance traits, its high tensile strength, and its flexibility" created the false impression that DuPont had endorsed TEXLAM, when it had merely tested i t . TCI's advertisement could be read, and apparently was read by CFC, to imply sponsorship of TEXLAM by DuPont. However, such a reading is a strained one. The advertisement certainly does not represent that TEXLAM is sponsored, approved, endorsed, or recommended by DuPont. Nor is the advertisement likely to have caused confusion as to the sponsorship of TEXLAM. It simply states that DuPont selected TEXLAM for testing because of its useful attributes, a factually correct, though implicitly puffed, statement. TCI's advertisement did not, therefore, violate either the Lanham Act or the New Hampshire Consumer Protection Act.
D. TCI's Counterclaim for Attorneys' Fees
Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285, TCI seeks attorneys' fees and
costs for defending against plaintiff's claim for patent
infringement, a claim plaintiff dropped prior to trial. 35
U.S.C. § 285 provides, "The court in exceptional cases may award
reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party." Id. (emphasis
18 added). In order to demonstrate that this was an "exceptional
case," TCI must prove by clear and convincing evidence that CFC
pursued its patent infringement claim without a reasonable belief
in its merits. Carrol Touch, Inc. v . Electro Mech. Sys., Inc.,
15 F.3d 1573, 1584 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
TCI has not met this high burden. In fact, some evidence
elicited at trial relative to the flexibility and thickness of
TCI products and their component parts would have been supportive
of CFC's abandoned infringement claim. While, standing alone,
that evidence would not have been sufficient to prove an
infringement claim, it does demonstrate that CFC could have had a
good faith basis for bringing and pursuing that claim.
Therefore, TCI's motion for attorneys' fees and costs is denied.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court holds that TCI did not
breach the terms of the Agreement, nor did TCI violate the Lanham
Act or the New Hampshire Consumer Protection Act. TCI is not,
however, entitled to attorneys' fees on CFC's abandoned patent
infringement claim.
The foregoing shall constitute the findings of fact and
conclusions of law required by Rule 52 of the Federal Rules of
19 Civil Procedure. Any requests for findings or rulings which are
not expressly or implicitly granted in the body of this opinion
are hereby denied. See Applewood Landscape & Nursery C o . v .
Hollingsworth, 884 F.2d 1502, 1503 (1st Cir. 1989).
Judgment shall be entered in favor of TCI on CFC's claim of
breach of the settlement agreement and on CFC's claims under the
Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125, and the New Hampshire Consumer
Protection Act, N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 358-A:2. Judgment shall
be entered in favor on CFC on TCI's claim for attorneys' fees
under 35 U.S.C. § 285.
SO ORDERED.
Steven J. McAuliffe United States District Judge
March 2 9 , 1996
cc: William L . Chapman, Esq. Robert W . Upton, I I , Esq. Maurice E . Gauthier, Esq. Sibley P. Reppert, Esq. Edward V . Filardi, Esq.