[Cite as Charlesgate Commons Condominium Assn. v. W. Reserve Group, 2014-Ohio-4342.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
Charlesgate Commons Court of Appeals No. L-14-1039 Condominium Association Trial Court No. CI201206317 Appellant
v.
Western Reserve Group, a/k/a Lightning Rod Mutual Insurance Company, a/k/a Sonneberg Mutual Insurance Company DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellee Decided: September 26, 2014
*****
Marvin A. Robon, for appellant.
Ronald A. Rispo, Shawn M. Maestle, and Robert E. Goff, Jr., and David L. Jarrett, for appellee.
SINGER, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Charlesgate Commons Condominium Association, appeals the
judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment to
appellee, Western Reserve Group. Because the trial court did not err in granting
appellee’s motion for summary judgment, we affirm. {¶ 2} Appellant sets forth the following assignments of error:
1. The trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary
judgment based upon arguments which were first asserted in defendant’s
reply in support of summary judgment.
2. The trial court erred in basing its decision upon evidence not
properly before the court and which does not conform with Rule 56(C).
3. The trial court erred in accepting defendant’s misstatement of the
legal standard for expert testimony.
{¶ 3} Appellant owns and manages the common area of a condominium complex
(“the property”) which contains seventeen commercial units in one building and is
located in Oregon, Ohio. Appellee issued a Businessowners Insurance Policy to
appellant insuring the property.
{¶ 4} In August 2011, there was a storm, including hail, in Oregon, Ohio.
Appellant claims hail from the storm caused damage to the building’s roof, and filed a
notice of claim with appellee for this damage. Appellee determined there was no
coverage under the insurance policy for appellant’s claim.
{¶ 5} On November 14, 2012, appellant filed its complaint alleging breach of
contract and bad faith. Appellee answered the complaint, denying it breached the parties’
contract or acted in bad faith.
{¶ 6} Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment setting forth two main
arguments: appellant’s coverage claim must fail as there was no direct physical loss or
2. damage to the shingles on the roof; and appellee had reasonable justification for denying
appellant’s request to replace the entire roof. Appellant opposed the motion, then
appellee filed a reply. On February 4, 2014, the trial court issued an opinion granting
appellee’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court found appellee established its
burden under Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996), by presenting
evidence that any damage existing in the roof was not caused by hail damage, whereas
appellant failed in its reciprocal burden under Dresher to demonstrate there was direct
damage to the roof shingles that was caused by a covered loss.
{¶ 7} We review the trial court’s decision on summary judgment de novo.
Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). In so
doing, we use the same standard as the trial court. Lorain Natl. Bank v. Saratoga Apts.,
61 Ohio App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). The party moving for
summary judgment bears the initial burden of apprising the trial court of the basis of its
motion and identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of fact on an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim. Dresher at
293. Once the moving party meets its burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party
to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. To
satisfy this burden, the non-moving party must submit evidentiary materials showing a
genuine dispute over material facts. PNC Bank, N.A. v. Bhandari, 6th Dist. Lucas No.
L-12-1335, 2013-Ohio-2477, ¶ 9. The motion for summary judgment may only be
granted when the following are established: (1) that there is no genuine issue as to any
3. material fact; (2) that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and
(3) that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse
to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, who is entitled to
have the evidence construed most strongly in its favor. Harless v. Willis Day
Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 67, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978); Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 8} Appellant’s second assignment of error will be considered first. Appellant
asserts the trial court erred in basing its decision upon evidence not properly before the
court. Appellant contends the trial court relied on the unauthenticated report of
appellee’s expert, which was attached as an exhibit to the motion for summary judgment,
in determining that appellee established its initial burden under Dresher. Appellant
argues this document did not comport with Civ.R. 56(C) as it was not authenticated by an
affidavit, was not provided as an answer to an interrogatory, nor was it an admission.
{¶ 9} Civ.R. 56(C) provides in relevant part:
Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed
in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No
evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated in this rule. A
summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from the
evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that
4. reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is
adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is
made, that party being entitled to have the evidence or stipulation construed
most strongly in the party’s favor.
{¶ 10} A trial court has the discretion to consider unauthenticated documents
when considering a motion for summary judgment where the opposing party does not
object to the admissibility of evidence under Civ.R. 56. Walls v. City of Toledo, 6th Dist.
Lucas No. L-07-1324, 2008-Ohio-4274, ¶ 28. If a party does not object in the trial court
to unauthenticated documents submitted in support of, or in opposition to, a motion for
summary judgment, the party waives the objection on appeal. Carter v. Vivyan, 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-1037, 2012-Ohio-3652, ¶ 17.
{¶ 11} Here, appellant did not raise an objection with the trial court that the report
offered by appellee was not properly before the court. As a result of its failure to object,
appellant has waived this objection on appeal. We therefore find appellant’s second
assignment of error not well-taken.
{¶ 12} Appellant’s first and third assignments of error are related and will be
addressed together. Appellant asserts the trial court erred in granting the motion for
summary judgment by considering arguments which were first raised by appellee in its
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[Cite as Charlesgate Commons Condominium Assn. v. W. Reserve Group, 2014-Ohio-4342.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
Charlesgate Commons Court of Appeals No. L-14-1039 Condominium Association Trial Court No. CI201206317 Appellant
v.
Western Reserve Group, a/k/a Lightning Rod Mutual Insurance Company, a/k/a Sonneberg Mutual Insurance Company DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellee Decided: September 26, 2014
*****
Marvin A. Robon, for appellant.
Ronald A. Rispo, Shawn M. Maestle, and Robert E. Goff, Jr., and David L. Jarrett, for appellee.
SINGER, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Charlesgate Commons Condominium Association, appeals the
judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment to
appellee, Western Reserve Group. Because the trial court did not err in granting
appellee’s motion for summary judgment, we affirm. {¶ 2} Appellant sets forth the following assignments of error:
1. The trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary
judgment based upon arguments which were first asserted in defendant’s
reply in support of summary judgment.
2. The trial court erred in basing its decision upon evidence not
properly before the court and which does not conform with Rule 56(C).
3. The trial court erred in accepting defendant’s misstatement of the
legal standard for expert testimony.
{¶ 3} Appellant owns and manages the common area of a condominium complex
(“the property”) which contains seventeen commercial units in one building and is
located in Oregon, Ohio. Appellee issued a Businessowners Insurance Policy to
appellant insuring the property.
{¶ 4} In August 2011, there was a storm, including hail, in Oregon, Ohio.
Appellant claims hail from the storm caused damage to the building’s roof, and filed a
notice of claim with appellee for this damage. Appellee determined there was no
coverage under the insurance policy for appellant’s claim.
{¶ 5} On November 14, 2012, appellant filed its complaint alleging breach of
contract and bad faith. Appellee answered the complaint, denying it breached the parties’
contract or acted in bad faith.
{¶ 6} Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment setting forth two main
arguments: appellant’s coverage claim must fail as there was no direct physical loss or
2. damage to the shingles on the roof; and appellee had reasonable justification for denying
appellant’s request to replace the entire roof. Appellant opposed the motion, then
appellee filed a reply. On February 4, 2014, the trial court issued an opinion granting
appellee’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court found appellee established its
burden under Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996), by presenting
evidence that any damage existing in the roof was not caused by hail damage, whereas
appellant failed in its reciprocal burden under Dresher to demonstrate there was direct
damage to the roof shingles that was caused by a covered loss.
{¶ 7} We review the trial court’s decision on summary judgment de novo.
Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). In so
doing, we use the same standard as the trial court. Lorain Natl. Bank v. Saratoga Apts.,
61 Ohio App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). The party moving for
summary judgment bears the initial burden of apprising the trial court of the basis of its
motion and identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of fact on an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim. Dresher at
293. Once the moving party meets its burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party
to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact exists. Id. To
satisfy this burden, the non-moving party must submit evidentiary materials showing a
genuine dispute over material facts. PNC Bank, N.A. v. Bhandari, 6th Dist. Lucas No.
L-12-1335, 2013-Ohio-2477, ¶ 9. The motion for summary judgment may only be
granted when the following are established: (1) that there is no genuine issue as to any
3. material fact; (2) that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and
(3) that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse
to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, who is entitled to
have the evidence construed most strongly in its favor. Harless v. Willis Day
Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 67, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978); Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 8} Appellant’s second assignment of error will be considered first. Appellant
asserts the trial court erred in basing its decision upon evidence not properly before the
court. Appellant contends the trial court relied on the unauthenticated report of
appellee’s expert, which was attached as an exhibit to the motion for summary judgment,
in determining that appellee established its initial burden under Dresher. Appellant
argues this document did not comport with Civ.R. 56(C) as it was not authenticated by an
affidavit, was not provided as an answer to an interrogatory, nor was it an admission.
{¶ 9} Civ.R. 56(C) provides in relevant part:
Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed
in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No
evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated in this rule. A
summary judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from the
evidence or stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that
4. reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is
adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is
made, that party being entitled to have the evidence or stipulation construed
most strongly in the party’s favor.
{¶ 10} A trial court has the discretion to consider unauthenticated documents
when considering a motion for summary judgment where the opposing party does not
object to the admissibility of evidence under Civ.R. 56. Walls v. City of Toledo, 6th Dist.
Lucas No. L-07-1324, 2008-Ohio-4274, ¶ 28. If a party does not object in the trial court
to unauthenticated documents submitted in support of, or in opposition to, a motion for
summary judgment, the party waives the objection on appeal. Carter v. Vivyan, 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-1037, 2012-Ohio-3652, ¶ 17.
{¶ 11} Here, appellant did not raise an objection with the trial court that the report
offered by appellee was not properly before the court. As a result of its failure to object,
appellant has waived this objection on appeal. We therefore find appellant’s second
assignment of error not well-taken.
{¶ 12} Appellant’s first and third assignments of error are related and will be
addressed together. Appellant asserts the trial court erred in granting the motion for
summary judgment by considering arguments which were first raised by appellee in its
reply brief and not in its motion for summary judgment, and in accepting appellee’s
misstatement of the legal standard for expert testimony. Appellant claims the trial court
decided “[p]laintiff’s expert opinion fails to qualify as an expert opinion,” although
5. appellee did not advance this argument or refer to scientific probability, the standard for
expert witness qualification, in its initial motion. Appellant also asserts appellee and the
trial court determined the standard for expert testimony is that an expert’s opinion may
not be considered for purposes of raising an issue of material fact unless the expert uses
“magic words” such as, “I find it is more probable than not that * * *” or “As a matter of
scientific certainty I find * * *.” Appellant contends the notion that experts must state
opinions in specific terms has been rejected by the courts.
{¶ 13} With respect to the moving party raising a new argument in a reply brief,
this has been characterized as “summary judgment by ambush.” Intl. Fid. Ins. Co. v. TC
Architects, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 23112, 2006-Ohio-4869, ¶ 11. Hence, when a new
argument is presented in a reply brief, the non-moving party should move to strike the
reply or be allowed to file a surreply. Baker v. Coast to Coast Manpower, L.L.C., 3d
Dist. Hancock No. 5-11-36, 2012-Ohio-2840, ¶ 35. A party who fails to move the trial
court to strike a reply brief on the ground that a new argument was raised waives the
argument on appeal. Intl. Fid. Ins. Co. at ¶ 11; Lawson v. Mahoning Cty. Mental Health
Bd., 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 10 MA 23, 2010-Ohio-6389, ¶ 52.
{¶ 14} The standard for the admissibility of expert witness testimony is that the
expert’s opinion must be held to a reasonable degree of scientific certainty. State v.
Jackson, 92 Ohio St.3d 436, 448, 751 N.E.2d 946 (2001). Reasonable certainty is
synonymous with probability. Id. In addition, this court, in White v. Ctr. Mfg. Co., 126
Ohio App.3d 715, 724, 711 N.E.2d 281 (6th Dist.1998), stated
6. An expert testifying on the issue of proximate cause must state an
opinion with respect to the causative event in terms of probability. Stinson
v. England (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 451, 633 N.E.2d 532, paragraph one of
the syllabus. Nonetheless, no “magic words” are required. Rather, the
expert’s testimony, when considered in its entirety, must be equivalent to
an expression of probability. See Frye v. Weber & Sons Serv. Repair, Inc.
(Jan. 22, 1998), Cuyahoga App. Nos. 72164 and 72555, unreported.
{¶ 15} Here, appellant’s first and third assignments of error are not well-taken for
several reasons. First, appellant did not file a motion to strike the reply brief in the trial
court, and therefore waived this argument on appeal. Next, even if appellant had not
waived this argument, the argument fails because appellee did raise an issue with
appellant’s expert’s testimony in the motion for summary judgment. Although appellee
did not mention the terms “scientific probability” in its initial motion, appellee’s
reference in its motion that appellant’s expert’s “opinions clearly lack the requisite degree
of certainly (sic) necessary for Plaintiff to prevail” unquestionably raises the issue of the
standard for expert witness testimony. The trial court, in addressing this issue, did not
require either appellant or appellee’s expert to express an opinion using specific language
or “magic words.” Rather, in its consideration of the admissibility of the experts’
testimony, the trial court applied the standard set forth in Stinson, that an expert must
testify in terms of probability and not possibility.
7. {¶ 16} The trial court found appellee’s expert’s statement that “no hail damage
was found to the shingles on this roof” established appellee’s burden under Dresher,
while appellant’s expert “never state[d] with any certainty or probability that the damage
to the shingles on the roof in this case was caused by hail,” so the expert’s “conclusory
generalized opinion” was insufficient to satisfy appellant’s reciprocal burden under
Dresher “when the opinion fail[ed] to qualify as an expert opinion.” We conclude the
trial court applied the correct legal standard in its review of the expert testimony
presented in support of and in opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Viewing
the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, we find that no genuine
issues of material fact exist and appellee was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
{¶ 17} Having found that the trial court did not commit error prejudicial to
appellant, the judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Pursuant to App.R. 24, appellant is hereby ordered to pay the court costs incurred on
appeal.
Judgment affirmed.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
8. Charlesgate Commons Condominium Assn. v. Western Reserve Group C.A. No. L-14-1039
Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ Stephen A. Yarbrough, P.J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/rod/newpdf/?source=6.
9.