PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 20-1958
CHARLES HOLLOWAY,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND; MARYLAND MILITARY DEPARTMENT; FREESTATE CHALLENGE ACADEMY,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Richard D. Bennett, Senior District Judge. (1:20-cv-00377-RDB)
Argued: September 21, 2021 Decided: April 25, 2022
Before MOTZ, QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the opinion, in which Judge Motz and Judge Quattlebaum joined.
ARGUED: Jeremy David Greenberg, CLARK LAW GROUP, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Lisa O’Mara Arnquist, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Denise M. Clark, CLARK LAW GROUP, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Brian E. Frosh, Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees. RUSHING, Circuit Judge:
Charles Holloway sued his former employer, the Maryland Military Department,
and related entities Freestate Challenge Academy and the State of Maryland, alleging that
they discriminated against him on the basis of race in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17. The district court
dismissed Holloway’s complaint for failure to state a claim. We affirm the dismissal of
Holloway’s hostile work environment claim. But because we conclude that Holloway has
plausibly alleged claims of unlawful termination and retaliation, we reverse the dismissal
of those claims and remand for further proceedings.
I.
The following facts are taken from Holloway’s complaint and assumed to be true
for purposes of this appeal. See Fairfax v. CBS Corp., 2 F.4th 286, 290 (4th Cir. 2021).
Holloway, a black man, began his employment with Defendants in 2014, as the
“Program Coordinator/Deputy Director” of Freestate Challenge Academy, a residential
education program for at-risk adolescents. From 2014 to 2016, Holloway worked under
Program Director Charles Rose, a white man. While he worked for Rose, Holloway was a
top performer and regularly received outstanding evaluations. In June 2016, Rose was
dismissed as Program Director but apparently reinstated elsewhere within the Maryland
Military Department. Holloway then assumed the role of Acting Program Director.
Around November 2016, Holloway was promoted to Program Director.
After Holloway’s promotion, he began to have problems with the Director of
Human Resources, a white man named Nicholas Pindale. According to Holloway, Pindale
2 refused to work with him and required Holloway, unlike other directors, to take his
concerns to the Human Resources Deputy Director, Princess Neal Washington, a black
woman. In early 2018, Holloway learned he was being paid around $5,000 less annually
than Rose had been. Holloway raised the pay discrepancy with Pindale, who allegedly
agreed Holloway was not being compensated fairly but did not rectify the disparity.
Around February 1, 2018, Holloway filed his first Equal Employment Opportunity
(EEO) complaint, alleging “discrimination and harassment/hostile work environment on
the part of Mr. Pindale.” J.A. 8. Mediation resulted in a settlement agreement, which
Holloway alleges Defendants breached. Sometime later in February or March, Pindale
contacted one of Holloway’s subordinates and asked if she felt safe under Holloway’s
leadership. Holloway alleges this communication was not founded on an actual safety
concern of which he was aware. On March 1, Holloway filed his second EEO complaint.
He again claimed discriminatory harassment by Pindale. Mediation resulted in another
settlement agreement, which Holloway contends was breached.
From 2016 to 2018, Holloway had received positive evaluations from the Chief of
Staff, Annette Deener. In January 2018, Deener retired and was replaced by Jeffrey Teller.
Within a few months, Holloway experienced difficulty with Teller.
Sometime in April 2018, Teller was on Freestate’s campus for a meeting. He
observed police at the school and notified Deener. (The complaint does not reconcile the
contradictory allegations that Deener retired in January 2018 and yet was still Chief of Staff
at the time of this incident.) Holloway alleges that Teller’s recounting of the incident to
Deener undermined Holloway’s leadership and hindered his ability to effectively manage
3 Freestate. During a meeting in May, Teller again allegedly disparaged Holloway’s
leadership and management skills and admonished Holloway for not working with Pindale.
Later that month, Teller honored Pindale instead of Holloway in an employee recognition
program.
On May 25, 2018, Teller issued Holloway a disciplinary performance evaluation
asserting that Holloway had mismanaged the Freestate budget. Holloway alleges that
Budget Officer John Nickerson, a white man, was the person responsible for budget
oversight and yet did not receive any type of disciplinary sanction for mismanaging the
budget. Four days later, on May 29, Holloway filed his third EEO discrimination
complaint.
In June, Holloway requested a meeting with Teller to discuss procurement card
access. Teller scheduled the meeting for 6:30 a.m., an hour and a half before the 8:00 a.m.
start of Holloway’s workday. At the meeting, Teller allegedly yelled at and berated
Holloway. Teller slammed documents on the table and demanded that Holloway read
aloud a chart depicting the organizational staffing structure. Teller told Holloway that he
was “beneath him” and demanded Holloway address him as “sir,” although Holloway
alleges white employees were permitted to address Teller by his first name. J.A. 12.
Finally, Teller said he was aware of Holloway’s complaint against Pindale “and that he
(Mr. Teller) would be involved.” J.A. 12.
Around the same time, a “climate survey” was issued at Freestate to solicit feedback
about leadership. J.A. 12. No other department received such a survey, nor was one issued
4 during Rose’s tenure as Program Director. Not long thereafter, Teller contacted
Holloway’s subordinates questioning his whereabouts during the workday.
On or about August 16, Holloway was informed that the State had completed its
investigation of his EEO complaints and had found “no evidence to substantiate his
claims.” J.A. 13. Then on August 22, Holloway was fired. The reasons given for his
termination were “concerns regarding budget issues in a recent audit on April 2018 and
low enrollment numbers.” J.A. 13. He was replaced by Karilynn Dunnmeyer, a white
woman. Holloway alleges that, although Dunnmeyer had fewer years of supervisory
experience and little to no experience performing the functions of Program Director, she
was paid at least $10,000 more annually than Holloway for the same position.
After receiving a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, Holloway filed the present lawsuit, alleging unlawful termination, hostile
work environment, and retaliation. Although he asserted claims under Title VII and
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PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 20-1958
CHARLES HOLLOWAY,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND; MARYLAND MILITARY DEPARTMENT; FREESTATE CHALLENGE ACADEMY,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore. Richard D. Bennett, Senior District Judge. (1:20-cv-00377-RDB)
Argued: September 21, 2021 Decided: April 25, 2022
Before MOTZ, QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Rushing wrote the opinion, in which Judge Motz and Judge Quattlebaum joined.
ARGUED: Jeremy David Greenberg, CLARK LAW GROUP, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Lisa O’Mara Arnquist, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Denise M. Clark, CLARK LAW GROUP, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Brian E. Frosh, Attorney General, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MARYLAND, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellees. RUSHING, Circuit Judge:
Charles Holloway sued his former employer, the Maryland Military Department,
and related entities Freestate Challenge Academy and the State of Maryland, alleging that
they discriminated against him on the basis of race in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17. The district court
dismissed Holloway’s complaint for failure to state a claim. We affirm the dismissal of
Holloway’s hostile work environment claim. But because we conclude that Holloway has
plausibly alleged claims of unlawful termination and retaliation, we reverse the dismissal
of those claims and remand for further proceedings.
I.
The following facts are taken from Holloway’s complaint and assumed to be true
for purposes of this appeal. See Fairfax v. CBS Corp., 2 F.4th 286, 290 (4th Cir. 2021).
Holloway, a black man, began his employment with Defendants in 2014, as the
“Program Coordinator/Deputy Director” of Freestate Challenge Academy, a residential
education program for at-risk adolescents. From 2014 to 2016, Holloway worked under
Program Director Charles Rose, a white man. While he worked for Rose, Holloway was a
top performer and regularly received outstanding evaluations. In June 2016, Rose was
dismissed as Program Director but apparently reinstated elsewhere within the Maryland
Military Department. Holloway then assumed the role of Acting Program Director.
Around November 2016, Holloway was promoted to Program Director.
After Holloway’s promotion, he began to have problems with the Director of
Human Resources, a white man named Nicholas Pindale. According to Holloway, Pindale
2 refused to work with him and required Holloway, unlike other directors, to take his
concerns to the Human Resources Deputy Director, Princess Neal Washington, a black
woman. In early 2018, Holloway learned he was being paid around $5,000 less annually
than Rose had been. Holloway raised the pay discrepancy with Pindale, who allegedly
agreed Holloway was not being compensated fairly but did not rectify the disparity.
Around February 1, 2018, Holloway filed his first Equal Employment Opportunity
(EEO) complaint, alleging “discrimination and harassment/hostile work environment on
the part of Mr. Pindale.” J.A. 8. Mediation resulted in a settlement agreement, which
Holloway alleges Defendants breached. Sometime later in February or March, Pindale
contacted one of Holloway’s subordinates and asked if she felt safe under Holloway’s
leadership. Holloway alleges this communication was not founded on an actual safety
concern of which he was aware. On March 1, Holloway filed his second EEO complaint.
He again claimed discriminatory harassment by Pindale. Mediation resulted in another
settlement agreement, which Holloway contends was breached.
From 2016 to 2018, Holloway had received positive evaluations from the Chief of
Staff, Annette Deener. In January 2018, Deener retired and was replaced by Jeffrey Teller.
Within a few months, Holloway experienced difficulty with Teller.
Sometime in April 2018, Teller was on Freestate’s campus for a meeting. He
observed police at the school and notified Deener. (The complaint does not reconcile the
contradictory allegations that Deener retired in January 2018 and yet was still Chief of Staff
at the time of this incident.) Holloway alleges that Teller’s recounting of the incident to
Deener undermined Holloway’s leadership and hindered his ability to effectively manage
3 Freestate. During a meeting in May, Teller again allegedly disparaged Holloway’s
leadership and management skills and admonished Holloway for not working with Pindale.
Later that month, Teller honored Pindale instead of Holloway in an employee recognition
program.
On May 25, 2018, Teller issued Holloway a disciplinary performance evaluation
asserting that Holloway had mismanaged the Freestate budget. Holloway alleges that
Budget Officer John Nickerson, a white man, was the person responsible for budget
oversight and yet did not receive any type of disciplinary sanction for mismanaging the
budget. Four days later, on May 29, Holloway filed his third EEO discrimination
complaint.
In June, Holloway requested a meeting with Teller to discuss procurement card
access. Teller scheduled the meeting for 6:30 a.m., an hour and a half before the 8:00 a.m.
start of Holloway’s workday. At the meeting, Teller allegedly yelled at and berated
Holloway. Teller slammed documents on the table and demanded that Holloway read
aloud a chart depicting the organizational staffing structure. Teller told Holloway that he
was “beneath him” and demanded Holloway address him as “sir,” although Holloway
alleges white employees were permitted to address Teller by his first name. J.A. 12.
Finally, Teller said he was aware of Holloway’s complaint against Pindale “and that he
(Mr. Teller) would be involved.” J.A. 12.
Around the same time, a “climate survey” was issued at Freestate to solicit feedback
about leadership. J.A. 12. No other department received such a survey, nor was one issued
4 during Rose’s tenure as Program Director. Not long thereafter, Teller contacted
Holloway’s subordinates questioning his whereabouts during the workday.
On or about August 16, Holloway was informed that the State had completed its
investigation of his EEO complaints and had found “no evidence to substantiate his
claims.” J.A. 13. Then on August 22, Holloway was fired. The reasons given for his
termination were “concerns regarding budget issues in a recent audit on April 2018 and
low enrollment numbers.” J.A. 13. He was replaced by Karilynn Dunnmeyer, a white
woman. Holloway alleges that, although Dunnmeyer had fewer years of supervisory
experience and little to no experience performing the functions of Program Director, she
was paid at least $10,000 more annually than Holloway for the same position.
After receiving a right-to-sue letter from the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, Holloway filed the present lawsuit, alleging unlawful termination, hostile
work environment, and retaliation. Although he asserted claims under Title VII and
Maryland law, he subsequently abandoned his Maryland law claims. Defendants moved
to dismiss Holloway’s complaint for failure to state a claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
The district court granted Defendants’ motion and dismissed all of Holloway’s
claims with prejudice. Regarding unlawful termination, the district court concluded that
Holloway had “failed to plead a prima facie case of discrimination” because his complaint
did not plead facts showing that his work was satisfactory to his employer or that any
proffered comparators were similarly situated to Holloway and treated more favorably.
Holloway v. Maryland, 1:20-cv-377-RDB, 2020 WL 4582705, at *5 (D. Md. Aug. 10,
2020). The court dismissed the hostile-work-environment claim because the allegations
5 were not “severe or pervasive” enough to state a plausible claim. Id. at *6. As for
retaliation, the district court concluded that Holloway failed to allege a causal link between
his EEO complaints and his termination, given that he was terminated “well over six
months after his first EEO complaint and nearly three months after his last EEO
complaint.” Id. at *7. Holloway timely appealed.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6). Bass v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 324 F.3d 761, 764 (4th Cir. 2003). “To
survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted
as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim
is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. Mere
“labels and conclusions” will not do. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555.
It has long been the rule that “an employment discrimination plaintiff need not plead
a prima facie case of discrimination” under the evidentiary framework set forth in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), to withstand a motion to dismiss.
Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506, 515 (2002); see Bing v. Brivo Sys., LLC, 959
F.3d 605, 616 (4th Cir. 2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1376 (2021); Woods v. City of
Greensboro, 855 F.3d 639, 648 (4th Cir. 2017); McCleary-Evans v. Md. Dep’t of Transp.,
State Highway Admin., 780 F.3d 582, 585 (4th Cir. 2015); Bass, 324 F.3d at 764–765. The
district court therefore erred in requiring Holloway to plead facts establishing a prima facie
6 case of discrimination. But we may affirm the dismissal despite the district court’s
erroneous analysis if the complaint fails under the ordinary rules for assessing sufficiency.
See McCleary-Evans, 780 F.3d at 585. So we proceed with de novo review of the
III.
Holloway asserted three claims under Title VII: unlawful termination, retaliation,
and hostile work environment. We address each in turn.
A.
To state a claim for unlawful termination, a Title VII plaintiff must allege facts
sufficient to raise a plausible inference that his employer discharged him because of his
race. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1); Bing, 959 F.3d at 616–617. In his complaint,
Holloway alleged that Defendants terminated him for the stated reasons of budget
mismanagement and low enrollment but that those reasons were a pretext for racial
discrimination. Holloway alleged three important facts in support: (1) Nickerson, who
was white, was the person actually responsible for budget oversight but did not receive any
adverse performance evaluation or disciplinary sanction for the alleged budget
mismanagement; (2) Holloway’s predecessor, Rose, who was white, was not disciplined
for multiple years of low enrollment; and (3) Defendants contravened their own human
resources policy by not giving Holloway an opportunity to enter into a performance
improvement plan before terminating him. Holloway also alleged that Pindale, who
possessed the authority to fire employees, refused to communicate directly with Holloway
7 as he did with white directors but instead required Holloway to communicate with
Washington, who is black.
We find these facts sufficient to raise the inference of a Title VII violation “above a
speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see Bing, 959 F.3d at 617. The district court
focused on the reasons given for Holloway’s termination, but Holloway pled additional
facts suggesting that those reasons were a pretext for race discrimination. Discovery may
show that Nickerson and Rose are distinguishable from Holloway in terms of their
responsibilities or shortcomings, but we cannot reach that conclusion based on the existing
allegations in Holloway’s complaint. See Woods, 855 F.3d at 651 (observing that “[t]he
similarly situated analysis typically occurs in the context of establishing a prima facie case
of discrimination, not at the 12(b)(6) stage”).
“Law does not blindly ascribe to race all personal conflicts between individuals of
different races,” Hawkins v. PepsiCo, Inc., 203 F.3d 274, 282 (4th Cir. 2000), and
Holloway’s complaint is thin on facts (as opposed to conclusions) suggesting racial
motivation. But in view of his pretext allegations, which we accept as true at this stage and
which support an inference of race discrimination, we conclude that Holloway’s complaint
has “‘nudged [his] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible.’” Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 681 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Accordingly, we vacate the dismissal of
Holloway’s unlawful termination claim and remand for further proceedings.
B.
We turn next to Holloway’s claim of retaliation. Title VII prohibits an employer
from discriminating against an employee “because he has opposed any practice made an
8 unlawful employment practice by [Title VII], or because he has made a charge, testified,
assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing” under
Title VII. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a); see also Coleman v. Md. Ct. of Appeals, 626 F.3d 187,
190 (4th Cir. 2010). The district court held that Holloway failed to plead facts supporting
a causal connection between his EEO complaints and his termination.
We conclude that Holloway’s claim passes muster at the pleading stage.
Holloway’s complaint alleges that he submitted three EEO complaints, the last of which
he filed almost three months before he was terminated. Temporal proximity between an
employee’s charge of discrimination and an adverse employment action can support an
inference that the employer acted “because” of that charge. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). As
Defendants note, although there is no bright-line rule for temporal proximity, in previous
cases we have held that “a three-month period between the protected activity and the
adverse action,” without more, “does not support a finding that there is a causal link.”
Roberts v. Glenn Indus. Grp., Inc., 998 F.3d 111, 127 (4th Cir. 2021). But in some cases,
intervening events can bridge what would otherwise be a prohibitively long temporal gap.
See, e.g., Tutt v. Wormuth, No. 19-2480, 2021 WL 4076729, at *2 (4th Cir. Sept. 8, 2021)
(holding that allegations of “supervisors’ repeated comments regarding [the] protected
activity and events occurring prior to the adverse action” sufficiently bridged the 16-month
gap between the protected activity and the adverse action). Here, Holloway has alleged
that, during their early morning meeting in June, Teller “exclaimed” that he was aware of
Holloway’s EEO complaint against Pindale and that Teller “would be involved.” J.A. 12.
This intervening comment by Holloway’s supervisor, taken as true, tempers the temporal
9 gap between Holloway’s last EEO complaint and his termination. Considering the timing,
Teller’s intervening statement, and the previously identified allegations of pretext together,
we conclude that Holloway has alleged facts supporting a plausible inference that he was
terminated “because” of his protected activity. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). We therefore
vacate the dismissal of Holloway’s retaliation claim and remand for further proceedings.
C.
We turn last to Holloway’s claim that he was subjected to an abusive or hostile work
environment based on his race or protected activity. On this point, we agree with the
district court that Holloway’s complaint fails to state a claim.
A hostile environment that violates Title VII “exists when the workplace is
permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe
or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive
working environment.” Boyer-Liberto v. Fontainebleau Corp., 786 F.3d 264, 277 (4th Cir.
2015) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Thus, to state a hostile
work environment claim, Holloway must allege that: (1) he “experienced unwelcome
harassment”; (2) the harassment was based on his race or protected activity; (3) “the
harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employment and
create an abusive atmosphere”; and (4) “there is some basis for imposing liability on the
employer.” Bass, 324 F.3d at 765. Regarding the third element, “[w]hether the
environment is objectively hostile or abusive is judged from the perspective of a reasonable
person in the plaintiff’s position.” Boyer-Liberto, 786 F.3d at 277 (internal quotation
marks omitted). “That determination is made by looking at all the circumstances, which
10 may include the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is
physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it
unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). “[R]ude treatment,” “callous behavior,” or “routine difference of opinion
and personality conflict,” without more, will not suffice. E.E.O.C. v. Sunbelt Rentals, Inc.,
521 F.3d 306, 315–316 (4th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Holloway’s complaint falls considerably short of alleging an abusive working
environment. He alleges that, over the course of several months, Pindale required him to
communicate with Washington instead of Pindale directly; employees were surveyed about
Holloway’s leadership and his whereabouts during the workday; Teller criticized
Holloway’s leadership and budget management in meetings; Teller scheduled a meeting
an hour and a half before Holloway’s usual start time and, during the meeting, yelled at
Holloway, slammed documents onto a table, and required Holloway to address him as
“sir”; Teller required Holloway to sign a disciplinary evaluation or else be considered
insubordinate; and Teller did not honor Holloway in an employee-recognition program.
Evaluation and criticism of one’s work performance, while perhaps unpleasant, is not
abusive. Nor can failure to praise support a hostile work environment claim. And we reject
Holloway’s contention that one episode of yelling and pounding the table, even considered
with his other allegations, is sufficiently severe or pervasive to establish an abusive
environment. See Buchhagen v. ICF Int’l, Inc., 545 Fed. App. 217, 219 (4th Cir. 2013)
(holding that plaintiff failed to allege sufficiently severe and pervasive harassment based
on supervisor yelling at plaintiff in one meeting, yelling and pounding the desk in another
11 meeting, harping on mistakes, unfairly criticizing plaintiff, making snide comments, and
playing favorites). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Holloway’s
hostile work environment claim.
IV.
In sum, we vacate the district court’s dismissal of Holloway’s Title VII claims for
unlawful termination and retaliation and remand those claims for further proceedings. We
affirm the dismissal of Holloway’s hostile work environment claim. We further conclude
that Holloway did not assert a claim of pay discrimination, despite scattered references to
pay disparities in his complaint. On remand, the district court can consider Holloway’s
request to amend his complaint.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED