OPINION by
Judge O’Eeab
Reversing.
A schism in the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America resulted in about 1865 in the with[70]*70drawal of a considerable number of its members, who subsequently organized themselves into a separate body known as the Presbyterian Church of the United States. Historically their difference grew out of •political questions and the deep feeling wrought by the distractions of the Civil "War, then just ended. There seems to have been no difference in doctrinal faith or teaching. The original church had in 1819 founded an institution of liberal education at Dan-ville, Ky., Centre College. It had been maintained as an institution of the church, and had been added to all along until 1901. After the division . of the church in .1865, the Presbyterian Church of the United States, usually called the “Southern Presbyterian Church,” found itself, as the result.of unsuccessful litigation with the other branch, generally called the “Northern Presbyterian Church,” without an educational institution; it having been ' decided by the courts that the school property belonged exclusively to the latter body. Thus excluded from participation in the control of the college, in which hitherto they had been interested in common with their fellows, they set about establishing one of their own, where their youth could be instructed in the liberal arts and science under tutorship and conditions believed to be most consistent with their spiritual faith and temporal well-being. So, in 1872, at a gathering at Lexington, Ky., of the alumni of Centre .College and the alumni of other institutions of learning who held, allegiance to Southern Presbyterianism, a memorial was addressed to the Synod of Kentucky (Southern Presbyterian), submitting that it was the sense of that convention “that steps be taken to at once establish, on a broad and liberal basis an institution of the [71]*71highest order, under the auspices of the Synod of Kentucky, and thus carry out the earnest wishes of the fathers, as demonstrated By the establishment of Centre College, now lost to this church.” As a result of the representations and efforts then made and-undertaken, a university was established under the auspices of the Southern Presbyterian Church in Kentucky, acting officially and formally through its synod. A charter was procured from the Kentucky Legislature March 3, 1873. The institution thus formed was named the “Central University of Kentucky.” An endowment was provided by donations subscribed by members and friends of that church. The university was under the control of a board of curators, who were elected at intervals by a body known as the “Alumni Association.” A school of theology, as a. branch of the university, was also provided for, to be under the direct control of the synod or synods contributing to its support. The institution was purely eleemosynary. Subscribers of certain amounts to the endowment fund had certain voting privileges in the Alumni Association, but those privileges had no dividend or money value. Section 1 of article 6 of the charter of the university provided : ‘ ‘ The said Alumni Association shall have the power to determine the location of said university buildings. In determining that question, each member subscribing $100 to the university shall be entitled to one vote, and for $500 subscribed to two votes, and for every $500 subscribed in addition thereto he shall be entitled to one additional vote, and on any proposition to change the location the same rule shall apply. On all other matters each member shall hove but one vote. ’ ’
[72]*72In the provision for securing an endowment as an inducement to subscibers it was stipulated that they had the right severally to designate the chair or purpose to which the subscription should be applied. The articles expressly prohibited a diversion of money or other thing subscribed specially for a particular purpose to a different one: In casting about for a location for the school, Richmond was finally selected. The citizens, of that town and the county of Madison were liberal in their donations, which doubtless controlled the selection. Among them Mr. S. P. Walters (husband of Ann W. Walters) was conspicuous as one of the most generous. He was a devoted member of the church, and, as is shown by his contributions, a no less ardent friend of its educational interests. He subscribed first and last $26,000 toward the endowment of the university. Eighteen thousand dollars of that sum had beengivenunconditionally. After the death of his son, Henry Bell Walters, he gave $8,000 more; the whole of his subscription to be dedicated to founding and maintaining a chair in the university, to be called the “Henry Bell Walters Professorship of Mathematics.” He contemplated adding $4,000 more to this endowment, but died before it was done. After his death his widow, Ann W. Walters, who was also a member of that church residing at Richmond, to carry out her late husband’s wishes (which were in accord with her own), to raise the endowment of the Henry Bell Walters Chair of Mathematics to $30,000, executed her note to the university for $4,000. The note is as follows: “Richmond, Ky., March 29th, 1886. Feeling a deep interest in Christian education, and especially in the education of young men for the gospel ministry, I promise to [73]*73pay to the order of tlie board of curators of the Central University of Kentucky the sum of four thousand dollars ($4,000 to be paid at my death; the said curators binding themselves to add this amount ($4,000) to the sum of $26,000, contributed by my late husband, S. P. Walters, for the endowment of the Henry Bell Walters Professorship of Mathematics in said university. Ann W. Walters.”
In 1901 the financial condition of the Central University was far from promising. Indeed, in the opinion of its managers and most interested friends, it was believed to be unable to accomplish, with the income it was receiving and with the constituency back of it, the purpose for which it was established. Its failure was contemplated as a probability, unless new ways and means of support could be supplied. Negotiations between Central University and Centre College were opened, resulting. in an agreement for their consolidation. The agreement was submitted to the synods of the respective churches, and approved, and was finally executed in form by the official boards of the two institutions, so as to comply with the requirements of Kentucky Statutes concerning consolidation of corporations. The title of the new corporation is "Central University of Kentucky. ’ ’ The articles of consolidation provide: ‘‘ Said Central University of Kentucky shall be vested with and own all property, business, credits, assets,' and effects of said constituent corporations without further deed of transfer, and shall be bound for all the contracts and liabilities of each of the constituent corporations. * # * This transfer and conveyance are made subject to the trust herein declared respecting particular property. The object and pur[74]*74pose of said Central University of Kentucky shall be the establishment of an institution of learning of the highest order, on the university plan. In pursuance of said plan it shall continue the college at Danville for instruction in literature and in the arts and sciences, the same to he known as the Centre College of Kentucky. It shall likewise continue, so long as same may he expedient, the schools or departments of medicine and dentistry herein mentioned and already established by Central University at Louisville1, Ky., and the department of law established by Centre College at Danville. * * * (7) All property and funds which have been donated or contributed to either of said constituent corporations for the support or maintenance of special chairs or schools, or for any specific purpose, shall be held by said Central University of Kentucky, and dedicated to and used for such specific purpose, in accordance with the terms of the gift or contract under which the same shall have been received.” The management and control of the new institution was vested by the articles of consolidation in a board of trustees, consisting of an even number of persons, one-half to be selected by the Synod of Kentucky of the Northern Presbyterian Church, and the other half by the Synod of Kentucky of the Southern Presbyterian Church.
• This consoldation having been effected, it is conceded that the school formerly taught at Richmond under the auspices of old Central University, has been discontinued, but that the new institution has conducted and is conducting the school at Danville upon the lines indicated in the new charter, at which is maintained a chair of mathematics known as the “Henry Bell Walters Professorship of Mathe[75]*75matics.”_ After the consolidation had been consummated in 1901, Mrs. Ann W. Walters brought this suit against Central University of Kentucky to cancel the $4,000 note set out above. She alleged that the consideration for which it had been executed had failed; that the payee thereof, the Central University of Kentucky, had voluntarily surrendered its charter, abandoned its purpose of conducting the school there^ in required, and was therefore unable to maintain the chair for which the subscription had been made. It is also claimed that the note was voluntary, and Ik at the maker had revoked it as an executory promise to give money. The answer, in connection with the petition, set up the facts above recited. A demurrer was sustained to the answer, and the note canceled. While the circuit court rested its judgment upon the ground that the payee corporation had ceased to exist, and was therefore incapable, of executing its part of the undertaking, implied as well as expresed in the obligation, we have concluded, in view of the importance of the question raised, to examine that and the other grounds advanced by appel-lee on the argument upon which it is claimed the obligation is enforceable by appellant.
The first question argued in briefs is -that of the jurisdiction of the Madison Circuit Court over the person of the appellant in this action. But that question we understand to have been waived by appellant upon the argument at the bar, and is consequently passed over by the court. The two original corporations were each creatures of the State, and, so far, at least, as the Central University was concerned, took the powers granted subject to the reserved right in the State, under the general statute of 1856, to alter, [76]*76amend, or repel the charter as the State might deem expedient. All who became members of the corporation, as well as those who bestow'ed benefactions upon it to enable it to comply with the purposes, were bound to take notice of the State’s reserved power of altering or revoking the charter. Whether that right extended so far as to change the object of the incorporation without the consent of those whose means had founded it, and to whom it belonged, is a question not presented in this case. The object of the incorporation was to found and foster an institution of higher education, along university lines, to be conducted directly under the influence of the governing body of the Southern Presbyterian Church in Kentucky. Neither the particular means of executing the undertaking, nor the particular place or places at which it was to be done, are provided for in the original. articles, so as to be unalterable either by the Legislature, or by the constituent owners of the institution, if permitted by the State. As stated, there are no stockholders having beneficial interest in the concern in the nature of contracts or corporate liabilities. The electorate body, who were to choose the curators or governing body of the university, were themselves but representatives of ultimate interests — those of the adherents of the faith which that church stood for. That church as a body, then, must decide upon matters of polity and internal government of the educational corporation owned by it, not inconsistent with the charter itself. Such matters clearly included location of buildings, the name of the institution, and the providing of means to execute its great purpose. Donors to the enterprise, whose gifts had been unconditional, or had "attached conditions not affected by [77]*77the matter of location or particular form of government, had not the legal right to control the polity of the institution; nor had they the right, save as one might he an alumnus or a curator, to a voice in determining such questions. Such either were solely for the corporation, acting through its constituents, the church as a body, the alumni body, and the board, of curators, on the one side, and the State, on the other.
"When the State, by the general law enacted in 1893, provided for the consolidation of corporations in this State, the statute became as it were a part of the charter of the Central University, ás if written therein originally. We do not mean to go further here than to decide the precise question presented, which is the power of the corporation to consolidate with another corporation having the same end to accomplish and using substantially the same means to accomplish it. So long as the consolidated- corporation undertook to do the thing originally undertaken by its constituents, we hold that the purpose of the original incorporators and of those whose means set the thing on foot was not being diverted. The only matter altered was the means by which it was to be accomplished. The statute (Carroll’s Ky. St. 1903, section 555) provides: “Any two or more corporations organized under this chapter or under the law of this State, may consolidate into a single corporation. ’ ’ This power of consolidation is conferred in amplest terms. It is not confined to any class of corporations. Though it will not include those public service corporations, prohibited from consolidating by section 201 of the Constitution, nor the consolidation of any corporations the effect of which would be [78]*78to create a monopoly or trust prohibited by sections 3915-3919, Ky. St. 1903, corporations created for educational purposes are clearly included by the terms of the statute, and may, if desired by them, lawfully consolidate. While parts of the section may be inapplicable, as where consent of a certain per cent, of the stockholders is to be obtained and where there are no stockholders, still the section clearly discloses that the course to be pursued is, after the assent "of the respective corporations is. obtained, that the articles of consolidation shall be executed by the directors or governing bodies of the corporations respectively.
The donors to the corporation, who have given money or property to found it, are in no sense a part of the corporation, unless they have become members of its. alumni association. It is not contended that Mrs. Walters was such member. When, therefore, the corporation assented to the consolidation, and its directors — that is, its board of curators — executed the articles, the consolidation was effectual to pass its property and franchises to the new concern, as if they bad been originally granted to it. It is said this was in the nature of a new grant by the State, and not a continuing of the original grant, because the State only can grant corporate powers and create corporate existence. The fact is that the State had already granted the identical powers' to the two corporations. Ry the new statute it empowered them to consolidate their property and combine their efforts and resources; the State continuing the old separate existence in the new, so far as franchises and property rights were concerned. While the statute provides that the old corporations shall cease to exist upon such consolidation, it was never intended to destroy [79]*79anything except the separate identity, the shell, as it were, preserving, however, all that was vital or valuable. The object was, not to destroy, hut to preserve and enlarge. The result is amalgamation, not annihilation.
Some courts, construing somewhat similar statutes, have noticed a distinction between consolidation and merger; the former term being used to describe the result of two corporations being combined into a new one, and the latter to describe the result where one corporation absorbs another. As corporate franchises are generally deemed unassignable without permission of the State, a merger is, after all, under our statute at least, a consolidation; for, although the old name of one may be retained and the other dropped, still the course to he pursued under the statute for one corporation to acquire the property and franchises of another is precisely the same as if an entirely new name were adopted. The result is a merging of corporate property and constituents, as where two streams flow together. At the junction they may be said to constitute a new stream, hut essentially the latter takes in and is made up of all that formerly flowed in and now flows out of the two from which it gets is being. ' To use another figure, it is a marriage of two, in which neither is lost, but in which the two are blended into one in contemplation of law. The original existence is merely a legal status. It is not a thing at all. The power that gave it its so-called existence is competent to change it into a new being, with all the rights and attributes of the old. No physical phenomenon is involved. The legislative purpose, and the practical application of it, will not stagger in execution at an imaginary difficulty in [80]*80harmonizing a tiling dead with- a thing which is alive. We are of opinion, and hold, that the effect of the consolidation was to continue in the new corporation, Central University of Kentucky, all the franchises, and vest in it all the property rights, subject to the terms upon which it was acquired, of the two constituent corporations, the Central University of Kentucky and Centre College of Kentucky. This carried over to appellant all notes and other property owned by those two corporations, which included the note forming the subject of this suit.
The questions now recur, was there a sufficient consideration? And, if so, has it failed? One promise may be a valuable consideration to support another. Where the payee of a note promises, in consideration of its payment according to its terms, to do something that he otherwise was not bound to do, the undertaking is mutual, and this mutuality is a sufficient basis for enforcing the obligation against either party who may become derelict. Under the charter of the Central University, as well as under the charter of appellant, the university is bound to apply donations made for a particular p-urpose to that purpose alone. In the note in question it is stated, in addition, that the payee will apply it to the maintenance of the Henry Bell Walters Chair of Mathematics. Appellant was bound, upon accepting the note with that condition, to apply it to that purpose, and in addition is obligated by such acceptance to maintain perpetually, or so long as that fund will sustain it, a chair of that name in its university. Collier v. Baptist Educational Society, 8 B. Mon. 68; Carr’s Exr’s v. Robinson, 8 Bush, 269.
But it is most earnestly insisted that the real- con-[81]*81¿deration of the. note has failed, irrespective of the legal effect of the consolidation of the colleges nnder the statute. The argument runs thus: Mrs. Walters and her husband were not only Southern Presbyterians, hostile in feeling toward .the Northern Church, cherishing resentment at having been deprived of participation in the control of church property, at least of some part of it, by the dominant branch but they, being citizens of Richmond, contemplated that their benefactions, while-going primarily to an institution of their own church, should incidentally aid the city of their home; that, therefore, it was never contemplated by them that any part of their subscriptions should be applied to an institution partly under the control of those whom they had come to regard as antagonists, and to’build up a rival community at the expense of their home town. We suspect that the premises are largely imaginary. The record at least does not sufficiently show their existence. Be that as. it may, the object in the minds of both parties at the time the subscription in question was made forms its consideration, without regard to the changed views of the promisor, undergone since the obligation was delivered. While the consideration of a note may be proved, though not stated nor alleged, or may be disproven, though stated in the note (section 470, Ky. St. 1903), undisclosed intention- and pui’pose, indulged by one party and not known to the other, could never be the consideration, although they might be the motive for the execution of a note. The consideration of this note is stated on its face. It is consistent with the spirit of the enterprise to which it was a subscription, and it is in accord with the terms of the charter of the payee. It was in aid [82]*82of the main purpose as expressed in the memorial of the alumni, delivered in 1872, to carry out the wishes of thé fathers, as demonstrated by the establishment of Centre College, now lost to this church. ’ ’ It was not true that Centre College had ever belonged exclusively to those who constituted the Southern Church. Centre College was the educational idea of. Kentucky Presbyterians. Southern Presbyterians had lost, at least for a time, the privilege of utilizing it as a sectarian institution, and they -purposed to provide themselves with one similar. Having in view precisely the same object, it would be harsh and unchristian to suppose that these differing churchmen neither hoped nor desired reconciliation. At any rate, Mrs. Walters attached no such condition to her note as looked to its being unenforcable should old Centre College, ‘ ‘ founded by the fathers of the church, ’ ’ he regained by her sect. On the contrary, the real consideration was the propagation of Christian education; the means were to he'such as might be applied by her church; the particular application of her subscription was to maintain a chair of mathematics, which was to bear the name of the obligor’s son, and which was to be maintained in the church’s educational institution, then Central University. While she might have com ditioned her promise that the college seat should be at Richmond, she did not. That she supposed it would be continued there, because it was there at the time the note was executed, did not at all affect the title of the promise nor the obligatory force of the note upon •her, in the absence of such condition, assented to by both parties when the note was executed. Bryan v. Millersburg College, 90 Ky. 325, 13 S. W. 276; Penn[83]*83.sylvania College Cases, 13 Wall. (U. S.) 190, 20 L. Ed. 550.
As there is nothing in the note, or in the contemporaneous transaction, binding the payee to apply the money otherwise than in the maintenance of a chair of mathematics in its university, being conducted for Christian education, there was no limitation upon the power of the payee to change the location of its school or schools, or to change the manner of their government, or the adoption of particular means of effectuating the general purpose for which the institution was founded. The very nature of the enterprise, on the contrary, looked to improvement. It contemplated, by every reasonable implication, that new methods, new people, even new ideas, would be employed, when approved by the governing body of the institution. A college means, ojr ought to mean, growth; the elimination of the false; the fostering of the true. As it is expected to be perpetual, in its service, it must conform to the changed condition of each new generation, possessing an elasticity of scope and work commensurate with the changing requirements of the times which it serves. For the past to bind it to unchange-ableness would be to prevent growth, applying the treatment to the head that the Chinese do to the feet. Presbyterians as a body have always been noted as patrons of education. This characteristic, shared signally by the Walterses, will not, upon mere conjecture, be restricted into the unnatural, self-destructive channel now contended for by appellees. Their subscriptions to this college, in the absence of some limitation in the agreement, must be conclusively deemed to have been in accord with the general purpose of the educational movement then udertaken by the body [84]*84of the church, and necessarily subject to the power of the governing constituency of the institution to conform its course and adopt such means to the accomplishment of its great purpose, as are not inconsistent with its -object or with the charter granted by the State. So, when the governing body and all the constituents of the corporation have decided to change the location of the university, to include a broader ijeld of work, to add new forces and bring to its aid additional endowment, all tending to the same end contemplated in its establishment, the enterprise is not abandoned, but is continued; and subscriptions made to it are enforceable, whether their consideration is the maintenance of the original institution or particular chairs therein, if such chairs are in fact maintained by the new institution. This is in no sense an application of the cy-pres doctrine; the sub-, stitution by the court of an equivalent for the charitable use selected by the donor. The finding is, on the contrary, that the original object still exists and is being conducted to all intents and purposes as contemplated by the donor and the trustees. Therefore there is riot a failure of the consideration of the note sued on.
"Wherefore the judgment of the circuit ( court is leversed, and cause remanded, with directions to overrule the demurrer to the answer, and for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith.