Central Carolina Bank & Trust Company v. Bass

143 S.E.2d 689, 265 N.C. 218, 1965 N.C. LEXIS 962

• Court: Supreme Court of North Carolina
• Decided: August 27, 1965
• Docket: 768
• Status: Published

Opinion

SHARP, J.

The disposition of the remainder of the Thomas L. Shepherd Fund after the death of the life beneficiary depends upon the answer to three questions: (1) When testator directed the trustee to distribute the remainder as then constituted “to my next of kin,” did he mean his nearest of kin or those who would take from him under the statute of distributions? (2) Did testator intend to. include Annie Moore Shepherd Dennis, whom he described in his will as “my granddaughter,” in the class he designated as “my next of kin”? (3) Are “my next of kin” to be ascertained at the death of testator or at the death of Thomas L. Shepherd, the life beneficiary?

First. The answer to the first question must be found in a canon of construction. It is the rule in this jurisdiction, as well as in England and a substantial number of the other American jurisdictions, that the words next of kin “mean ‘nearest of kin’ and that in the construction of deeds and wills, unless there are terms in the instrument showing a contrary intent, the words ‘next of kin,’ without more, do not recognize or permit the principle of representation.” Wallace v. Wallace, 181 N.C. 158, 163, 106 S.E. 501, 504, accord: Williams v. Johnson, 228 N.C. 732, 47 S.E. 2d 24; Williamson v. Cox, 218 N.C. 177, 10 S.E. 2d 662; Knox v. Knox, 208 N.C. 141, 179 S.E. 610; Redmond v. Burroughs, 63 N.C. 242, 245; Jones v. Oliver, 38 N.C. 369; Annot., Term “next of kin” used in will, as referring to those who would take in cases of intestacy under distribution statutes, or to nearest blood relatives of designated person or persons, 32 A.L.R. 2d 296, 303; 57 Am. Jur., Wills § 1375 (1948). This rule of construction, like many another of our rules, both of construction and of property, “is grown reverend by age, and is not now to be broken in upon.” Kenyon, M. R., in Jee v. Audley, 1 Cox 324, 325, 29 Eng. Rep. 1186, 1187 (Ch. 1787).

We perceive nothing in the will of W. T. Shepherd which suggests that he used the words my next of kin in any but the usual acceptation of that phrase. We hold, therefore, that they mean his nearest of kin and not his heirs or distributees generally.

Second. The second question, whether testator intended to include Annie Moore Shepherd (Dennis) in the class of his next of kin, is not answered by the 1942 judgment in Case No. 8097. That judgment established that she was not a relative of testator but that he had given her 2/5 of his residuary estate as a beloved individual and not merely as his supposed granddaughter. See Howell v. Troutman, 53 N.C. 304; Annot., Fraud or mistake as to relationship or status of legatee or devisee as affecting will, 17 A.L.R. 247. Thus, once again, we face the ever-recurring problem of determining a testator’s intent from a consideration of the will itself and the circumstances confronting him. To ascertain such intent, “we must consider the instrument as a whole and give effect to such intent unless it is contrary to some rule of law or at variance with public policy.” Trust Co. v. Taliaferro, 246 N.C. 121, 127, 97 S.E. 2d 776, 780.

It has been held that certain named persons described by a testator in his will as “my cousins” took under the residuary clause directing distribution among “my relatives hereinbefore named,” even though those persons were not legally his cousins. Seale-Hayne v. Jodrell, [1891] A. C. 304, affirming In re Jodrell, 44 Ch. D. 590 (1890). With reference to a somewhat similar situation in In re Wood, [1902] 2 Ch. 542, 546, Vaughan Williams, L. J., said “(T)his is one of those cases in which the testator has created a dictionary for himself, and ... we must read his will in the light of that dictionary.” See 2 Jarman, Wills 1611 (1910 Ed.); 1 Wiggins, North Carolina Wills and Administration of Estates § 134 (1st Ed. 1964).

It seems that those who framed the issues in Case No. 8097 assumed that W. T. Shepherd died in the belief that Annie Moore Shepherd was his grandchild. And here it is argued, on the one hand, that his frequent reference to her in the will as “my granddaughter” is proof positive that testator died in the belief that Annie Moore Shepherd was his grandchild. On the other, it is contended that his will discloses to the discerning that he knew she was not his grandchild and that it reveals a skillful and subtle attempt to protect her status, to provide for her to the extent of 2/5 of his estate, and to insure that the balance after his son’s death should go only to his blood kin. He could, of course, have accomplished this purpose in a more direct manner by saying, “to my next of kin, excluding my granddaughter, Annie Moore Shepherd, and her issue, for whom I have heretofore made adequate provision.” Be that as it may, the question remains, did he intend to include her when he used the phrase “my next of kin”? Judge Mallard held that testator intended to include in that classification neither her nor his only son. With this construction we agree.

At the time of testator’s death, and for more than ten years before, his son had been addicted to drink. Testator, not considering his son competent to manage his business affairs, created the Thomas L. Shepherd Trust. Although he empowered the trustee “in its sole, absolute, and unfettered discretion” to pay to his son such portions of the principal as it might “from time to time deem proper,” testator positively prohibited any such payment from the principal sooner than 5 years after his death. The wisdom of this precaution appears from information disclosed by the pleadings in Case No. 8097. In the 3-year period between the death of his mother and that of his father, Thomas L. Shepherd was in four different institutions for treatment for alcoholism. At the time suit No. 8097 was instituted, he had been committed by court order to an institution. Testator specifically stated that it was not his intent that the trustee allot him amounts which it believed, or might “by experience find, likely to discourage a sober, upright and useful life.” That he did not trust his son to abide by his testamentary wishes is shown by the provision of the will which would forever revoke the power of the trustee to pay him any part of the corpus of his trust fund if the son or any one claiming through him should file a suit “disputing” Article Fifth of the will or “the result of the exercise of the trustee of its discretion” thereunder.

At the time testator made his will in 1937, Annie Moore Shepherd was approximately 12 years old. The corpus of her trust fund, which would be hers absolutely if she lived to age 25, was 2/5 of his entire estate, which, according to the inventory filed July 1, 1939, would then have been iji excess of $70,000.00. If she died before, leaving no child or children, testator’s direction was that the principal of the “Annie Moore Shepherd Fund shall pass to my next of kin.” In such event, had Thomas L. Shepherd still been alive, he would have been not only testator’s nearest of kin but the only representative of that class and thus, nothing else appearing, entitled to the entire corpus of the Annie Moore Shepherd Fund. Testator having made his son’s access to any of the principal of his own trust fund dependent upon the trustee’s discretion and having stated his desire that his son have no funds which would discourage a sober life, we entertain no notion that he intended ever to create the possibility that his son acquire such a sum of money in his own right to dissipate, all at one time, as he saw fit. Had testator intended his son to have the income from the corpus of the Annie Moore Shepherd Fund in the event she died before age 25, he would, we think, have added it to the son’s own trust fund. Had he intended to give it to him outright, he would undoubtedly have said, “in such event, the principal of this fund shall pass to my son if he then be living.” To give an individual the residuum of a trust by referring to him as “my next of kin” instead of by name would indeed be clumsy draftsmanship.

If, when he gave the remainder of the Annie Moore Shepherd Fund to his next of kin in the event of her death before age 25 without children, testator meant to exclude his son, and if, as he did with reference to the remainder of the Thomas L. Shepherd Fund, testator subsequently used the same phrase, may we not assume that he used it with similar meaning, i. e., to exclude his supposed granddaughter? As Denny, J. (now C. J.), said in Trust Co. v. Green, 239 N.C. 612, 619, 80 S.E. 2d 771, 776:

“It is a well settled rule of testamentary construction that ‘if it is apparent that in one use of a word or phrase a particular significance is attached thereto by the testator, the same meaning will be presumed to be intended in all other instances of the use by him of the same word or phrase.’ Carroll v. Herring, 180 N.C. 369, 104 S.E. 892; Taylor v. Taylor, 174 N.C. 537, 94 S.E. 7; Grandy v. Sawyer, 62 N.C. 8; Lockhart v. Lockhart, 56 N.C. 205; Gibson v. Gibson, 49 N.C. 425; 57 Am. Jur., Wills, section 1152, page 750, and cited cases; 69 C.J., Wills, section 1131(2), page 77.”

We find nothing in this will to indicate that testator used the words my next of kin with two different meanings in disposing of the remainders after life estates in the two funds. If the testator did not intend to include his son in the classification “my next of kin,” then a fortiori he did not intend to include his supposed granddaughter. Annie Moore Shepherd, or her issue, were to have one fund; Thomas L. Shepherd was to have the benefit of the other; and, at his death, testator’s next of kin — excluding the only two beneficiaries identified by name ■ — ’Were to have what remained of it. Here, as in In re Carter’s Will, 99 Vt. 480, 134 Atl. 581, 61 A.L.R. 1005, where the testator devised property to trustees for the benefit of his wife, and his son, with remainder to the testator’s heirs at law, “it will be seen that by the creation of said trust fund the testator intended to provide for three classes of beneficiaries,” the two life beneficiaries of the trust and, third, his heirs at law. Id. at 487, 134 Atl. at 584, 61 A.L.R. at 1010. In this case the third beneficiary is testator’s next of kin.

We agree with the court below that testator, under the circumstances here disclosed, did not, in his. use of the words “my next of kin,” intend to include Annie Moore Shepherd. It follows, therefore, that she is not entitled to share in the corpus of the Thomas L. Shepherd Fund. Under the express provisions of Item 2 of the Fifth Provision of the will, however, she is entitled to the income from it which accrued, but was undistributed, prior to the death of Thomas L. Shepherd, and Judge Mallard so held. The trustee had the absolute discretion, during the joint lives of the trust beneficiaries, to divide the income between them as it saw fit. It had no authority, however, to pay any of it to any other person. Even after Annie Moore Shepherd became 25 and received the corpus of her fund, under Item 3 of Provision Fifth, the trustee had the authority to pay “a part or all of the net income from the ‘Thomas L. Shepherd Fund’ to Annie Moore Shepherd as provided in paragraph (2) of this will.” The fact that she had received nothing from the trust since she became 25 years old is immaterial. That income which accrued, but was undistributed, before the death of Thomas L. Shepherd did so during the joint lives of Thomas L. Shepherd and Annie Moore Shepherd Dennis. It not having been paid to Thomas L. Shepherd during his lifetime, only Annie Moore Shepherd Dennis is entitled to it.

Third. When did the remainder in the Thomas L. Shepherd Fund vest?

“ ‘As a general rule, the death of the testator is the time at which the members of a class are to be ascertained in case of a gift to the testator’s heirs, next of kin, or other relatives, unless the context of the will indicates a clear intention that the property shall go to the heirs, next of kin, or other relatives at a different time, such as at the time of distribution, or at the death of the first taker, or at the date of the execution of the will. . . . Where the gift is to the heirs or next of kin of another than the testator, it ordinarily refers to the death of such other, unless the context of the will manifests that the class shall be determined at a different time, such as the time of distribution.’ ” Witty v. Witty, 184 N.C. 375, 379, 114 S.E. 482, 484.

The rule is succinctly stated in Yarn Co. v. Dewstoe, 192 N.C. 121, 124 133 S.E. 407, 409:

“As a general rule where a devise is made to one for life and after his death to the testator’s next of kin, the next of kin who ■are to take are the persons who answer that description at the death of the testator and not those who answer the description at the death of the first taker. (Citations omitted.) It is otherwise, iowever, where it appears from the terms of the will that some intervening time is indicated.” Accord, Pridgen v. Tyson, 234 N.C. 199, 66 S.E. 2d 682; Privott v. Graham, 214 N.C. 199, 198 S.E. 635; Trust Co. v. Lindsay, 210 N.C. 652, 188 S.E. 94; Baugham v. Trust Co., 181 N.C. 406, 107 S.E. 431; Jenkins v. Lambeth, 172 N.C. 466, 90 S.E. 513; Rives v. Frizzle, 43 N.C. 237; Jones v. Oliver, supra.

According to Annot., Time as of which members of class described as testator’s “heirs,” “next of kin,” “relation,” etc., to whom a future gift is made, are to be ascertained, 49 A.L.R. 174, 177, this is a rule “so universally recognized as to render superfluous a full citation of the cases which support it, that, in the absence of clear and unambiguous indications of a different intention to be derived from the context of the will, read in the light of the surrounding circumstances, the class described as testator’s heirs, or next of kin, or relations, or such persons as would take his estate by the rules of law if he had died intestate, to whom a remainder or executory interest is given by the will, is to be ascertained at the death of the testator. One of the reasons adduced in support of this rule of construction is that it gives the words of description their natural and prima facie meaning. A reason more frequently brought forward is the preference of the law for a construction which will vest an estate at the earliest opportunity.” Supplementing annotations are found in 127 A.L.R. 602; 169 A.L.R. 207. Accord, 57 Am. Jur., Wills § 1279 (1948). This is not, however, “a rule of substantive law which the courts are imperatively required to follow, but is a rule of interpretation adopted as tending to ascertain correctly the intent of the testator, and may be departed from where a different meaning is disclosed from a proper perusal of the entire instrument.” Jenkins v. Lambeth, supra at 469, 90 S.E. at 514.

If the remainder here be held to have vested at the death of testator, only the issue of Phedelia S. O’Kelly, Lula S. Campbell, and Ida S. Beavers, the three sisters of testator who were living at his death, will take. If it be held to vest at the death of the life beneficiary, testator’s nieces and nephews living on that day will answer the roll call as his nearest of kin.

The nieces and nephews who are children of Meroe S. O’Kelly and John H. Shepherd, Sr. contend that the will of W. T. Shepherd, read in the light of the circumstances attendant upon its execution, manifests an intent contrary to the general rule and that testator’s next of kin should be determined as of the death of the life beneficiaries for that (1) the trustee had the power, during the life of Thomas L. Shepherd, either to invade the principal or to turn it all over to him free of the trust; and (2) the trustee was directed, at the death of Thomas L. Shepherd, to pay and deliver over the corpus as then constituted to testator’s next of kin.

(1) “(A) remainder is not made contingent by uncertainty as to the amount of the estate remaining undisposed of at the expiration of the life estate but by uncertainty as to the persons who are to take.” (Italics ours.) 33 Am. Jur., Life Estates, Remainders, and Reversions § 87 (1941).

“ (T) he fact that a remainder is vested does not imply any certainty as to the quantity and value of the remainderman’s interest, since a remainder may be vested, although the amount of the estate remaining undisposed of at the expiration of the particular estate is uncertain, as where the first taker is given a power of appointment or disposition, with remainder limited over in default of the exercise of such power.” 31 C.J.S., Estates § 69 (1964).

In Woodman v. Woodman, 89 Me. 128, 35 Atl. 1037, the testatrix conveyed her estate to trustees during the lives of her husband and daughters and that of the survivor, with power of sale should their support require it. She devised the remainder, upon the termination of the trust, to named beneficiaries. In holding that these persons took a vested remainder, the court said: “We think that, according to principle and the weight of authority, a remainder is not made contingent by an uncertainty as to the amount of the property that may remain un- disposed of at the expiration of the particular estate, the life tenant having the power of disposal.” Id. at 136, 35 Atl. at 1040. Accord, Johnson v. Superior Court, 68 Ariz. 68, 199 P. at 2d 827; Gilmore v. Gilmore, 197 Ga. 303, 29 S.E. 2d 74; President & Fellows of Harvard College v. Balch, 171 Ill. 275, 49 N.E. 543; Ducker v. Burnham, 146 Ill. 9, 34 N.E. 558, 37 Am. St. Rep. 135; Railsback v. Lovejoy, 116 Ill. 442, 6 N.E. 504; Pointer v. Hacas, 131 Ind. App. 10, 169 N.E. 2d 196; Heilman v. Heilman, 129 Ind. 59, 28 N.E. 310; Ghormley v. Kleeden, 155 Kan. 319, 124 P. 2d 467; Abbot v. Danforth, 135 Me. 172, 192 Atl. 544; Roberts v. Roberts, 102 Md. 131, 62 Atl. 161, 1 L.R.A. (N.S.) 782; Robertson v. Robertson, 313 Mass. 520, 48 N.E. 2d 29; Ashbaugh v. Wright, 152 Minn. 57, 188 N.W. 157; Uphaus v. Uphaus, Mo., 315 S.W. 2d 801; Cruikshank v. Cruikshank, 39 Misc. Rep. 401, 80 N.Y.S. 8; Mitchell v. Knapp, 54 Hun. 502, 8 N.Y.S. 40, aff’d 124 N.Y. 654, 27 N.E. 413; Medlin v. Medlin, Tex. Civ. App., 203 S.W. 2d 635; Reilly v. Huff, Tex. Civ. App., 335 S.W. 2d 275; In re Ivy’s Estate, 4 Wash. 2d 1, 101 P. 2d 1074; In re Downs’ Estate, 243 Wis. 303, 9 N.W. 2d 822. “The corpus of the estate might be diminished, but the right to the balance remained unaffected.” Abbott v. Danforth, supra at 176, 192 Atl. at 546. The life tenant’s power of sale “could only be considered as a circumstance bearing upon the intent of the testator; for it is not the uncertainty as to the quantum or condition of the estate, but uncertainty as to the persons to take, that would render the estate contingent.” Heilman v. Heilman, supra at 65, 28 N.E. at 312. In President & Fellows of Harvard College v. Balch, supra, where the particular estate was given in trust for a life beneficiary, it was held that a power to invade the corpus during the existence of the life estate had nothing to do with the vesting of the remainder, but that the estate vested subject to the power. “If the power is so exercised as to dispose of all the estate, nothing may be left to go to the remainderman. But the remainder is not made contingent because it is uncertain whether the power will be exercised.” Id. at 282, 49 N.E. at 545. (Italics ours.) “The uncertainty as to the amount does not prevent the vesting of the right. * * * The intervening trust will not prevent this result.” Mitchell v. Knapp, supra at 505, 8 N.Y.S. at 42. Accord, Gilmore v. Gilmore, supra; President & Fellows of Harvard College v. Balch, supra; Roberts v. Roberts, supra; Cruikshank v. Cruikshank, supra; In re Ivey’s Estate, supra.

The rule stated above is the rule in North Carolina. In Jackson v. Langley, 234 N.C. 243, 246, 66 S.E. 2d 899, 901, this Court, speaking through Denny, J. (now C. J.), said:

“(T)he mere fact that John Alfred Langley, Sr., the trustee, was given the right to use the income from or corpus of the trust estate for his own benefit in the event certain enumerated emergencies arose, did not in any way affect or delay the vesting of the estate in John Alfred Langley, Jr., to any greater extent than if the trustee had been given a life estate with the power to use the corpus, or any part thereof for his own use. The overwhelming weight of authority, including our own decisions, supports the view that in such cases the estate vests in the ultimate beneficiary upon the death of the testator, subject to be divested of such portion thereof as may be required to meet the authorized needs of the life tenant or other designated person.”

In Rudisill v. Hoyle, 254 N.C. 33, 118 S.E. 2d 145, the testator devised his residuary estate, both real and personal, to his wife for life, with power to sell any part of the property which, in her sole discretion, was necessary for her support and maintenance, with limitation over to R and K of all property “remaining unused or unconsumed or converted into other property” at the time of her death. In an opinion by Moore, J., who distinguished those devises which limit the gift to a life estate and those which attempt to make a gift over after a devise in fee, the Court held that the wife took a life estate with power of disposition in fee for the purposes stated in the will and that R and K took “a vested remainder in equal shares and in fee ‘in and to all . . . property . . . remaining unused or unconsumed or converted into other property at the time or her (the wife’s) death.’ ” Id. at 45, 118 S.E. 2d at 154.

(2) The canon of construction known as the “divide and pay over rule,” i.e., that, where the only words of gift are found in the direction to divide and pay over at a future time, futurity is annexed to the substance of the gift and it is contingent, does not apply “where the division is postponed for the convenience of the fund or property, as for the purpose of letting in a prior gift for life to another. In such a case the estate will be vested, and not contingent, and the vesting will not be deferred until the division.” President & Fellows of Harvard College v. Balch, supra at 282, 49 N.E. at 545; accord, 39 Am. Jur., Life Estates, Remainders, and Reversions § 112-114 (1941). In Witty v. Witty, supra, the testator was survived by his wife and five children. He devised his land to his wife for life and at her death or remarriage he directed that the land be sold and “divided among my lawful heirs.” At the death of the wife all five children were dead. None left children. The only one who married was the last to die, and his wife survived him. The Court held that the testator’s lawful heirs were determined as of the date of his death; that they were his five children; that the title to the whole of the lands vested in the last surviving child and passed to his wife and his adopted son as his devisees. The Court said, per Stacy, J. (later C. J.):

“Again, the fact that the direction is to sell the realty at the expiration of the preceding particular estate and to divide the proceeds derived therefrom ordinarily will not affect the general rule as to when the remainder is to vest. * * * It is provided that the remainder after the life estate is to be divided equally among 'my lawful heirs’ simpliciter, and this imports a division among those who were the heirs of the testator at his death, and who took in right at that time, though they were not to come into actual possession and enjoyment until the previous benefit, intended for their ■mother, should terminate by her death.” Id. at 379, 381, 114 S.E. at 485, 486.

In Satterfield v. Stewart, 212 N.C. 743, 745, 194 S.E. 459, 461, it was said:

“The provision that the land should be sold after the death of the life tenant and upon the death or marriage of the three daughters, and the proceeds divided equally among said daughters, their heirs and assigns, cannot be held to delay the vesting of the title in said daughters. Witty v. Witty, supra.” Accord, Coddington v. Stone, 217 N.C. 714, 9 S.E. 2d 420.

Where, however, apart from the words divide and pay over themselves, the will clearly used “words of futurity” indicating the testator’s intent that only those should take who answer the roll call at the termination of the particular estate, the devise will be contingent. See Parker v. Parker, 252 N.C. 399, 113 S.E. 2d 899; Carter v. Kempton, 233 N.C. 1, 62 S.E. 2d 713; Knox v. Knox, supra.

Without more, neither the power of the trustee to divest the re-maindermen of any share in the corpus nor testator’s direction to divide and pay over the remainder to a class after the death of the life tenant will create a contingent remainder. There is, however, a third consideration, which is not discussed in the briefs. Thomas L. Shepherd, the life tenant, was testator’s only son. At the time of testator’s death he was, therefore, the sole member of the class, i. e., “my next of kin,” to which the remainder at his death was given. In this situation the courts divide as to whether the members of the class taking the remainder are to be ascertained at the death of the testator or of the life tenant.

“Some of the cases appear to have taken the view that, where the person taking the particular estate is, at testator’s death, the sole member of the class to whom the limitation over is made, it is a necessary inference that the gift over shall vest in the persons answering the description at the termination of the particular estate. But the great weight of authority is to the effect that the fact that, at the time of the making of the will, the person to whom a particular estate is given will presumably be, at the testator’s death, the sole member of the class to whom the same property is limited, is not of itself sufficient to overcome the presumption that the membership of the class is to be ascertained at testator’s death.” Annot., Time as of which members of class described as testator’s ‘heirs,’ ‘next of kin,’ ‘relations,’ etc., to whom a future gift is made, are to be ascertained, 49 A.L.R. 174, 182, supplemented in 127 A.L.R. 602, 607; 169 A.L.R. 207, 210.

The question frequently arises in a contest between the devisee of a precedent estate and the next of kin of the testator. To some courts it does not seem incongruous “that a person who takes a life interest by virtue of a particular gift to him nominatim should also take a further interest, either alone or jointly with others, as the case may be, under a gift in the same will to a class. * * * On the other hand, it has been held that where the life tenant is the sole heir or next of kin at the death of the testator, the remainder will be considered as given to the person answering the description at the termination of the estate for life, and since the persons who may at that time be entitled to take the estate are uncertain, the remainder is contingent. The true rule seems to be that the fact that the life tenant is also among the members or is the sole member of the class is not determinative of the question whether the remainder is vested or contingent, but is but one circumstance to be considered in determining the nature of the remainder and the time when the members of the class are to be determined.” 33 Am. Jur., Life Estates, Remainders, and Reversions § 139 (1941); see Annot., Right of devisee of precedent estate to take under limitation over to heirs or next of kin of testator, 30 A.L.R. 2d 393, 416, 424.

We have found no North Carolina case right in point, and none has been cited. In Grantham v. Jinnette, 177 N.C. 229, 98 S.E. 724, the testator, an illegitimate, devised all his property to his wife for life and directed that at her death it be sold and divided among his “legal heirs.” In a contest between the widow’s heirs and the University, her heirs claimed that the widow was both life tenant and remainderman. “The University contended that the widow could not be a life tenant and heir; that the statute makes a widow heir only when the property is not disposed of by will; that this testator did dispose of his property by will, and the widow was not therefore his heir; and that therefore, the testator, as to the remainder in fee, was without heirs. The Court held this to be correct, and that the fee escheated to the University. There was no question before the Court as to whether the re mainders were vested or contingent.” (This interpretation of Grantham v. Jinnette, supra, was made by Stacy, J. (later C. J.), in Witty v. Witty, supra at 382, 114 S.E. at 486). In Grantham v. Jinnette, supra at 233, 98 S.E. at 726, we find this dictum: “The fact that at the time of the making of the will the person to whom a particular estate was given will presumably be at the testator’s death, the sole member of the class to whom the same property is limited, and the use of terms importing plurality in the membership of the class and requiring a division among them, while not conclusive of an intent to postpone the ascertaining of the membership of the class, are other indications of such an intention properly to be taken into consideration.”

Where the life tenant is the sole member of the class to which the remainder is given, the courts, in ascertaining the testator’s intent, have held: (1) the will created a vested remainder subject to the life estate but excluding the life tenant, Close v. Benham, 97 Conn. 102, 115 Atl. 626; Abbott v. Danforth, supra; In re Carter’s Will, supra; (2) the will created a vested remainder, the remaindermen being determined at the testator’s death, with no exclusion of the life tenant, and the mere circumstance that the devisee of the precedent estate is the sole heir is not sufficient to show that the testator intended heirs or next of kin to be ascertained at any time other than his death, Weil v. Converse, 273 Ala. 495, 142 So. 2d 345; Clardy v. Clardy, 122 S.C. 451, 115 S.E. 603; (3) the will created a contingent remainder in those who answered the roll call at the death of the life tenant, Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. v. Waite, 278 Mass. 244, 179 N.E. 624; Heard v. Read, 169 Mass. 216, 47 N.E. 778; Irvine v. Ross, 339 Mo. 692, 98 S.W. 2d 763; Oleson v. Somogyi, 90 N.J. Eq. 342, 107 Atl. 798; Boyd v. Fanelli, 199 Va. 357, 99 S.E. 2d 619, and where the life tenant is the beneficiary of a spend-thrift trust, the implication is clear that the testator did not intend the life tenant to have an interest in the remainder which would then be liable for his debts, Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co., v. Waite, supra. For more extensive citations see Annot., Right of devisee of precedent estate to take under limitation over to heirs or next of kin of testator, 30 A.L.R. 2d 393, 416, 424.

In this case the devisee of Thomas L. Shepherd refrains from making the futile argument that he is entitled to the corpus of the Thomas L. Shepherd Fund. As we have heretofore indicated, it seems quite clear that testator intended to exclude his son, the life tenant, from the class of his next of kin, and that the son took no interest in the remainder. Of course, the trustee, at any time prior to his death, could have exercised its power to give him the corpus, but this it never did. That possibility, therefore, does not bear upon the question confronting us. Strictly speaking, since the son, the only member of the class of testator’s next of kin, was excluded from the remainder, as long as he lived there was no one who could qualify as testator’s next of kin. The son and Annie Moore Shepherd, the supposed granddaughter, both being excluded from that classification, testator’s three surviving sisters were his next closest kin, but we have already decided that the phrase my next of kin here means “my nearest of kin.” It does not mean “my next nearest of kin,” an offbeat meaning. Therefore, testator’s next of kin could not be ascertained until the son’s death, and the remainder is contingent. Where the remainder is limited to a testator’s next of kin, i. e., his nearest of kin, and where the life tenant is himself the sole nearest of kin, it seems to us impossible to determine the takers of the remainder during the life tenancy, if the life tenant is himself to be excluded.

An additional consideration fortifies, we think, this conclusion. Testator’s three sisters living at his death were related to him in the second degree. Had the remainder vested in them at testator’s death, it would have opened to let in any children born thereafter to the life tenant, Parker v. Parker, supra; Fleetwood v. Fleetwood, 17 N.C. 222; but, as grandchildren are also related to a grandparent in the second degree, testator’s afterborn grandchildren would have shared in his estate with his surviving sisters. Such a result would be possible only under a will giving property to the class “my next of kin” in the usual acceptation of that phrase, since, under the statute of distributions, collaterals are excluded if there are any lineals. In this case, it was much more likely that the life tenant would have children than that testator’s sisters should survive the life tenant. The possibility that collaterals in the second degree would share with second-degree lineals strongly suggests that testator did not intend the remainder to vest until the death of his son. It is not likely that he should want his unnamed grandchildren, if any, to share equally with the estates of his sisters who survived him. He designated no takers by name; he simply resorted to a class designation, and all members of the class would be of the same degree of kinship to him if the roll is called at the death of the life tenant. In form and phraseology the devise under consideration here is indistinguishable from that in Witty v. Witty, supra, and, but for the fact that the life tenant here was the sole representative of the class, testator’s next of kin, this case would in fact be indistinguishable from Witty v. Witty, supra. This fact, however, makes the difference between the vested remainder in Witty and the contingent remainder here. In Jones v. Oliver, supra, testator devised property to his wife for life, remainder to her children, and, if none, to be equally divided among his and his wife’s next of kin. The wife died without issue, and the question arose “at what period is the next of kin to be looked for?” Daniel, J., speaking for this Court, said:

“ (H) ere we see nothing, in the language of the will or in the circumstances of the parties to lead us to suppose that the testator meant to exclude any of the persons, who were next of kin of himself or of his wife at his death, in favor of persons, who might happen to answer the description at the death of his wife without having issue. If the wife had been one of the next of kin, herself, as it is clear the testator intended she should have but a life estate, the argument would be strong that the next of kin at her death were in the testator’s contemplationId. at 373. (Italics ours.)

We hold that the will of W. T. Shepherd manifests an intent that his next of kin be ascertained at the death of Thomas L. Shepherd. Those who answered the roll call on that date were his nieces and nephews: Elizabeth O’K. Bass, Gaynelle O’K. Bunting, Thelma C. Hall, Theodore Campbell, Sallie Beavers, Ella Mae B. Belvin, Elsie B. Weeks, Naomi S. Tillett, and John H. Shepherd, Jr.

The case is remanded for judgment in accordance with this opinion.

Error and remanded.

PaeKer, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.