Central CA Environmental Justice Network v. Randolph

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: July 21, 2023
• Docket: 2:22-cv-01714
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 CENTRAL CALIFORNIA No. 2:22-cv-01714-DJC-CKD ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 11 NETWORK, COMMITTEE FOR A O RDER GRANTING STATE BETTER ARVIN, MEDICAL DEFENDANTS’ REQUEST FOR 12 ADVOCATES FOR HEALTHY AIR, and JUDICIAL NOTICE; GRANTING HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL, 13 P LAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR Plaintiffs, SUMMARY JUDGMENT; AND 14 W ITHHOLDING SUBMISSION OF v. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION REGARDING 15 DEFENDANTS’ OFFER OF LIANE RANDOLPH, in her official 16 capacity as Chair of the Air Resources J UDGMENT Board; STEVEN CLIFF, in his official 17 capacity as Executive Officer of the Air Resources Board; SANDRA BERG, 18 JOHN EISENHUT, DANIEL SPERLING, JOHN BALMES, DIANE TAKVORIAN, 19 DEAN FLOREZ, HECTOR DE LA TORRE, DAVINA HURT, BARBARA 20 RIORDAN, PHIL SERNA, NORA VARGAS, TANIA PACHECO-WERNER, 21 and GIDEON KRACOV, in their official capacities as Board Members of the 22 Air Resources Board; CONNIE LEYVA and EDUARDO GARCIA, in their 23 official capacities as Ex Officio Board Members of the Air Resources Board; 24 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY UNIFIED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT; 25 and the GOVERNING BOARD OF THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY UNIFIED AIR 26 POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT,

27 Defendants. 28 1 This case concerns California’s long-running efforts to reduce air pollution in 2 the San Joaquin Valley to levels required under the Clean Air Act. Central California 3 Environmental Justice Network, Committee for a Better Arvin, Medical Advocates for 4 Healthy Air, and Healthy Environment for All Lives (“Plaintiffs”) move for summary 5 judgment and seek an injunction ordering members of the California Air Resources 6 Board (“CARB”) in their official capacity (“State Defendants”) and the San Joaquin 7 Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District and its Governing Board (together referred 8 to as “San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District” or “District Defendants”) to 9 comply with the Clean Air Act and “develop, adopt, and submit [attainment 10 contingency] measures within 180 days.” (Pls.’ Mem. of P. and A. in supp. of. Pls.’ Mot. 11 for Summ. J. (ECF No. 17-1) at 20 (“MSJ”).) State Defendants and District Defendants 12 (“Defendants”) for their part “do not contest any of the three Issues identified by 13 Plaintiffs[,]” instead only disputing the proper remedy. (State Defs.’ Mem. of P. and A. 14 in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (ECF No. 21) at1–2 (“MSJ Opp’n”).) 15 For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for 16 Summary Judgment and orders Defendants to submit attainment contingency 17 measures for approval by the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA”) with sufficient 18 time for the EPA to review and approve before the December 15, 2024 final 19 attainment decision deadline for the EPA. The Court shall retain jurisdiction to modify 20 and ensure compliance with its order. 21 BACKGROUND 22 I. The Clean Air Act 23 The Clean Air Act of 1970, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7401, et seq. authorized the 24 EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards (“NAAQS”). See Friends of the 25 Earth v. Carey, 535 F.3d 165, 168 (2d Cir. 1976) (“Carey”). National ambient air quality 26 standards established by the EPA “set maximum levels for certain air-borne toxins.” 27 Am. Lung Ass’n of N.J. v. Kean, 871 F.2d 319, 322 (3d Cir. 1989) (“AMA of New 28 Jersey”). States must attain the relevant NAAQS based on “an elaborate timetable” 1 Congress created in the 1990 amendments because of “perceived ‘widespread 2 failure’ to meet the air quality standards . . . .” Hall v. U.S. E.P.A., 273 F.3d 1146, 1153– 3 54 (9th Cir. 2001) (footnote omitted). 4 The Clean Air Act designates areas as “air quality control regions” with three 5 possible classifications: attainment, nonattainment, and unclassifiable. See 42 U.S.C. 6 § 7407(b), (d). For nonattainment areas, the Clean Air Act further classifies them as: 7 (1) “Marginal;” (2) “Moderate;” (3) “Serious;” (4) “Severe;” or (5) “Extreme.” See 42 8 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1). “For each area classified under this subsection, the primary 9 standard attainment date for ozone shall be as expeditiously as practicable but not 10 later than the date provided in [a table].” Id. These attainment deadlines for 11 nonattainment areas are particularly important because failure to attain by the relevant 12 deadline triggers automatic reclassification to a higher designation, which can expose 13 the State to sanctions and fines, see 42 U.S.C. § 7511(b)(4) (consequences for a 14 “Severe” area for failing to attain a standard); 42 U.S.C. § 7509 (consequences for a 15 State for failing to attain a standard in general). See generally 42 U.S.C. §§ 7511–11f. 16 States create the plans, called state implementation plans or “SIPs”, that 17 execute the goals set by the EPA and Congress. See South Coast Air Quality Mgmt. 18 Dist. v. E.P.A., 472 F.3d 882, 886 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“South Coast I”) (citing 42 U.S.C. 19 § 7410). “These SIPs are promulgated by state agencies after notice and comment 20 and must be approved by the EPA after it conducts its own notice and comment 21 proceedings.” AMA of New Jersey, 871 F.2d at 322 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 7410). CARB 22 adopts and submits SIPs and SIP revisions to the EPA that are created by the local 23 districts, such as the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.1 “By virtue of the 24 States’ roles in devising a strategy and adopting an implementation plan, the Supreme 25 Court has emphasized that ‘[i]t is to the States that the [Clean Air] Act assigns initial

1 See Clean Air Plans; 2008 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Requirements; San Joaquin Valley, California, 83 Fed. Reg. 44,528, 44,529 (proposed Aug. 31, 2018) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 52) (“2018 Proposed Partial Approval of San Joaquin Valley’s 2008 Eight-Hour Ozone Plan”). 1 and primary responsibility for deciding what emissions reductions will be required 2 from which sources.’” Hall, 273 F.3d at 1153 (quoting Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 3 531 U.S. 457, 470–72 (2001)) (first alteration included; second alteration added). 4 “Since abatement and control of air pollution through systematic and timely 5 attainment of the air quality standards is Congress’ overriding objective, a [state 6 implementation] plan, once adopted by a state and approved by the EPA, becomes 7 controlling and must be carried out by the state.” Carey, 535 F.2d at 169. A state 8 “may not unilaterally alter the legal commitments of its SIP once [the] EPA approves 9 the plan.” Safe Air for Everyone v. U.S. E.P.A., 488 F.3d 1088, 1097 (9th Cir. 2007) 10 (“SAFE v. EPA”) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 7416). After approval, the Clean Air Act offers few 11 alternatives for states trying to modify their commitments. See Carey, 535 F.2d at 169. 12 A state may submit revisions, reclassify to a higher designation, or attain the standard. 13 To the extent any plan revisions are permitted, “[t]he [EPA] Administrator shall not 14 approve a revision of a plan if the revision would interfere with any applicable 15 requirement concerning attainment and reasonable further progress (as defined in 16 section 7501 of this title), or any other applicable requirement of this chapter.” 42 17 U.S.C. § 7410(l). The EPA Administrator may redesignate an area from nonattainment 18 to attainment only if certain conditions are met that require the EPA Administrator to 19 find all outstanding commitments satisfied and that the area attained the relevant 20 standard due to “permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions . . . .” 42 U.S.C. 21 § 7407(d)(3)(E). “In all other instances, the State is relegated to a lone option: 22 compliance.” Carey, 535 F.2d at 178 (citations omitted). 23 The Clean Air Act “provides a private right of action for citizens to enforce an 24 SIP by bringing a civil action in federal district court.” Sierra Club v. U.S. E.P.A., 671 25 F.3d 955, 959 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 7604) (“Sierra Club”). This cause of 26 action enforcing a SIP arises under 42 U.S.C. section 7604(a). When Congress crafted 27 the citizen-suit provision of the Clean Air Act, “Congress made clear that citizen 28 groups are not to be treated as nuisances or troublemakers but rather as welcomed 1 participants in the vindication of environmental interests. Fearing that administrative 2 enforcement might falter or stall, ‘the citizen suits provision reflected a deliberate 3 choice by Congress to widen citizens access to the courts, as a supplemental and 4 effective assurance that the Act would be implemented and enforced.’” Carey, 535 5 F.2d at 172 (quoting Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Train, 510 F.2d 692, 6 700 (D.C. Cir. 1975) (“NRDC v. Train”)). “Citizens’ suits are limited to enforcing a SIP’s 7 specific strategies, however, and may not enforce its overall objectives or aspirational 8 goals.” El Commité Para el Bienestar de Earlimart v. U.S. E.P.A., 786 F.3d 688, 692 (9th 9 Cir. 2015) (“El Comité”) (citing Bayview Hunters Cmty. Advocs. v. Metro. Transp. 10 Comm’n, 366 F.3d 692, 701 (9th Cir. 2004)). 11 II. The San Joaquin Valley’s Air Pollution Problem 12 A. The EPA’s Ozone Standards Applied to the San Joaquin Valley 13 “The San Joaquin Valley is a large inland area of California extending from the 14 Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the north to the Tehachapi Mountains in the South.” 15 Ass’n of Irritated Residents v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 10 F.4th 937, 942 (9th Cir. 2021) 16 (“AIR v. EPA”). As the Ninth Circuit recently recognized, “the [San Joaquin] Valley has 17 long struggled to attain air quality standards for ozone.” Id. “The Valley has long 18 been ‘an area with some of the worst air quality in the United States,’ and it has 19 repeatedly failed to meet air quality standards.” Id. at 944 (quoting Committee for a 20 Better Arvin v. U.S. E.P.A., 786 F.3d 1169, 1173 (9th Cir. 2015)). 21 In brief, the EPA has revised the applicable ozone standard three times, first 22 establishing the 1979 One-Hour Ozone standard that was replaced by the 1997 Eight- 23 Hour Ozone standard, then by the 2008 Eight-Hour Ozone standard, then by the 2015 24 Eight-Hour Ozone standard, which is currently in effect.2 While the EPA expressly 25 revoked two of these standards (the 1979 One-Hour Ozone standard and the 1997 26 Eight-Hour Ozone standard), for areas that failed to satisfy the prior standards when

2 See Review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 85 Fed. Reg. 87,256, 87,259–60 (Dec. 31, 2020) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 50) (final action explaining history of air quality standards). 1 they applied, these nonattainment areas remain subject to outstanding requirements 2 under the prior standards because of anti-backsliding provisions in the Clean Air Act, 3 including, relevant here, contingency measures under sections 172(c)(9) (codified at 4 42 U.S.C. section 7502) and 182(c)(9) (codified at 42 U.S.C. section 7511a).3 The San 5 Joaquin Valley is one of these nonattainment areas for the 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone 6 standard, and thus has outstanding obligations under that standard that are at issue in 7 the instant lawsuit. As a result, Defendants have overlapping and potentially 8 duplicative requirements under the 1997 and 2008 Ozone standards.4 9 B. The 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP 10 On September 27, 2007, CARB adopted the State Strategy for California’s 2007 11 State Implementation Plan (“State Strategy”). (See Compl. ¶ 42.) On April 24, 2009, 12 CARB adopted the Status Report on the State Strategy for California’s 2007 State 13 Implementation Plan and Proposed Revision to the SIP Reflecting Implementation of 14 the 2007 State Strategy (“Status Report”). (See Compl. ¶ 44.) Each of these 15 documents was submitted to the EPA to satisfy portions of the state implementation 16 plan for the 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone standard. 17 To clarify the State’s obligations under the SIP it had proposed to the EPA, on 18 July 21, 2011, CARB adopted Resolution 11-22, which includes “a commitment by the 19 State to develop, adopt, and submit contingency measures by 2020 if advanced 20 technology measures do not achieve planned reductions.” (State Defs.’ Resp. to Pls.’ 21 Statement of Undisputed Facts (ECF No. 21-2) No. 1 (“SOF”) (undisputed) (citing

3 See Implementation of the 2008 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: State Implementation Plan Requirements, 80 Fed. Reg. 12,264, 12,285, 12,296 (Mar. 6, 2015) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Parts 50–52 and 70–71) (“Final 2008 Eight-Hour Ozone Implementation Rule”). 4 See Withdrawal and Partial Approval/Partial Disapproval of Clean Air Plans; San Joaquin Valley, California; Contingency Measures for 2008 Ozone Standards, 87 Fed. Reg. 59,688, 59,690 (Oct. 3, 2022) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 52) (taking final action to disapprove the submitted contingency measures in light of AIR v. EPA). Contrast with Final 2008 Eight-Hour Ozone Implementation Rule, 80 Fed. Reg. at 12,297 (“In this time of diminished resources, the [S]tates and the EPA need to move forward efficiently without being overburdened by unnecessary paperwork requirements arising from former standards that can detract from efficient movement towards more stringent standards.”). 1 Declaration of Brent Newell (ECF No. 17-8) at 1:5–6 (“Newell Decl.”)); MSJ Ex. 1 (ECF 2 No. 17-9) at 4 (“CARB Res. 11-22”) (providing a copy of CARB Res. 11-22).) In light of 3 this resolution, the EPA then proposed to approve the San Joaquin Valley’s SIP 4 revisions for the 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone standard.5 The EPA’s proposed approval was 5 conditioned on several commitments from the San Joaquin Valley and CARB, 6 including “the State’s enforceable commitment ‘to develop, adopt, and submit 7 contingency measures by 2020 if advanced technology measures do not achieve 8 planned reductions.’”6 The EPA also noted that “CARB has committed to meet 9 annually with [the] EPA” regarding contingency measures and new technologies.7 10 In a letter dated November 18, 2011, CARB affirmed the EPA’s interpretation of 11 Resolution 11-22 to include a commitment to develop, adopt, and submit by 2020 12 attainment contingency measures. (See SOF No. 2 (undisputed) (citing Newell Decl. 13 ¶ 4; MSJ Ex. 2 (ECF No. 17-10) at 2 (“11/18/2011 Letter from CARB to the EPA re 14 Contingency Measures”).) CARB stated in the November 18, 2011 letter to the EPA, 15 despite some ambiguity in the language of its commitment, that “[C]ARB is making an 16 enforceable commitment now, and this commitment is to ‘develop, adopt, and submit 17 contingency measures by 2020 if advanced technology measures do not achieve 18 planned reductions.’” (11/18/2011 Letter from CARB to the EPA re Contingency 19 Measures at 2.) CARB further confirmed that this commitment also included “an

5 See Approval of Air Quality Implementation Plans; California; San Joaquin Valley; Attainment Plan for 1997 8-Hour Ozone Standard, 76 Fed. Reg. 57,846 (proposed Sept. 16, 2011) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 52) (“2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions”). 6 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,855 (quoting CARB Res. 11-22); see also id. at 57,864 (“[W]e propose to approve CARB’s enforceable commitment to submit, no later than 2020, additional contingency measures under CAA section 182(e)(5) that meet the requirements for attainment contingency measures in CAA section 172(c)(9), in addition to contingency measures to be implemented if the anticipated long-term measures approved pursuant to section 182(e)(5) do not achieve planned reductions.” (footnote omitted) (citing CARB Res. 11-22)). 7 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,855; see Approval of Air Quality Implementation Plans; California; San Joaquin Valley; Attainment Plan for 1997 8-Hour Ozone Standards, 77 Fed. Reg. 12,652, 12,654 (Mar. 1, 2012) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 52) (“2012 Final Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions”). 1 enforceable commitment, in accordance with sections 172(c)(9) and 182(e)(5) of the 2 Clean Air Act, to adopt and implement specific contingency measures to be 3 undertaken if the South Coast or San Joaquin Valley nonattainment areas fail to attain 4 the national 8-hour ambient air quality standard for ozone by the applicable 5 attainment date.” (Id.) 6 Although section 172(c)(9) of the Clean Air Act does not state when these 7 contingency measures must be submitted to the EPA Administrator, CARB stated that 8 “[c]onsistent with section 182(e)(5), [C]ARB has committed to submit such contingency 9 measures to U.S. EPA no later than three years before the applicable attainment date.” 10 (11/18/2011 Letter from CARB to the EPA re Contingency Measures at 2.) Following 11 this, the EPA included CARB Resolution 11-22 in the Code of Federal Regulations 12 codifying portions of California’s SIPs, which is described as including a 13 “[c]ommitment to develop, adopt and submit by 2020 contingency measures to be 14 implemented if advanced technology measures do not achieve the planned 15 reductions and attainment contingency measures meeting the requirements of [Clean 16 Air Act section] 172(c)(9), pursuant to [Clean Air Act] section 182(e)(5) as given on 17 page 4.” 40 C.F.R. § 52.220(396)(ii)(A)(2)(i). Thus, the SIP addressing the 1997 Eight- 18 Hour Ozone standard in the San Joaquin Valley consists of the aforementioned 19 documents, specifically including “CARB’s July 2011 revisions to the Ozone SIP (CARB 20 Resolution 11-22 (Jul. 21, 2011)).” (MSJ Opp’n at 4.) 21 III. Proecural History 22 Plaintiffs filed the Complaint after giving Defendants sixty days written notice on 23 July 29, 2022 as required by the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. section 7604(b)(1). (See 24 Compl. ¶ 11; also Compl. Ex. 1 (ECF No. 1-1) (providing a copy of the 7/29/2022 letter 25 from Plaintiffs’ counsel to Defendants).) After Defendants filed answers (see State 26 Defs.’ Answer (ECF No. 14); District Defs.’ Answer (ECF No. 13)), Plaintiffs and State 27 Defendants filed a joint scheduling report (see Joint Sched. Rep. (ECF No. 16) (“JSR”)). 28 In the Joint Scheduling Report, “Defendants admit that the State Implementation Plan 1 included a commitment to develop, adopt, and submit 42 U.S.C. § 7502(c)(9) 2 contingency measures to [the] EPA by 2020, and that this commitment is outstanding.” 3 (JSR at 2.) As Defendants framed the case: “[t]he only issue is what, if anything, is the 4 proper remedy in this action under the Clean Air Act, including whether jurisdiction 5 properly lies in this Court.” (Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 7509, 7604).) 6 On November 28, 2022, Plaintiffs filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. 7 (See MSJ (“Motion”); Pls.’ Mot. re Defs.’ Judgment Offer or to Quash Service of 8 Judgment (ECF No. 20-1) at 4 (“Rule 68 Motion” or “Rule 68 Mot.”).) On March 28, 9 2023, after the Motion for Summary Judgment was fully briefed, State Defendants 10 filed a Request for Judicial Notice (see ECF No. 30 (motion for administrative relief to 11 file request for judicial notice); ECF No. 30-1 at 1–4 (request for judicial notice); ECF 12 No. 30-1 at 5–48 (“Draft EPA Guidance on Nonattainment Area SIP Contingency 13 Measures”)), which Plaintiffs opposed (see ECF No. 31). 14 On April 4, 2023, Plaintiffs’ case was reassigned to this Court. (See ECF No. 32.) 15 On April 27, 2023, Plaintiffs filed a motion for an expedited decision regarding the 16 outstanding Motion for Summary Judgment. (See ECF No. 34.) The Court denied the 17 motion as moot because the Court ordered oral arguments on all outstanding 18 motions (i.e., the Motion for Summary Judgment, the Rule 68 Motion, and the Request 19 for Judicial Notice) for July 6, 2023. (See ECF No. 35.) The Court also granted the 20 Parties’ stipulation that Committee for a Better Arvin file a supplemental standing 21 declaration, which Plaintiffs filed on June 20, 2023. (See ECF No 37 (order); ECF No. 22 38 (supplemental declaration).) Following oral argument, the Court also granted 23 Defendants the option of providing updates on any progress towards proposing 24 attainment contingency measures for the 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone standard for the 25 EPA to approve. (See ECF No. 39.) Defendants filed a supplemental declaration from 26 Sylvia Vanderspek. (See Decl. in Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (ECF No. 40) 27 (“Supplemental Vanderspek Declaration” or “Vanderspek Suppl. Decl.”).) The motions 28 are now fully briefed and argued. 1 ANALYSIS 2 I. Request for Judicial Notice 3 A. Standard 4 Only one rule covers judicial notice, Federal Rule of Evidence 201, which 5 governs “judicial notice of an adjudicative fact only, not a legislative fact.” Fed. R. 6 Evid. 201(a). Courts may take judicial notice of an adjudicative fact that is "not subject 7 to reasonable dispute." Fed. R. Evid. 201(b); see also Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, 8 Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 994 (9th Cir. 2018) ("clarify[ing] when it is proper to take judicial 9 notice of facts in documents, or to incorporate by reference documents in a 10 complaint, and when it is not[]"). A fact is "not subject to reasonable dispute" if it 11 "(1) is generally known within the trial court's territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be 12 accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably 13 be questioned." Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). A court may therefore take judicial notice of 14 matters of public record, but the court may not take judicial notice of disputed facts 15 contained in those public records. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 16 (9th Cir. 2001); United States ex rel. Lee v. Corinthian Colleges, 655 F.3d 984, 999 (9th 17 Cir. 2011) (finding that financial reports submitted by Ernst and Young were not 18 judicially noticeable because Ernst and Young's compliance with the Higher 19 Education Act was an "open question[] requiring further factual development[]"). 20 However, the court “must take judicial notice if a party requests it and the court is 21 supplied with the necessary information.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(c)(2). 22 B. Analysis 23 Defendants ask this Court to take judicial notice of draft EPA guidance made in 24 response to the Ninth Circuit’s decision in AIR v. EPA, 10 F.4th at 937, proposing to 25 change the method of calculating progress for contingency measures. (See ECF No. 26 30 at 3; generally Draft EPA Guidance on Nonattainment Area SIP Contingency 27 Measures.) Plaintiffs oppose, first arguing that Defendants are procedurally barred 28 from making such motions at this time, and second arguing that Defendants are 1 precluded from introducing such evidence because it is not relevant. (See ECF No. 31 2 at 2–3.) Plaintiffs’ objections are without merit. 3 Regarding Plaintiff’s procedural objection, local rules cannot trump the federal 4 rules. See Marshall v. Gates, 44 F.3d 722, 724 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 5 83). “A local rule must be consistent with—but not duplicate—federal statutes and 6 rules . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 83(a)(1). Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the only rule 7 governing judicial notice, states that the court “must take judicial notice if a party 8 requests it and the court is supplied with the necessary information.” Fed. R. Evid. 9 201(c)(2). “The court may take judicial notice at any stage of the proceeding.” Fed. R. 10 Evid. 201(d). Therefore, if Defendants request judicial notice of information and 11 Defendants supply the information to grant such a request, this Court must grant it. 12 Plaintiffs’ second objection regarding the substantive relevance of the EPA’s 13 draft guidance similarly has no merit. First, the United States Code clearly states that 14 “[t]he contents of the Federal Register shall be judicially noticed . . . .” 44 U.S.C. 15 § 1507. Second, the Ninth Circuit has previously granted a request to take judicial 16 notice of a proposed rulemaking published in the Federal Register, as here. See 17 Bayview, 366 F.3d at 702 n.5. 18 C. Conclusion 19 Because Defendants have requested this Court to take judicial notice of the 20 draft EPA guidance and have provided the material for doing so, the Court GRANTS 21 Defendants’ Motion for Administrative Relief and GRANTS Defendants’ Request for 22 Judicial Notice. Accordingly, the Court takes judicial notice of the entire draft EPA 23 guidance. 24 II. Motion for Summary Judgment 25 A. Standard 26 The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary judgment when “the 27 pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together 28 with affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and 1 that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); 2 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The “threshold inquiry” is whether 3 “there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a finder of 4 fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party” or conversely 5 “whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson v. 6 Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250–52 (1986). Here, no facts are disputed. (See 7 generally SOF Nos. 1–8.) 8 B. Analysis 9 Plaintiffs identify three issues in their Motion for Summary Judgment. (See MSJ 10 at 1–2 (providing a Statement of Issues).) First, Plaintiffs ask this Court to determine 11 “[w]hether the commitment in the State Implementation Plan to develop, adopt, and 12 submit by 2020 attainment contingency measures and advanced technology 13 contingency measures is an emission standard or limitation and an enforceable 14 strategy." (Id. at 1.) Second, Plaintiffs ask this Court to determine “[w]hether 15 Defendants violated an emission standard or limitation when Defendants failed to 16 develop, adopt, and submit attainment contingency measures.” (Id. at 2.) Third, 17 Plaintiffs ask “[w]hether the Court should order Defendants to develop, adopt, and 18 submit the attainment contingency measures.” (Id.) “Defendants do not contest any 19 of the three Issues identified by Plaintiffs. . . . Rather, the only disputed issue before 20 the Court is . . . : [] To the extent the Court determines judgment is warranted, what is 21 the proper remedy?” (MSJ Opp’n at 2 (citation omitted).) 22 1. Plaintiffs Have Established Article III Standing to Sue. 23 While none of the Defendants currently raises the issue of whether Plaintiffs 24 have standing, Article III courts “have ‘an independent obligation to assure that 25 standing exists, regardless of whether it is challenged by any of the parties.’” Central 26 Sierra Env’t Resources Ctr. v. Stanislaus Nat’l Forest, 30 F.4th 929, 937 (9th Cir. 2022) 27 (quoting Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 489 (2009)). Federal courts have 28 this independent obligation because “the core component of standing is an essential 1 and unchanging part of the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III[,]” Lujan v. 2 Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992), and “[t]he ‘law of Art[icle] III standing 3 is built on a single basic idea—the idea of separation of powers.’” TransUnion LLC v. 4 Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2203 (2021) (quoting Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 820 5 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Nonetheless, the Court finds that Plaintiffs 6 have established standing. 7 The Supreme Court has “established that the irreducible minimum of standing 8 contains three elements.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560. “To establish Article III standing, a 9 plaintiff must show (1) that it has suffered an injury in fact that is (a) concrete and 10 particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury 11 is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as 12 opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable 13 decision.” AIR v. EPA, 10 F.4th at 943 (quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw 14 Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 (2000)) (internal quotation marks 15 omitted). “An association has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when its 16 members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right, the interests at 17 stake are germane to the organization’s purpose, and neither the claim asserted nor 18 the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit.” 19 Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 171 (citing Hunt v. Wash. St. Apple Advert. Comm’n, 20 432 U.S. 333, 343 (1977)). 21 The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing 22 standing. See TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2201–02 (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561). “But 23 standing is not dispensed in gross.” Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 459 n.6 (1996). 24 “Since they are not mere pleading requirements but rather an indispensable part of 25 the plaintiff’s case, each element must be supported in the same way as any other 26 matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and 27 degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Lujan, 504 U.S. 28 at 561 (citations omitted). Every party invoking a federal court’s jurisdiction must 1 assert standing, and “plaintiffs must demonstrate standing for each claim that they 2 press and for each form of relief that they seek (for example, injunctive relief and 3 damages).” TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2208 (citing Davis v. Fed. Elec. Comm’n, 554 U.S. 4 724, 733 (2008); Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 185). 5 Here, Plaintiffs comprise four environmental organizations seeking declaratory 6 and injunctive relief against Defendants: (1) Central California Environmental Justice 7 Network, (2) Committee for a Better Arvin, (3) Medical Advocates for a Healthy Air, 8 and (4) Healthy Environment for All. Each must establish standing individually as an 9 organization and for at least one of its members. All four do. 10 At summary judgment, the Ninth Circuit has observed that declarations from 11 members can be sufficient to establish their individual Article III standing. Central 12 Sierra, 30 F.4th at 937. (See also Declaration of Nayamin Martinez (ECF No. 17-4) 13 (“Martinez Decl.”) (establishing standing for Central California Environmental Justice 14 Network); Declaration of Estela Escoto (ECF No. 38) (“Escoto Decl.”) (establishing 15 standing for Committee for a Better Arvin); Declaration of Kevin Hamilton (ECF No. 17- 16 6) (“Hamilton Decl.”) (establishing standing for Medical Advocates for Healthy Air); 17 Declaration of Veronica Aguirre (ECF No. 17-7) (“Aguirre Decl.”) (establishing standing 18 for Healthy Environment for All).) Addressing the second and third requirements for 19 the associational or organizational standing of Plaintiffs, none of the individual 20 members are needed for declaratory or injunctive relief, and violations of the Clean 21 Air Act are germane to their missions as environmental organizations. See Central 22 Sierra, 30 F.4th at 937. (See also Martinez Decl. ¶¶ 3–4 (establishing Central California 23 Environmental Justice Network’s mission); Escoto Decl. ¶¶ 3–5 (establishing 24 Committee for a Better Arvin’s mission); Hamilton Decl. ¶ 2 (establishing Medical 25 Advocates for Healthy Air’s mission); Aguirre Decl. ¶ 3 (establishing Healthy 26 Environment for All’s mission).) All that remains is for each Plaintiff to prove that at 27 least one member of its organization has standing, which each does. See Central 28 Sierra, 30 F.4th at 937; AIR v. EPA, 10 F.4th at 943. 1 Courts have held “that environmental plaintiffs adequately allege injury in fact 2 when they aver that they use the affected area and are persons ‘for whom the 3 aesthetic and recreational values of the area will be lessened’ by the challenged 4 activity.” Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 182 (quoting Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 5 727, 735 (1972)). Applying that reasoning, the Ninth Circuit has explained that 6 “evidence of a credible threat to the plaintiff’s physical well-being from airborne 7 pollutants falls well within the range of injuries to cognizable interests that may confer 8 standing.” AIR v. EPA, 10 F.4th at 943 (quoting Hall v. Norton, 266 F.3d 969, 976 (9th 9 Cir. 2001)). Here, each Plaintiff organization has credibly declared that one of its 10 members will suffer adverse health effects, incurred additional costs, and will not be 11 able to enjoy the same activities outside as before because of worsening air pollution. 12 (See Martinez Decl. ¶¶ 7–13; Escoto Decl. ¶¶ 8–10; Hamilton Decl. ¶¶ 10, 13–22; 13 Aguirre Decl. ¶¶ 5–8.) Therefore, each Plaintiff has established an injury in fact that is 14 concrete and particularized and actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical. 15 Plaintiffs each also satisfy the final two elements of Article III standing of 16 traceability and redressability. The Ninth Circuit has already held that inadequate 17 contingency measures that must be implemented should the San Joaquin Valley fail to 18 meet attainment satisfy the traceability and redressability requirements of standing 19 given “[t]he threat that the Valley will continue to fail to meet the ozone standard—and 20 therefore that the contingency measure will be activated—is neither conjectural nor 21 hypothetical, but a reasonable inference from the historical record.” AIR v. EPA, 10 22 F.4th at 944. Thus, Plaintiffs have established standing to sue. 23 2. Defendants Adopted an Enforceable Commitment to Develop 24 Contingency Measures. 25 The Clean Air Act provides a cause of action for citizens against any individual 26 or entity “to the extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment” to, relevant here, 27 enforce an “emission standard or limitation” under the Clean Air Act. See 42 U.S.C. 28 § 7604(a)(1). “The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount 1 in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission standard 2 or limitation . . . and to apply any appropriate civil penalties (except for actions 3 [against the EPA Administrator]).” 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a). The Clean Air Act broadly 4 defines an “emission standard or limitation.” See 42 U.S.C. § 7604(f). However, just 5 because there appears to be an emission standard or limitation that falls within the 6 scope of the applicable SIP does not automatically make it a specific and therefore 7 enforceable SIP strategy or measure as opposed to the SIP’s overall objectives or 8 aspirational goals. See Bayview Hunters, 366 F.3d at 701. Ultimately, enforcing a SIP 9 is a matter of interpretation. 10 “In interpretating a SIP, [courts] begin with a look toward the plain meaning of 11 the plan and stop there if the language is clear.” SAFE v. EPA, 488 F.3d at 1095. 12 Courts interpret SIPs “based on their plain meaning when such a meaning is apparent, 13 not absurd, and not contradicted by the manifest intent of [the] EPA, as expressed in 14 the promulgating documents available to the public.” Id. at 1100. When a SIP is 15 ambiguous, courts “defer to [the] EPA’s interpretation if it is reasonable.” El Comité, 16 786 F.3d at 696. And courts interpret the SIP “in light of the overall statutory and 17 regulatory scheme.” Id. at 696–97 (quoting Bayview Hinters, 366 F.3d at 701). Courts 18 have referred to the proposed notices of approval, the final action approving the SIP, 19 the Code of Federal Regulations, and the materials cited within those publicly 20 available sources when interpreting the scope of an SIP and its enforceable 21 commitments. See, e.g., El Comité Para El Bienestar de Earlimart v. Warmerdam, 539 22 F.3d 1062, 1067–68 (9th Cir. 2008). When determining what constitutes a 23 commitment that is enforceable by a district court, the Ninth Circuit has focused on 24 whether the specific language of the SIP is mandatory and non-discretionary or 25 permissive, and whether the strategy or goal at issue is within the control of the State 26 or relevant agency. See Committee for a Better Arvin, 786 F.3d at 1179–80. 27 There can be no question that Defendants committed the San Joaquin Valley to 28 an enforceable emission standard or limitation actionable under the Clean Air Act’s 1 citizen-suit provision, and Defendants concede this point. (See MSJ Opp’n at 1–2.) 2 The EPA’s final approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP in 3 2012 relied on submissions in Defendants’ 2011 proposed SIP revisions that 4 “contain[ed] the State’s enforceable commitment ‘to develop, adopt, and submit 5 contingency measures by 2020 . . . and in a letter dated November 18, 2011 . . . , 6 CARB confirmed that [the] EPA’s understanding of this enforceable commitment is 7 correct.”8 The EPA, CARB, and this Court understand the plain text of the final 8 approval to provide an enforceable commitment.9 The question is what the scope of 9 this commitment is and therefore the scope of any order enforcing this commitment. 10 (See MSJ Opp’n at 6–8.) 11 Defendants do not contest that the minimum scope of the commitment is to 12 craft contingency measures, but they argue that there is no substantive scope to that 13 commitment. (See MSJ Opp’n at 6.) That is, Defendants argue that all that can be 14 compelled here is what is stated in the Code of Federal Regulations: a “[c]ommitment 15 to develop, adopt and submit by 2020 contingency measures to be implemented if 16 advanced technology measures do not achieve the planned reductions and 17 attainment contingency measures meeting the requirements of [42 U.S.C. 18 section 7502(c)(9)], pursuant to [42 U.S.C. section 7511a(e)(5)] as given on page 4.” 19 40 C.F.R. § 52.220(396)(ii)(A)(2)(i). Plaintiffs ask this Court to go further, however, 20 arguing that “the commitment broadly includes applicable contingency measure 21 requirements, which EPA interpreted in the notice of proposed rulemaking made 22 available to the public.” (ECF No. 26 at 2–3 (Plaintiffs’ Reply).) Plaintiffs’ proposed 23 order suggests language directing Defendants to develop, adopt and submit 24 attainment contingency measures “to achieve reductions of 3 percent of the adjusted

8 2012 Final Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP, 77 Fed. Reg. at 12,664. 9 See 2012 Final Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP, 77 Fed. Reg. at 12,664 (“With respect to the requirement for contingency measures . . . , CARB confirmed that [the] EPA’s understanding of this is correct.” (citing CARB Res. 11-22; 11/18/2011 Letter from CARB to the EPA re Contingency Measures; Status Report at 25–27)). 1 2002 base year inventory . . . no later than 180 days from the date of this order.” (ECF 2 No. 17-3 at 2.) 3 Plaintiffs, however, are unable to point to language evincing a commitment to 4 adopt contingency measures to achieve a three percent reduction. First, Plaintiffs 5 point to language in the portion of the EPA’s proposed approval of California’s SIP 6 governing contingency measures where the EPA noted that “[a]dditional guidance on 7 the [Clean Air Act] contingency measure provisions is found in the General Preamble 8 at 13510–13512 and 13530.”10 The EPA’s proposed approval went on to say that the 9 “guidance indicates that states should adopt and submit contingency measures 10 sufficient to provide a 3 percent emissions reduction . . . .”11 As an initial matter, 11 however, the General Preamble was intended to “provide the public with advance 12 notice of how EPA generally intends to interpret various requirements and associated 13 issues that have arisen under title I of the [Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990].”12 This 14 language suggests that the three percent standard for contingency measures is 15 general guidance that is more akin to an aspirational goal, see Citizens for a Better 16 Environment v. Deukmejian, 731 F. Supp. 1448, 1459–61 and n.21 (N.D. Cal. 1990), 17 rather than an enforceable obligation. Indeed, the summary to the General Preamble 18 itself proclaims that these are “preliminary interpretations, and thus do not bind the 19 States and the public as a matter of law.”13 20 Turning to the specific language in the EPA’s proposal approving California’s 21 SIP that “states should adopt and submit contingency measures sufficient to provide a

10 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,863. 11 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,863). 12 State Implementation Plans; General Preamble for the Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 57 Fed. Reg. 13,498, 13,499 (Apr. 16, 1992) (codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 52) (“General Preamble to the Clean Air Act of 1990”) (emphasis added). 13 General Preamble to the Clean Air Act of 1990, 57 Fed. Reg. at 13,498. 1 3 percent emissions reduction . . . [,]”14 this language is likewise not binding or 2 mandatory. The language is not directed at California specifically, despite being in a 3 proposal approving California’s SIP, and uses the word “should,” rather than more 4 mandatory language. Consistent with the reference to the General Preamble 5 immediately preceding this sentence, this language is not an enforceable strategy. 6 At oral argument, Plaintiffs pointed to language in section F.3 of the proposed 7 rule to approve the SIP at issue that discussed contingency measures in a manner that 8 appeared to suggest a three percent requirement.15 There, the EPA noted that a 9 Reasonable Further Progress demonstration it proposed to approve had sufficient 10 excess reductions of nitrogen oxide (“NOX”) “to provide the 3 percent of adjusted 11 baseline emissions reductions needed to meet the [Reasonable Further Progress] 12 contingency measure requirement for 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020.”16 According to 13 Plaintiffs, the EPA’s statement that it was approving these contingency measures 14 “based in part on CARB’s commitment to submit by 2020 additional contingency 15 measures meeting the requirements of” section 172(c)(9) of the Clean Air Act should 16 be interpreted to likewise require a three percent reduction in baseline emissions. 17 However, as Defendants pointed out, footnote 36 belies that conclusion, with the EPA 18 stating that these contingency measures “should, at a minimum, ensure that an 19 appropriate level of emissions reduction progress continues to be made if attainment 20 is not achieved and additional planning by the State is needed.”17 With this context, it

14 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,863. 15 See 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,864 and n.36. 16 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,864 (emphasis added). 17 2011 Proposed Approval of the San Joaquin Valley’s 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone SIP Revisions, 76 Fed. Reg. at 57,864 n.36 (emphasis added) (citing General Preamble to the Clean Air Act of 1990, 57 Fed. Reg. at 13,524). 1 is clear that the language cited by Plaintiffs does not constitute an enforceable 2 commitment. 3 The applicable SIP required that California “develop, adopt and submit by 4 2020 . . . attainment contingency measures meeting the requirements of [Clean Air 5 Act section] 172(c)(9) . . . .” 40 C.F.R. § 52.220(396)(ii)(A)(2)(i). The Court finds that the 6 SIP only requires that such contingency measures have been submitted by 2020 and 7 lacks any substantive requirement that this Court may impose. 8 3. Defendants Violated the Enforceable Commitment. 9 As stated before, Defendants have never contested liability, only questioning 10 the scope of the remedy, which was implicitly a challenge to the scope of the SIP and 11 the enforceable scope of the citizen-suit provision. (Compare with State Defs.’ Answer 12 at 9 (fourth affirmative defense claiming that “[t]he Court lacks subject matter 13 jurisdiction because the Clean Air Act citizen suit provision does not authorize suits 14 against [S]tates for failure to adopt control measures[]”).) 15 C. Conclusion 16 For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that Defendants made an 17 enforceable “[c]ommitment to develop, adopt and submit by 2020 . . . attainment 18 contingency measures meeting the requirements of [Clean Air Act section] 19 172(c)(9) . . . .” 40 C.F.R. § 52.220(396)(ii)(A)(2)(i). The EPA has adopted that 20 commitment, which now has the force of federal law. Defendants have violated this 21 duty by failing to craft such contingency measures, and the Court will issue a remedial 22 order to enforce this requirement. 23 III. Motion to Quash Offer of Judgment as Null and Void 24 On December 19, 2022, Plaintiffs claim that “Defendants attempted to invoke 25 Rule 68 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (‘Rule 68’) by emailing the Offer of 26 Judgment to counsel for [Plaintiffs].” (Rule 68 Mot. at 2.) Plaintiffs seek to nullify and 27 void the Offer of Judgment. (See id.) This is mostly a dispute about future 28 recoverable fees available to Plaintiffs’ counsel following the Offer of Judgment. (See 1 Rule 68 Mot. at 4–11; ECF No. 27 at 7–8 (Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Rule 68 2 Motion).) At oral argument, the Court advised Plaintiffs that it was unclear whether 3 Plaintiffs’ Rule 68 Motion was ripe and that it might potentially be mooted out by the 4 Court’s decision. As such, the Court suggested to Plaintiffs that the Court withhold 5 submission and a decision on the Rule 68 Motion until shortly after issuing a decision 6 on Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs concurred, indicating that they 7 would alert the Court should Plaintiffs need a decision on the Rule 68 Motion. 8 Defendants did not object to this approach. 9 Accordingly, the Court is withholding submission on Plaintiffs’ Rule 68 Motion 10 at this time. Within thirty days of this Order, Plaintiffs should inform the Court whether 11 the issues raised in their Rule 68 Motion are now ripe for adjudication. 12 IV. Remedy 13 When this Motion for Summary Judgment was filed, the parties had a 14 significant disagreement regarding the timing of any Court order, with the Plaintiffs 15 requesting that Defendants be ordered to submit attainment contingency measures to 16 the EPA within six months, and State Defendants arguing that they are entitled to 17 eighteen months, corresponding to the period provided by the Clean Air Act for a 18 State to remedy a finding that a State has failed to timely submit a required element of 19 a SIP before the EPA can implement sanctions, see 42 U.S.C. § 7509(a). However, 20 after oral argument, Defendants submitted the Supplemental Declaration of Sylvia 21 Vanderspek (ECF No. 40), the Chief of the Air Quality Planning and Sciences Division 22 at CARB and “the lead manager responsible for CARB’s Clean Air Act state 23 implementation planning, including developing and submitting contingency 24 measures . . . .” (Declaration of Sylvia Vanderspek (ECF No. 21-1) at ¶¶ 2–3.) In her 25 Supplemental Declaration, Ms. Vanderspek indicated that CARB had been able to 26 identify a contingency measure that it anticipates submitting to the EPA by the end of 27 November, and that she was “confident CARB can submit the planned contingency 28 measure to [the] EPA by the end of January 2024.” (See generally Vanderspek Suppl. 1 Decl.) While the Court is cognizant of the fact that Plaintiffs submitted their draft order 2 in November 2022, the end of January 2024 is roughly six months after the imposition 3 of this Order as requested by Plaintiffs in that Order. Considering the equitable 4 factors cited by Plaintiffs (MSJ Opp’n at 12 (citing NRDC v. Train; Sierra Club v. 5 Thomas, 658 F. Supp. 165, 170 (N.D. Cal. 1987); Ass’n of Irritated Residents v. United 6 States Env’t Prot. Agency, No. 18-cv-01604-YGR, 2018 WL 354885, at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 7 24, 2018))), specifically including the June 15, 2024 attainment deadline and the 8 December 15, 2024 date by which time the EPA Administrator must determine 9 whether an area has met attainment, see 42 U.S.C. § 7511(b)(2), the Court concludes 10 that requiring Defendants to submit its proposed contingency measures by January 11 31, 2024, along with interim status reports, is reasonable. 12 ORDER 13 Based on the foregoing, the Court concludes that Defendants are in violation of 14 the Clean Air Act because of their failure to timely develop, adopt, and submit 15 attainment contingency measures meeting the requirements of section 172(c)(9), 42 16 U.S.C. § 7502(c)(9), as required by the 1997 Eight-Hour Ozone state implementation 17 plan, 40 C.F.R. § 52.220(396)(ii)(a)(2)(i), which constitutes a violation of “an emission 18 standard or limitation under this chapter” within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. section 19 7604(a)(1). Defendants are hereby ORDERED to develop, adopt, and submit 20 attainment contingency measures meeting the requirements of 42 U.S.C. 21 section 7502(c)(9) by no later than January 31, 2024. 22 To ensure Defendants meet this deadline, the Court ORDERS Defendants to file 23 with the Court the conceptual document that will be posted for public review that is 24 referenced in paragraph four of the Supplemental Vanderspek Declaration, as well as 25 the proposed measure to be considered by CARB’s Board, within three days of their 26 being made available to the public. The Court SETS a status conference for October 27 5, 2023 at 1:30 PM, and ORDERS the Parties to submit a Joint Status Report by 28 September 28, 2023. 1 The Court further ORDERS Plaintiffs to indicate to the Court within thirty days of 2 | this Order whether the issues raised in the Rule 68 Motion are moot. 3 The Court will retain jurisdiction over this matter. 4 5 IT |S SO ORDERED. | Dated: _ July 20, 2023 Bed | Cobabeatin. 8 Hon. Daniel labretta 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | DJC3 - ccejn.22cv1714.msj