Celina Mutual Insurance v. Aetna Life & Casualty Co.

454 N.W.2d 93, 434 Mich. 288

• Court: Michigan Supreme Court
• Decided: April 3, 1990
• Docket: 83892, (Calendar No. 4)
• Status: Published

Opinions

Archer, J.

The issue presented is whether a motor vehicle no-fault insurer, pursuant to the omnibus clause of its no-fault policy, should be held liable for all or part of a settlement a landowner’s general liability insurer pays where an injury arising out of the use of a motor vehicle occurs on the landowner’s premises. We hold the no-fault insurer has no duty to indemnify the general liability insurer because the landowner’s conduct did not arise from the use of a motor vehicle and was beyond the scope of the no-fault policy.

i

Shell Oil Company contracted with Ernest E. Kuhns, doing business as Corrosion Control Company, to sandblast pipes. Shell Oil, in turn, contracted with B & L Hotshot, Inc (blh), to deliver pipes to Corrosion Control’s premises, and, after sandblasting, to pick up the sandblasted pipes and return them to Shell.

On April 10, 1980, Russell Naasko, a blh foreman, and another blh employee drove to Corrosion Control’s premises in a blh boom truck to retrieve the sandblasted pipes. During the loading operation, Naasko held a guideline attached to the pipe being lifted by the boom.¹ Naasko was injured when the boom came into contact with an overhead electrical power line Consumer’s Power Company maintained on Corrosion Control’s premises. Naasko was severely burned and collected workers’ compensation benefits.

In June 1981, Naasko sued Corrosion Control and Consumer’s Power Company in Kalkaska Circuit Court. Naasko asserted a landowner’s liability claim against Corrosion Control. In his complaint, Naasko alleged that Kuhns ordered the blh employee, who had delivered the pipes to Corrosion Control’s premises, to place them near the power line where they would be sandblasted. Naasko claimed that, by storing the sandblasted pipes near an overhead power line, Corrosion Control created a hazardous work environment. He further alleged that Kuhns knew or should have known that, when blh employees came back to pick up the finished pipes, the boom would come into contact with the overhead power line. Naasko’s wife asserted a loss of consortium claim.

Celina Mutual Insurance Company, Corrosion Control’s general liability insurer, agreed to defend Corrosion Control and filed an answer on its behalf. The only affirmative defense raised was Naasko’s own negligence.

In June 1983, six months after mediation, Celina tendered to Aetna Life & Casualty Company, blh’s no-fault motor vehicle insurer, its defense of Corrosion Control. Celina claimed that, through the acts or omissions of Naasko and his co-workers, Corrosion Control became an additional insured under the omnibus clause² of Aetna’s no-fault policy³ issued to blh. Aetna, however, refused to defend Corrosion Control. The following day, which was less than one month before trial, Naasko settled with Corrosion Control for $32,000, which Celina paid._

Celina, subrogated to any claim Corrosion Control might have against Aetna, then filed the present lawsuit in November 1983. In addition to requesting a declaration that Aetna wrongfully refused to defend Corrosion Control in the underlying suit, Celina sought to recover the $32,000 settlement paid to Naasko and the cost of Corrosion Control’s defense.

Both parties moved for summary disposition.⁴ This appeal, however, only concerns Aetna’s amended motion for summary disposition in which Aetna claimed that, even if the blh vehicle was insured under its policy,⁵ Corrosion Control had no contractual rights under the policy because Naasko’s complaint against Corrosion Control did not state a claim arising out of the use, ownership, or maintenance of a motor vehicle.⁶

The trial court rejected Aetna’s argument and denied the motion, holding that, even though Naasko’s complaint alleged a landowner’s liability claim, Naasko’s injuries arose from the use of a motor vehicle.⁷ In light of the omnibus insured clause⁸ of Aetna’s policy, the trial court concluded that Corrosion Control was an additional insured under Aetna’s liability policy. Consequently, the court held that Naasko’s complaint alleged an injury within the scope of the policy.

Aetna appealed, and the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion, decided June 23, 1988 (Docket No. 95658). The Court held that Corrosion Control was an additional insured under Aetna’s omnibus clause, and that it was "using” the boom truck as a motor vehicle when Naasko was injured. The Court, consequently, concluded that Naasko had pled a cause of action within the scope of Aetna’s policy.

Aetna subsequently applied for leave to appeal, which we granted to determine whether Aetna is liable to Celina for the costs of Corrosion Control’s defense and the $32,000 settlement Celina paid to Naasko. 432 Mich 892 (1989)._

II

Three elements establish prima facie liability coverage under Aetna’s policy. First, the injury must arise from the use of a motor vehicle.⁹ Second, the tortfeasor must be an insured.¹⁰ Finally, the motor vehicle from which the injury arose must be "an owned or a temporary substitute” vehicle within the meaning of the policy.

Aetna alleged in its amended motion for summary disposition that, pursuant to MCR 2.116(C) (8), Celina had failed to state a claim for which the law could grant relief because Aetna, as a matter of law, had no duty to indemnify or defend Corrosion Control in Naasko’s suit. A motion for summary disposition brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s complaint. Abel v Eli Lilly & Co, 418 Mich 311, 323; 343 NW2d 164 (1984), cert den 469 US 833 (1984). For purposes of Aetna’s amended motion for summary disposition, therefore, we assume, without deciding, Celina’s allegation that Naasko’s injuries, as against his employer, arose from the use of the blh boom truck and were otherwise within the scope of Aetna’s policy. Consequently, our task is to determine whether Corrosion Control is an insured under Aetna’s policy.

This Court held in Citizens Ins Co of America v Tuttle, 411 Mich 536; 309 NW2d 174 (1981), that the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq., did not abrogate a nonmotorist defendant’s tort liability even though his negligence caused a motor vehicle accident. Defendant Tuttle’s cow was roaming on a highway when a Zaiger Beverage Company truck struck the cow. Citizens Insurance Company, Zaiger Beverage’s insurer, paid Zaiger’s no-fault claim for the damage to its truck. Subsequently, Citizens Insurance, subrogated to Zaiger’s claim, sued Tuttle.

We began our analysis in Tuttle, by examining the language of the section of the no-fault act abrogating tort liability:

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance, or use within this state of a motor vehicle with respect to which the security required by section 3101(3) and (4) was in effect is abolished .... [MCL 500.3135(2); MSA 24.13135(2).]

Subsection (2) addresses tort liability that arises from either a defendant’s wrongful act or failure to act. 411 Mich 544. Only that liability, however, arising from a defendant’s "ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle” is abrogated. Thus, from the plain and unambiguous statutory language, we concluded that, in order for tort liability to be abrogated, the no-fault act required more than a plaintiff’s injuries having arisen merely from the use of a motor vehicle. The defendant’s wrongful act or omission, upon which his liability was predicated, must also have arisen from the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle. In addition to the plain and unambiguous statutory language, we also found support for this position in the model no-fault act,¹¹ the unreasonableness of a contrary construction in light of other sections of the Michigan no-fault act,¹² and the act’s policy to eliminate duplicative recoveries and reduce insurance costs.¹³

Because defendant Tuttle was negligent, if at all, for the improper keeping of his cow, we concluded that his wrongful act did not arise from the ownership, maintenance, or use of a motor vehicle. The act, consequently, did not abrogate his tort liability:

In the instant case, the wrongful act asserted is Tuttle’s improper keeping of his cow. Such a wrongful act does not relate to the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle. Tuttle’s tort liability, if any, arose only from his alleged wrongful keeping of the cow, not from the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle.

Tuttle would have been subject to tort liability for his wrongful keeping of a cow whether it collided with a motor vehicle, trampled a rose garden, or walked through a plate glass window. His tort liability in the instant case no more "arose from” the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle than it would have "arisen from” the ownership, maintenance or use of a rose garden or a plate glass window. It arose solely from the wrongful keeping of a cow. [411 Mich 545.]

Hence, Tuttle’s conduct was beyond the scope of the no-fault act. His conduct was still subject to tort liability, even though the damage to the plaintiff’s truck arose out of the plaintiff’s use of a motor vehicle and the damage was otherwise compensable under first-party benefits provided by the Citizens Insurance no-fault policy.

hi

The analysis of Celina’s argument that Corrosion Control is an additional insured under Aetna’s policy requires that we revisit the same issue addressed in Tuttle, but from the opposite perspective. Thus, the narrow question presented today is whether Corrosion Control is a motorist defendant whose tort liability falls within the scope of the no-fault act and Aetna’s policy. In light of the policy’s language, the no-fault act, and the principles set forth in Tuttle, we are unpersuaded that Corrosion Control is a motorist defendant because its alleged wrongful act and, hence, its alleged liability, did not arise from the use, ownership, or maintenance of the blh boom truck. Consequently, we hold that Naasko’s injury, as to Corrosion Control, was beyond the scope of Aetna’s liability policy.¹⁴ Corrosion Control, therefore, had no contractual rights under Aetna’s policy, even if Naasko’s claim was false, fraudulent, or groundless.¹⁵

A

We first note that the Court of Appeals conclusion of law that Corrosion Control "used” the blh boom truck is incorrect. An omnibus clause extends liability coverage to a person or organization legally responsible for the use of the named insured’s vehicle. See 12 Couch, Insurance, 2d, §45:291. Although an agency or contractual relationship is not necessary in order for a third party to become an additional insured, id., §45:305, p 638, there must be, at the very least, some type of relationship between the named insured and the party alleged to be an additional insured in order to find that the latter is legally responsible for the use of the named insured’s motor vehicle.

The Court of Appeals concluded that, within the meaning of Aetna’s omnibus clause, Corrosion Control was "using” the blh boom truck when "[Corrosion Control] had B & L Hotshot use the truck to load and transport the pipes from its premises to a location specified by Shell Oil Company pursuant to the contract entered into between Corrosion Control and Shell Oil Company.” (Emphasis added.) As Aetna correctly points out, however, the only inference that can be fairly drawn from the allegations in Celina’s complaint is that Shell Oil, and not Corrosion Control, was legally responsible for the use of blh’s boom truck when Naasko was injured. In its complaint, Celina specifically pled that blh and Naasko "were on the Corrosion Control premises pursuant to a contract with Shell Oil to load and deliver pipe which had been sandblasted by Corrosion Control.”¹⁶

In addition, Naasko’s complaint alleged that Corrosion Control ordered blh employees to place the presandblasted pipes near the overhead power line in the first place. Although this allegation standing alone may support a landowner’s liability claim sounding in negligence, when added to Celina’s admission that blh was acting pursuant to a contract with Shell Oil Company, there is simply no basis on this record for concluding Corrosion Control was "using” the blh boom truck or was otherwise legally responsible for blh’s own use of the truck when Naasko was injured. Therefore, we reject the lower courts’ holdings that Corrosion Control "used” the blh boom truck.

More fundamentally, however, we also reject the lower courts’ conclusions that, without consideration of the underlying nature of its own alleged wrongful conduct, Corrosion Control could become an insured under the policy solely as a result of the acts or omissions of Naasko and blh. As we explained in Tuttle, the no-fault act did not abolish tort liability and impose third-party no-fault compensation merely because an injury happens to arise from the use, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle. What is abolished is tort liability arising from the use, operation, or maintenance of a motor vehicle. Because liability, at the very least, requires a defendant’s wrongful act or failure to act, Tuttle, 411 Mich 544, we concluded in Tuttle that the no-fault statute left intact tort liability arising from an act other than the use, ownership, or maintenance of a motor vehicle. Although Naasko’s injuries arguably arose from the use of the blh boom truck, the issue here is whether Naasko’s complaint alleges Corrosion Control’s wrongful conduct, upon which its liability to Naasko is predicated, also arose from the use of the boom truck. We believe it does not.

Nowhere on the face of the complaint does Naasko allege facts indicating that Corrosion Control’s wrongful conduct arose from the use, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle. To be sure, Naasko does allege that his injuries arose from the use of the blh boom truck and that Kuhns created an unsafe work environment by negligently instructing blh employees to place the pipes near the overhead power lines. While these allegations may form a sufficient basis for Naasko to state a prima facie claim for first-party benefits under the policy as against his employer,¹⁷ it is an insufficient basis to support the legal conclusion that Corrosion Control’s own negligence also arose from the use of the blh boom truck and fell within the scope of Aetna’s no-fault policy.

Even if we look to the gravamen of the complaint, we can only conclude that Corrosion Control was negligent, if at all, for directing blh employees to place the pipes near the overhead power lines in the first place. Although the blh boom truck was involved, Corrosion Control’s conduct no more arose , from the use of the blh boom truck than did the defendant’s from the beverage truck in Tuttle. Corrosion Control was negligent, if at all, for the very reason Naasko alleged in his complaint: By ordering the pipes placed near the overhead power line, Corrosion Control failed to maintain a safe workplace. As we stated in Tuttle, in spite of the no-fault act, compensation for injuries nonmotorist defendants cause is still determined by fault:

The no-fault act is a system of compensating injuries and damages incurred in accidents caused by motor vehicles. Compensation is due without regard to fault, and the tort system for adjudicating fault was partially abolished. In the context of the no-fault act, therefore, the abolition of "tort liability arising from the ownership, maintenance, or use ... of a motor vehicle” carries the implicit sense of tort liability for injuries or damage caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle.

Only persons who own, maintain or use motor vehicles can be subject to tort liability for injuries or damage caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle. The nonmotorist tortfeasor cannot be subject to tort liability for injuries or damage caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle. The abolition of tort liability for injuries or damage caused by (arising from) the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle, therefore, does not abolish the tort liability of the nonmotorist tortfeasor. [411 Mich 545-546. Emphasis in the original.]

Under the plain language of the no-fault act and our interpretation of the act in Tuttle, therefore, the tortfeasor’s conduct, upon which liability is predicated, must also arise from the use, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle in order for the tortfeasor’s liability to be abolished and for the plaintiff to receive no-fault compensation under the tortfeasor’s liability policy. Absent this causal link between the plaintiff’s injury and the tortfeasor’s conduct, the no-fault act does not abrogate the tortfeasor’s liability, and the plaintiff’s right to compensation, as against the tortfeasor, is determined only with regard to fault under common-law tort principles. It is precisely this causal link that is missing in the present case.

B

Celina also argues that the Court of Appeals holding in Michigan Mutual Liability Co v Ohio Casualty Ins Co, 123 Mich App 688; 333 NW2d 327 (1983), supports its claim that Corrosion Control is an additional insured. Although Celina vigorously contends that it "stands in the same shoes as Michigan Mutual” and Corrosion Control is as much an additional insured as Uganski Crane & Truck Service, Michigan Mutual’s insured, we are unpersuaded. As the Court of Appeals noted, Uganski’s negligence arose from the act of preparing to tow a Michigan Foundry & Supply Company truck, during which Helmer, a Michigan Foundry employee, was injured. Thus, the Court unanimously concluded Uganski’s negligent use of its own vehicle, in conjunction with the Michigan Foundry truck, could not "be considered such an independent, intervening, disassociated act that Helmer’s injury did not arise out of or flow from the maintenance or use of the Michigan Foundry truck.” 123 Mich App 696. In the present case, however, Corrosion Control is clearly a nonmotorist defendant, and its alleged failure to maintain a safe work environment is far different than "[preparing to tow a disabled or stuck vehicle[,] ... an activity that is identifiable with the maintenance and use of such vehicle and foreseeably necessary.” 123 Mich App 695-696. Thus, we reject Celina’s reliance on Michigan Mutual.

The reasoning and analysis of cases such as Central Mutual Ins Co v Walter, 143 Mich App 332; 372 NW2d 542 (1985), lv den 424 Mich 851 (1985), however, does persuade us that Corrosion Control is not an additional insured.¹⁸ An automobile brought into a service station for repair leaked gasoline onto the station floor. The fuel spread, came into contact with the open flame of a hot water heater located in the service bay, and a fire erupted.

Central Mutual Insurance Company (cmi) insured the premises and settled the property damage claim. Cmi then sued Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, the automobile’s insurer. Cmi’s legal theory was that, since the property damage arose from the use or maintenance of a motor vehicle, the damage fell within the scope of daiie’s property protection clause issued pursuant to MCL 500.3121(1); MSA 24.13121(1).¹⁹ Although the trial court agreed with cmi and granted its motion for summary disposition, the Court of Appeals reversed. The Court held that the property damage did not arise from the ownership or maintenance of an automobile within the meaning of § 3121(1). The Court reasoned that, although proximate causation is not required, a minimal causal connection of some sort must exist between the injury and the defendant’s use, maintenance, ownership, or operation of a motor vehicle. 143 Mich App 336. The Court found support for this proposition from our decision in Tuttle by noting that the property damage resulted from a premises hazard unrelated to the use, maintenance, or operation of a motor vehicle. 143 Mich App 337. As in the present case, the mere fact that a motor vehicle was involved in an incident resulting in bodily injury or property damage is simply not sufficient to bring a claim asserted against a nonmotorist defendant within the scope of a no-fault liability policy.

c

Finally, the conduct of the underlying litigation also persuades us that the parties themselves did not regard Naasko’s claim to fall within the scope of Aetna’s policy. Neither Naasko’s complaint nor Corrosion Control’s answer raised the issue of no-fault coverage. In addition, Corrosion Control expressly conceded in its trial brief, filed almost two years after Naasko brought suit and nearly one month before trial, that "[t]he duties owed by Mr. Kuhns to the Plaintiff were strictly limited to those owed by an owner of land to a business invitee.” It was only when Celina was on the verge of settling Naasko’s claim — nearly six months after mediation and less than one month before trial was scheduled to begin — that Celina first raised the no-fault issue by tendering its defense to Aetna.

CONCLUSION

In light of the plain and unambiguous language of the no-fault act and our holding in Tuttle, supra, it is clear that, in order for a claim to fall within the scope of the no-fault act and third-party liability policies issued pursuant to the act, an injured plaintiff must show more than that his injuries arose merely from the use, operation, or maintenance of a motor vehicle. Because the act abrogates tort liability arising from the use, operation, or maintenance of a motor vehicle, the defendant’s wrongful conduct, which gives rise to that liability, must also arise from the use, operation, or maintenance of a motor vehicle. Since Corrosion Control was negligent, if at all, under a landowner’s liability claim and not from the use, ownership, or maintenance of the blh boom truck, Corrosion Control is a nonmotorist defendant whose tort liability is beyond the scope of the no-fault act and Aetna’s policy.²⁰_

Because Naasko’s complaint failed to allege a claim against Corrosion Control falling within the scope of Aetna’s no-fault policy, Corrosion Control had no rights under Aetna’s policy. We hold, therefore, that Aetna likewise had no duty to indemnify Celina, as Corrosion Control’s subrogee, for the costs of Corrosion Control’s defense or the settlement paid to Naasko.

The Court of Appeals opinion in this case is reversed, and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Riley, C.J., and Boyle, J., concurred with Archer, J.

1 The truck had a flat bed with a mounted boom crane. While the pipes were being loaded onto a separate trailer, outriggers immobilized the truck.

2 Under an omnibus clause, liability coverage is extended to third persons legally responsible for the use of an insured vehicle. See n 8 and accompanying text.

3 See n 7 and accompanying text.

4 Celina moved for summary judgment under GCR 1963,117.2(3) (no genuine issue of material fact), claiming that Corrosion Control was entitled to defense and indemnification as a matter of law. The triad court has not yet ruled on this motion, however, since Celina has failed to present evidence that blh owned the boom truck in question.

5 Aetna has not admitted that its policy insured the blh boom truck because Celina has not produced any evidence that blh owned the vehicle, or that it was insured under Aetna’s policy.

6 Aetna also argued that, under Johnston v Hartford Ins Co, 131 Mich App 349; 346 NW2d 549 (1984), Naasko’s injuries did not arise from the use of a motor vehicle.

7 The bodily injury clause of Aetna’s policy provides:

The company will pay on behalf of the Insured all sums which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use, including loading and unloading ... of an owned automobile or of a temporary substitute automobile, and the company shall have the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage, even if any of the allegations of the suit are groundless, false or fraudulent, and may make such investigation and settlement of any claim or suit as it deems expedient .... [Emphasis added.]

8 The following are insureds under the policy:

(a) the named Insured;

(c) any other person while using an owned automobile or a temporary substitute automobile with the permission of the named insured, provided his actual operation or (if he is not operating) his other actual use thereof is within the scope of such permission, but with respect to bodily injury or property damage arising out of the loading or unloading thereof, such other persons shall be an Insured only if he is:

(1) a lessee or borrower of the automobile, or

(2) an employee of the named Insured or of such lessee or borrower;

(d) any other person or organization but only with respect to his or its liability because of acts or omissions of an Insured under (a), (b) or (c) above.

⁹

10 See n 8 and accompanying text.

11 411 Mich 545-547.

12 Id. at 548-551.

13 Id. at 551-554.

14 We note that the parties have not distinguished between the duty to defend and the duty to indemnify, apparently assuming that the outcome of the latter question will determine the former. Thus, in this case, we assume, without deciding, that because Aetna had no duty to indemnify, it had no duty to defend in the suit against Corrosion Control.

15 Given our holding, it is unnecessary to determine whether the policy’s workers’ compensation exclusion applies to Corrosion Control.

16 Corrosion Control also admitted this fact in the trial brief it filed in Naasko’s suit.

17 Even if Naasko was otherwise entitled to first-party benefits, his workers’ compensation award would appear to bar recovery under the policy’s workers’ compensation exclusion endorsement.

18 See Longworth v Dep’t of State Hwys, 110 Mich App 771; 315 NW2d 135 (1981) (under Tuttle, since the defendant’s liability arose from the negligent maintenance of the highway, and not from a motor vehicle, the no-fault act was inapplicable). See also Lundy v Groty, 141 Mich App 757; 367 NW2d 448 (1985) (motor vehicle manufacturer and dealership nonmotorist defendants); Coleman v Franzon, 141 Mich App 99; 366 NW2d 86 (1985) (the no-fault act did not abolish a motor vehicle repair facility’s tort liability for negligent brake repairs); Hengartner v Chet Swanson Sales, Inc, 132 Mich App 751; 348 NW2d 15 (1984) (the no-fault act did not abrogate a motor vehicle repair facility’s tort liability); Ohio Casualty Ins Group v Robinson, 127 Mich App 138, 147; 338 NW2d 898 (1983) (Mackenzie, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (if the defendant’s negligence arose from grease on the garage floor, the no-fault act did not abolish the service station’s tort liability); Grof v Michigan, 126 Mich App 427; 337 NW2d 345 (1983) (the no-fault act is not applicable where the defendant failed to maintain an intersection in reasonable repair).

19 Under property protection insurance an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental damage to tangible property arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle subject to the provisions of this section and sections 3123, 3125 and 3127. [MCL 500.3121(1); MSA 24.13121(1).]

20 Justice Brickley’s concurring opinion is appealing because it states an extremely complex and intricate question very simply. Although there is nothing wrong with this, his opinion only serves to perpetuate the same flawed analysis that the lower courts employed. The opinion fails to articulate a principled analysis of Aetna’s entire omnibus clause.

We agree with Justice Brickley’s contention that our task in this case is to interpret a contract of insurance. In this regard, surely no one can dispute that the principles articulated in the no-fault act and case law interpreting the act shed light on the contracting parties’ no-fault insurance agreement. We also agree that the concurring opinion reaches the legally correct result. The opinion, however, rests upon mere conclusory statements without articulating a principled analysis of Aetna’s omnibus clause.

As the concurring opinion notes, whether Corrosion Control is an additional insured under Aetna’s policy rests upon "its liability because of [the] acts or omissions” of either Naasko or blh. As the concurring opinion correctly states, "because of ” is not the mere "but for” causation test commonly found in tort law, but rather, a more narrowly construed concept implying " 'a relationship connecting the culpable acts of persons using the vehicle to [the] liability of another, who then becomes an "insured.” ’ ” Post, p 311. "Because of,” at the very least, includes, but surely is not limited to, vicarious liability as defined in tort and agency law. See post, pp 311-312.

Although the concurring opinion attempts to analyze the "relationship” between Corrosion Control and Naasko, it fails to consider the fact that both Aetna’s omnibus clause and the New York trial court’s interpretation of similar language in Long Island Lighting Co v Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co, 76 Misc 2d 832; 350 NYS2d 967 (1973), expressly refers to the "liability” of the alleged additional insured. In Aetna’s omnibus clause, "liability” precedes "because of” and refers to the alleged liability of the alleged additional insured: "(d) any other person or organization but only with respect to his or its liability because of acts or omissions of an Insured under (a), (b) or (c) above.” [Emphasis added.] The court in Long Island Lighting also noted that the "liability” referred to is that of the alleged additional insured: " 'The words imply a relationship connecting the culpable acts of persons using the vehicle to [the] liability of another, who then becomes an "insured.” ’ ” Post, p 311 (emphasis added).

The ultimate question of the case is whether a sufficient relationship links Naasko’s injuries to Corrosion Control’s alleged liability within the meaning of Aetna’s omnibus clause. As the omnibus clause itself clearly indicates, one factor included in the analysis of this relationship is Corrosion Control’s alleged liability. The issue that the concurring opinion fails to resolve in a principled analysis concerns the scope of this relationship: what "liability” does Aetna’s omnibus clause refer to? As the court in Long Island Lighting correctly noted, the parties to a third-party liability no-fault contract do not " 'demonstrate[ ] [an] intent to deem as an "insured” just any party whose own separate negligence, apart from the vehicle, was a contributor to an accident.’ ” Post, p 312. As the court aptly stated, any other result or interpretation of the no-fault contract would be " 'bizarre.’ ” Id.

The concurring opinion essentially rests upon the New York trial court’s observation, albeit a correct one, that it would be "bizarre” to conclude that Corrosion Control is an additional insured under Aetna’s policy where its alleged liability arose from a premises hazard unrelated to the use of the blh boom truck. In contrast, we have attempted to provide a principled analysis and rational explanation supporting the proposition that the parties to a no-fault insurance contract, absent a contrary agreement, did not intend to extend third-party liability coverage to individuals or organizations like Corrosion Control, " 'whose own separate negligence, apart from the vehicle, was a contributor to an accident.’ ” See post, p 312.

Thus, although it may be true, it is wholly inadequate to rest upon the conclusion that "Corrosion Control, if it is indeed liable at all, is liable because of its own negligence . . . [and] not 'because of ’ Naasko’s acts or omissions . . . .” Post, p 312. The undisputed fact is that if Corrosion Control’s own alleged negligence and resultant liability did arise out of the use of the blh boom truck, Corrosion Control would fall within Aetna’s omnibus clause. It is this precise limitation upon the conduct of third-parties, which the parties to the no-fault contract have agreed, that the concurring opinion fails to analyze. It is for this reason that, within the meaning of Aetna’s omnibus clause, the requisite relationship linking Corrosion Control’s alleged liability to Naasko’s injuries is missing.