Bowie, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of this Court :
This was a petition filed in the Orphans Court of Baltimore city, by the appellant, on the 25th November 1861, against the appellees, as administrator and next of kin of Wm. Cecil, deceased, charging that Owen Cecil, as administrator, was about, to make distribution of his intestate’s estate, of Which the appellant and appellees were co-distributees ; that the defendants had received certain advancements, in cash and negroes, and praying the same might be brought into hotch-pot. The appellees, Owen and William, answered and denied they had received any advancements.
The appellees, Harrington and Hooper, by their answer, insisted that by an order passed by the Orphans Court, in [77]*77the cause of William Cecil, Thomas Owens, and Owen Cecil, adm’r, against the said Harrington and Hooper, on the 27th of November 1881, the question was fully adjudicated and disposed of, they admit the receipt of §4,500, but aver that it was given to them by said deceased for services rendered ; in reference to the negroes, they claim to hold them under bills of sale. To these answers a replication was filed, stating, inter alia, that the appellant’s petition was exhibited and filed some time before the alleged adjudication in tbe cause, above referred to ; that he was not a party to that cause, not notified or summoned to appear, and, for those causes, was not estopjjed or concluded thereby. The replication took issue upon the other averments as to advancements-.
At tbe trial of the cause, each party having read his pleadings, the petitioner called his witnesses, and was about to proceed to examine them, when the Court decided they would hear no evidence in regard to the sums charged to have heen advanced to Mrs. Hooper and Mrs. Harrington, whereupon the appellant took a pro forma decree, dismissing said petition, and prayed an appeal.
The appellant contends he is not bound by proceedings in the Orphans Court, between the co-distributees, to which lie was not a party on the record. The appellees insist that the ends sought to be attained by the petition filed by the appellant, were the same with those set forth in the petition of the appellees, and the Orphans Court were right in refusing to hear testimony upon the same subject matter on which it bad passed judgment, and tbe question is, whether the same matter may be inquired into in tbe Orphans Courts, “toties quoties,” as there are' persons interested. The Courts of this State, in consideration of the peculiar nature of the jurisdiction of Orphans Courts, and the informality of proceedings therein, have held that “any person on whose interests any order or decree of the Or[78]*78phans Court lias a tendency to operate injuriously, may-appeal therefrom. Parker & Wife, vs. Gwynn, 4 Md. Rep., 428. Yet they must show they have an interest in the subject matter of the decree or decision appealed from. Hoffar vs. Stonestreet, 6 Md. Rep., 303. In matters inrem., such as the factum of a will, where solemn proof has been resorted to, their decisions are final, if not appealed from, and issues involving the same questions will not be sent a second time. Pegg vs. Warford, 4 Md. Rep., 385.
The Code, Art. 5, sec. 40, prescribes a mode by which appeals shall be taken in cases of summary proceedings : <cIf the decree, order, decision or judgment shall have been given or made on a summary proceeding, and on the testimony of witnesses, the party shall not be allowed to appeal unless he shall immediately notify his intention, and request that the testimony be reduced to writing, and in such case the depositions shall be at the cost of the party making, the request.”
If the party avails himself of the provisions of the Code, and places himself in a condition to appeal, by immediately notifying his intention, and having the testimony reduced to writing, at his expense, he then becomes a party to the record, and may be concluded by it. But as far as the record discloses the facts in this case, it is not shown that the appellant was a party to the cause, the decree in which is relied on as conclusive ; on the contrary, it is manifest it "was a decree in a cause in which appellant was neither complainant nor defendant. The answer relies on an order passed by the Orphans Court, in a cause of William Cecil, Thomas Owens, and Owen Cecil, adm/r, against Mary Ann Harrington and Caroline Hooper. The record is not pleaded /‘proutpatetper recordum,” or made a part of the answer. | It is a well settled principle, that, to make the record of I a former, trial evidence to conclude any matter in issue be- | tween the parties, it should appear by the record or other [79]*79proof that the same matter was m issue and decided at the former trial between the same parties. Jarrett vs. Johnson, 11 G. & J., 173. Estoppels must bo reciprocal, and bind both 'parties. They operate only on parties and privies in blood or estate, and can be used neither by or against strangers. He that shall not be concluded by the record or other matter, shall not conclude another by it. 8 Gill, 247, Alexander vs. Waller et al. Lessee.
Justice requires that every canse bo once fairly and impartially tried; but the public tranquility demands that having been once so tried, all litigation of that question, and between those parties, should be closed forever. It is also a most obvious principle of justice, that no man ought to be bound by proceedings to which ho was a stranger ; but the converse of this rule is equally true, that by proceedings to winch ho was not a stranger, he may well bo held bound. Under the term parties, in this connection, the law includes all who are directly interested in the subject m'atier, and had a right to make defence, or to control the proceedings and to appeal from the judgment. This rigid; involves also the right to adduce testimony and to cross-examine the witnesses on the other side. Persons not having these rights, arc regarded as strangers to the cause. But to give full effect to the principle by which parties are held bound by a judgment, all persons who are represented by the parties, and claim under them, or in privity with them, arc equally concluded by the same proceedings. 1 Green. Lv., secs. 522, 523.
In regard to tbe decrees and sentences of Courts exercising any branches of ecclesiastical jwdsdiction, the same general principles govern which wo have already stated, The principal branch of this jurisdiction in existence in the United States, is that which relates to matters of probate and administration. And as to these, the inquiry, as in other cases, is, whether the matter was exclusively with[80]*80in the jurisdiction of the Court, and whether a, decree or judgment has directly been passed upon it? If the affirmative be true, the decree is conclusive. Where the decree is of the nature of proceedings in rem., as is generally the case in matters of probate and administration, it is conclusive, like those proceedings, against all the world, But where it is a matter of exclusively private litigation, such as in assignments of dower and some other cases of jurisdiction conferred by particular statutes, the decree stands upon the footing of a judgment at common law. 1 Greenleaf Ev., sec. 550.
The preceding citations fully and forcibly announce the general principles which govern judicial tribunals upon the question of “res adjudicata.”
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Bowie, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of this Court :
This was a petition filed in the Orphans Court of Baltimore city, by the appellant, on the 25th November 1861, against the appellees, as administrator and next of kin of Wm. Cecil, deceased, charging that Owen Cecil, as administrator, was about, to make distribution of his intestate’s estate, of Which the appellant and appellees were co-distributees ; that the defendants had received certain advancements, in cash and negroes, and praying the same might be brought into hotch-pot. The appellees, Owen and William, answered and denied they had received any advancements.
The appellees, Harrington and Hooper, by their answer, insisted that by an order passed by the Orphans Court, in [77]*77the cause of William Cecil, Thomas Owens, and Owen Cecil, adm’r, against the said Harrington and Hooper, on the 27th of November 1881, the question was fully adjudicated and disposed of, they admit the receipt of §4,500, but aver that it was given to them by said deceased for services rendered ; in reference to the negroes, they claim to hold them under bills of sale. To these answers a replication was filed, stating, inter alia, that the appellant’s petition was exhibited and filed some time before the alleged adjudication in tbe cause, above referred to ; that he was not a party to that cause, not notified or summoned to appear, and, for those causes, was not estopjjed or concluded thereby. The replication took issue upon the other averments as to advancements-.
At tbe trial of the cause, each party having read his pleadings, the petitioner called his witnesses, and was about to proceed to examine them, when the Court decided they would hear no evidence in regard to the sums charged to have heen advanced to Mrs. Hooper and Mrs. Harrington, whereupon the appellant took a pro forma decree, dismissing said petition, and prayed an appeal.
The appellant contends he is not bound by proceedings in the Orphans Court, between the co-distributees, to which lie was not a party on the record. The appellees insist that the ends sought to be attained by the petition filed by the appellant, were the same with those set forth in the petition of the appellees, and the Orphans Court were right in refusing to hear testimony upon the same subject matter on which it bad passed judgment, and tbe question is, whether the same matter may be inquired into in tbe Orphans Courts, “toties quoties,” as there are' persons interested. The Courts of this State, in consideration of the peculiar nature of the jurisdiction of Orphans Courts, and the informality of proceedings therein, have held that “any person on whose interests any order or decree of the Or[78]*78phans Court lias a tendency to operate injuriously, may-appeal therefrom. Parker & Wife, vs. Gwynn, 4 Md. Rep., 428. Yet they must show they have an interest in the subject matter of the decree or decision appealed from. Hoffar vs. Stonestreet, 6 Md. Rep., 303. In matters inrem., such as the factum of a will, where solemn proof has been resorted to, their decisions are final, if not appealed from, and issues involving the same questions will not be sent a second time. Pegg vs. Warford, 4 Md. Rep., 385.
The Code, Art. 5, sec. 40, prescribes a mode by which appeals shall be taken in cases of summary proceedings : <cIf the decree, order, decision or judgment shall have been given or made on a summary proceeding, and on the testimony of witnesses, the party shall not be allowed to appeal unless he shall immediately notify his intention, and request that the testimony be reduced to writing, and in such case the depositions shall be at the cost of the party making, the request.”
If the party avails himself of the provisions of the Code, and places himself in a condition to appeal, by immediately notifying his intention, and having the testimony reduced to writing, at his expense, he then becomes a party to the record, and may be concluded by it. But as far as the record discloses the facts in this case, it is not shown that the appellant was a party to the cause, the decree in which is relied on as conclusive ; on the contrary, it is manifest it "was a decree in a cause in which appellant was neither complainant nor defendant. The answer relies on an order passed by the Orphans Court, in a cause of William Cecil, Thomas Owens, and Owen Cecil, adm/r, against Mary Ann Harrington and Caroline Hooper. The record is not pleaded /‘proutpatetper recordum,” or made a part of the answer. | It is a well settled principle, that, to make the record of I a former, trial evidence to conclude any matter in issue be- | tween the parties, it should appear by the record or other [79]*79proof that the same matter was m issue and decided at the former trial between the same parties. Jarrett vs. Johnson, 11 G. & J., 173. Estoppels must bo reciprocal, and bind both 'parties. They operate only on parties and privies in blood or estate, and can be used neither by or against strangers. He that shall not be concluded by the record or other matter, shall not conclude another by it. 8 Gill, 247, Alexander vs. Waller et al. Lessee.
Justice requires that every canse bo once fairly and impartially tried; but the public tranquility demands that having been once so tried, all litigation of that question, and between those parties, should be closed forever. It is also a most obvious principle of justice, that no man ought to be bound by proceedings to which ho was a stranger ; but the converse of this rule is equally true, that by proceedings to winch ho was not a stranger, he may well bo held bound. Under the term parties, in this connection, the law includes all who are directly interested in the subject m'atier, and had a right to make defence, or to control the proceedings and to appeal from the judgment. This rigid; involves also the right to adduce testimony and to cross-examine the witnesses on the other side. Persons not having these rights, arc regarded as strangers to the cause. But to give full effect to the principle by which parties are held bound by a judgment, all persons who are represented by the parties, and claim under them, or in privity with them, arc equally concluded by the same proceedings. 1 Green. Lv., secs. 522, 523.
In regard to tbe decrees and sentences of Courts exercising any branches of ecclesiastical jwdsdiction, the same general principles govern which wo have already stated, The principal branch of this jurisdiction in existence in the United States, is that which relates to matters of probate and administration. And as to these, the inquiry, as in other cases, is, whether the matter was exclusively with[80]*80in the jurisdiction of the Court, and whether a, decree or judgment has directly been passed upon it? If the affirmative be true, the decree is conclusive. Where the decree is of the nature of proceedings in rem., as is generally the case in matters of probate and administration, it is conclusive, like those proceedings, against all the world, But where it is a matter of exclusively private litigation, such as in assignments of dower and some other cases of jurisdiction conferred by particular statutes, the decree stands upon the footing of a judgment at common law. 1 Greenleaf Ev., sec. 550.
The preceding citations fully and forcibly announce the general principles which govern judicial tribunals upon the question of “res adjudicata.” A cardinal condition is, that the judgment should be between the same parties and upon the same matter directly in question.
“Parties, in the larger sense, are all persons having a right to control the proceedings, to make defence, to adduce and cross-examine witnesses, and to appeal from the decision, if an appeal lies,” 1 Greenleaf Ev., sec. 535.
All these privileges (not any one of them) are essential to the assertion and protection of private rights, and the investigation of the truth. Only, therefore, those who have enjoyed them collectively, should be concluded by a decision, judgment or decree. It is true, privies in blood, in law and estate, are governed by tlíe same rule. The petitioner, in this case, not being a party in the larger sense, it remains to inquire whether he is a privy in estate or interest. No one, in this State, can claim a share or interest in the personal estate of an intestate, except through an administrator. It* is the administrator’s duty to get in the personal estate of the deceased, for distribution.
Advancements, however, do not go into the inventory, and constitute no part of the assets for payment of debts, nor increase the fund on which the administrator’s com- ■ [81]*81mission is ailowed. It is optional with the party advanced, whether he will come into hotch-pot. The administrator lias no interest in establishing the fact of advancement, and ■cannot be said to be a party in interest. It is wholly immaterial to him whether money or other property, given by his intestate, be brought into the settlement or not. The aggregate of the estate, as far as he is concerned, is neither •increased nor diminished. In the absence of all motive to protect the rights of the distributees, it would be hazardous to extend the privity of interest in law, where there is no common interest in fact, and conclude a party in interest by a constructive representation.
The petitioner might, by adopting certain preliminaries, had he been notified in time, have entitled himself to the cumulative remedy of appeal; but that right, it has been well said, would be nugatory and nominal, without the right of producing evidence, cross-examining the respondents’ witnesses, and controlling the conduct of the cause in such a manner as to enable the Appellate Court to determine whether the decree appealed from was erroneous or not.
The petition in this case charges certain specific advance-? ■ments, in cash, notes and negroes. The answers of Har? rington and Hooper admit the receipt of the amounts specified in the petition, but aver and are ready to prove that said sums were paid in consideration of services rendered. As to the slaves mentioned in said petition, the respondents alleged they held them by bills of sale, copies of which were exhibitexl. To which answers a replication was filed, denying the services, and declaring the bills of .sale were voluntary and without consideration.
In the case of Stewart vs. Pattison, 8 Gill, 54, the Court said: “If money is delivered by a parent to a child, it will be presumed to be an advancement.” Here the allegation of the petition is admitted, that they received pertain jspe[82]*82eific sums of money, and certain negroes. Does the qualification annexed, “that they aver and are ready to prove,” &c., so neutralize the admissions as to render them inoperative to support the presumption of law, until proof to the contrary is offered ? Matter in avoidance, denied by the general replication, must be proved. Salmon vs. Clagett, 3 Bland, 125,
(Decided December 3rd, 1862.)
An answer will not support matter set up in avoidance or discharge, where the matter of avoidance is a distinct fact; in such case the defence must be proved. Gibson vs. McCormick, 10 G. & J. 65. These decisions make it obvious the Orphans Court erred in assuming there was no evidence before them to sustain the- petition, and whether the same was dismissed upon the plea of res adjudicata, or upon the ground of want of evidence, we think the decree below should be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
Decree reversed and cause remanded.