C.C. v. New York City Department of Education

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: March 17, 2023
• Docket: 22-0459
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

22-0459 C.C. v. New York City Department of Education

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 17th day of March, two thousand twenty-three.

PRESENT: Reena Raggi, Richard C. Wesley, Steven J. Menashi, Circuit Judges. ____________________________________________

C.C., individually and on behalf of D.A., a child with a disability,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. No. 22-0459

NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

Defendant-Appellee. ____________________________________________ For Plaintiff-Appellant: BENJAMIN KOPP, Cuddy Law Firm, Auburn, NY.

For Defendant-Appellee: AMY MCCAMPHILL (Richard Dearing, Deborah A. Brenner, on the brief), for Sylvia O. Hinds-Radix, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New York, NY.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Daniels, J.).

Upon due consideration, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

DECREED that the February 22, 2022, judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

Plaintiff-Appellant C.C. appeals the judgment of the district court

overruling her objections and adopting the September 30, 2021, memorandum

opinion and order of the magistrate judge denying C.C.’s motion for a preliminary

injunction. The plaintiff sued the New York City Department of Education

(“DOE”) under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act for the DOE’s

alleged non-compliance with an order of an impartial hearing officer awarding

compensatory tutoring services to C.C.’s child, D.A. We assume the parties’

2 familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the

issues on appeal.

I

On June 22, 2018, the plaintiff initiated an administrative due process

hearing on behalf of D.A., alleging that D.A. had been denied a free appropriate

public education at Public School 159 for the three school terms 2016-17, 2017-18,

and 2018-19. The plaintiff prevailed: on May 13, 2019, an impartial hearing officer

issued an order that granted, among other forms of relief not relevant here,

compensatory tutoring from the date of the order until August 31, 2021 (the “IHO

Order”). The decretal portion of the order specifically provided that “[D.A.] is

entitled to a ... bank of 1,280 hours of 1:1 tutoring services ... to be drawn upon by the

family at such times and in such locations as they deem practicable, and to be used no later

than August 31, 2021.” J. App’x 64 (emphasis added).

On November 6, 2019, the plaintiff notified the DOE through counsel that

she had chosen Kid Success, Inc., to provide the awarded tutoring services. Kid

Success began tutoring D.A. on November 18, 2019, and provided the child with

21 hours of tutoring between November 2019 and April 21, 2020.

3 On April 21, 2020—after receiving invoices for D.A.’s tutoring—the DOE

notified Kid Success that it had authorized funding for these services for the

“period May 1 2019 through Apr[il] 30 2021” and that the “hours were to be used

no later than August 31, 2021,” as provided in the IHO Order. Id. at 105. The record

reflects that Kid Success had provided tutoring services to D.A. from May 2020

through March 2021.

In support of her claim that the DOE failed to satisfy its obligations under

the IHO Order, the plaintiff asserted that, on April 30, 2021, D.A.’s tutoring

services were cut off because the DOE did not renew or extend its authorization

for funding. When the plaintiff’s counsel raised this issue to the DOE in an email

dated June 3, 2021, the DOE promptly responded that it could authorize such

funding only for two-year blocks at a time and reiterated its commitment to “fund

any remaining hours through the expiration date listed in the [IHO] order,”

including services provided after April 30, 2021. Id. at 107. The record contains no

invoices from Kid Success for tutoring services provided to D.A. in May 2021, to

which the plaintiff points as evidence that Kid Success cut off its tutoring services

for that month. But it does contain invoices that the DOE paid for services Kid

Success provided to D.A. from June 3, 2021, until August 31, 2021.

4 After initiating this action in the district court on March 5, 2020, the plaintiff

moved for a preliminary injunction to compel the DOE to fund tutoring services

through at least August 31, 2022—an additional year beyond the date set in the

IHO Order. The plaintiff contended that such an extension of services was

warranted because (1) the DOE did not initiate communication with plaintiff

about how and when to use the tutoring hours, which resulted in the loss of “seven

months” of tutoring from May 13, 2019, through November 13, 2019; (2) the DOE’s

failure to authorize tutoring services in a timely fashion was the “primary cause”

for limited tutoring services from November 14, 2019, through April 21, 2020; and

(3) the DOE failed to authorize tutoring services beyond April 30, 2021, resulting

in services being cut off in May 2021. Id. at 39-40.

On September 30, 2021, the magistrate judge issued an opinion and order

denying the plaintiff’s motion. The plaintiff then submitted Rule 72 objections,

which the district court overruled, adopting the magistrate judge’s order in its

entirety. Applying a clearly erroneous standard, the district court determined that

“the plain language of the IHO order did not order the DOE to take any further

action before D.A. was entitled to receive tutoring services. Instead, the IHO stated

that the tutoring hours were to be drawn by the family at such times and in such

5 locations as they deem practicable, and to be used no later than August 31, 2021.”

Id. at 278 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Therefore, “the

[magistrate judge’s] conclusion that Plaintiff could not establish a likelihood of

success on the merits of her claim was not clearly erroneous.” Id.

II

We generally review a district court’s denial of a preliminary injunction for

abuse of discretion. Hester ex rel. A.H. v. French, 985 F.3d 165, 175 (2d Cir. 2021).

Under this standard, “the factual findings and legal conclusions underlying the

district court’s decision are evaluated under the clearly erroneous and de novo

standards, respectively.” Oneida Nation of N.Y. v. Cuomo, 645 F. 3d 154, 164 (2d Cir.

2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, the district court’s

determination to review the magistrate judge’s order for clear error is itself a legal

conclusion which we review de novo. See Birch v. Polaris Indus., Inc., 812 F.3d 1238,

1246 (10th Cir. 2015).

On de novo review, we conclude that the district court erred by applying the

clearly erroneous standard when considering the magistrate judge’s order. That

standard pertains to review of “[n]ondispositive matters” and “pretrial matter[s]”

referred to a magistrate judge. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A).

6 However, motions for injunctive relief are expressly excluded by the statute from

the “pretrial matters” that are set aside or modified only if clearly erroneous. 28

U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). A magistrate judge’s proposed orders pertaining to such

motions are subject to a “de novo determination.” Id. § 636(b)(1)(C).

We therefore review the magistrate judge’s order de novo. Even if “the

District Court applied the wrong standard of review, our own de novo review of

the record and the District Court’s application of law to the facts of this case ...

obviates the need for a remand.” Finkel v. Romanowicz, 577 F.3d 79, 84 n.7 (2d Cir.

2009).

III

The plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the DOE did not fully implement

the IHO Order, so she cannot meet the standard for a mandatory preliminary

injunction. To obtain a mandatory preliminary injunction against governmental

action, a plaintiff must (1) “make a strong showing of irreparable harm” absent

injunctive relief, (2) “demonstrate a clear or substantial likelihood of success on

the merits,” and (3) demonstrate a “public interest weighing in favor of granting

the injunction” and that the “balance of equities tips in his or her favor.” Hester,

7 985 F.3d at 176 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Yang v. Kosinski, 960

F.3d 119, 127-28 (2d Cir. 2020)).

The plaintiff contends that the DOE failed to initiate proactive

communication with her or her counsel about how and when to use the tutoring

hours, which resulted in the loss of seven months of tutoring from May 13, 2019,

through November 13, 2019, and that an order directing the DOE to reauthorize

and fund tutoring is necessary to halt D.A.’s educational regression. Appellant’s

Br. 13-15. But the IHO Order stated that the tutoring hours were “to be drawn

upon by the family at such times and in such locations as they deem practicable,

and to be used no later than August 31, 2021.” J. App’x 64. The IHO Order made

it the plaintiff’s prerogative to determine when and where to draw on the bank of

tutoring hours. Similarly, the evidence does not show that Kid Success limited

tutoring hours on account of the DOE’s purported delays in authorizing tutoring

services. To the contrary, Kid Success provided tutoring services several months

before receiving notice of the DOE’s funding authorization.

The plaintiff also contends that Kid Success cut off services from April 30,

2021, through June 3, 2021, because the “DOE’s funding authorization expired on

April 30, 2021,” pursuant to the notice of April 21, 2020. Appellant’s Br. 38.

8 However, as the magistrate judge observed, “the record is unclear whether Kid

Success declined to continue rendering tutoring services … or whether Plaintiff did

not seek tutoring for D.A. at that time.” J. App’x 229. Either way, the notice of April

21, 2020, conformed to the IHO Order’s direction that the tutoring services were

to be used “no later than August 31, 2021.” Id. at 105. Furthermore, as the DOE

promptly explained to the plaintiff’s counsel, the DOE’s commitment to fund

tutoring services for D.A. did not expire on April 30, 2021. Rather, the DOE

processed payment obligations for only two years at a time, which explains why

its confirmation notice to Kid Success included an expiration date that differed

from the date in the IHO Order. The DOE also submitted an affidavit in opposition

to the plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief, which explains that if, after the initial

two-year authorization period expires, the IHO deadline is still pending, its system

automatically reauthorizes to the correct expiration date upon the receipt of new

invoices. Id. at 152. The DOE’s explanation substantially controverts the plaintiff’s

assertion that the DOE refused to implement the IHO Order such that she cannot

show a “clear or substantial likelihood” of success on the merits, which is on its

own fatal to the plaintiff’s motion. Hester, 985 F.3d at 176 (quoting Yang, 960 F.3d

at 128).

9 * * *

We have considered the plaintiff’s remaining arguments, which we

conclude are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of

the district court.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court