Castillo Escalante v. Bondi

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: December 5, 2025
• Docket: 25-860
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 5 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FRANCISCO MIGUEL CASTILLO No. 25-860 ESCALANTE; ZAIRA ROSEBET CRUZ Agency Nos. CACERES, A208-128-005 A208-128-006 Petitioners,

v. MEMORANDUM*

PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted December 2, 2025** Portland, Oregon

Before: McKEOWN and SUNG, Circuit Judges, and FITZWATER, District Judge.*** Francisco Castillo Escalante (“Castillo Escalante”) and his wife Zaira

Rosebet Cruz Caceres (“Caceres”) petition for review of the Board of Immigration

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Sidney A. Fitzwater, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation. Appeals’ (“BIA’s”) order affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”) denial of their

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).1 We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. §

1252, and we deny the petition.

1. “Where, as here, the BIA agrees with the IJ[’s] decision and also adds its

own reasoning, we review the decision of the BIA and those parts of the IJ’s

decision upon which it relies.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1027-28

(9th Cir. 2019). We review legal questions de novo and factual determinations for

substantial evidence. Ruiz-Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 748 (9th Cir.

2022). “Under the substantial evidence standard, administrative findings of fact

are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude

to the contrary.” Id. (citation and emphasis omitted).

2. In his opening brief, Castillo Escalante does not challenge the BIA’s

conclusion that “Mexican business owners” is not a cognizable social group for

purposes of asylum or withholding. Accordingly, he has forfeited this argument.

See Lopez-Vasquez v. Holder, 706 F.3d 1072, 1079-80 (9th Cir. 2013).

1 Caceres does not seek relief or protection separately from Castillo Escalante’s application. Accordingly, we do not independently address her claims.

2 25-860 3. The BIA did not err when it concluded that Castillo Escalante failed to

show a nexus between the extortion he suffered and his membership in a group

composed of the children of his father, Joaquin Castillo Cervantes.2 His argument

that the BIA incorrectly reviewed the IJ’s nexus determination for clear error is

unavailing. The BIA reviews the IJ’s underlying factual findings for clear error

and the ultimate nexus determination de novo. Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69

F.4th 544, 551-52 (9th Cir. 2023). Here, the BIA correctly applied the clear error

standard to the IJ’s factual finding that money was the gang members’ sole

motivation for extorting Castillo Escalante. After accepting that factual finding,

the BIA properly reviewed de novo the question of whether Castillo Escalante

established the requisite nexus.

Moreover, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Castillo

Escalante failed to establish a nexus between the extortion and his group

membership for purposes of asylum and withholding. See Rodriguez-Zuniga v.

Garland, 69 F.4th 1018, 1018 (9th Cir. 2023) (reviewing a nexus determination for

substantial evidence). “[P]ersecution solely on account of an economic motive”

2 In his brief to the BIA, Castillo Escalante defined the social group as “children of Joaquin Castillo Cervantes,” and the BIA referred to the group in those terms. In his opening brief on appeal, however, Castillo Escalante refers to the group as “children or family members of Petitioner’s father, Joaquin Castillo Cervantes.” This difference does not affect our analysis regarding whether he has shown the requisite nexus between the extortion and his group membership.

3 25-860 does not merit relief. Baballah v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1067, 1075 n.7 (9th Cir.

2004). Although Castillo Escalante need not prove that his relationship to his

father was the sole reason for the extortion, the record lacks evidence that it was a

reason at all. See Rodriguez-Zuniga, 69 F.4th at 1019 n.2 (concluding that the

petitioner failed to meet the nexus requirement where “substantial evidence

support[ed] the agency’s finding that . . . financial motivation was not in addition

to a motivation based on family membership, but was instead the persecutor’s

exclusive motivation”). Accordingly, Castillo Escalante has failed to show past

persecution on account of a protected ground.3

4. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Castillo

Escalante failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. See Mashiri

v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112, 1123 (9th Cir. 2004) (reviewing the BIA’s relocation

decision for substantial evidence). Because Castillo Escalante failed to show past

persecution, the BIA correctly concluded that he had the burden of proving that

relocation within Mexico would be unreasonable. See Duran-Rodriguez, 918 F.3d

at 1029 (9th Cir. 2019). The only evidence Castillo Escalante presented in support

3 The Supreme Court of the United States has granted certiorari in a case that may determine the appropriate standard of review for some of the BIA’s persecution decisions. See Urias-Orellana v. Bondi, 145 S. Ct. 2842 (2025) (Mem.). The resolution of that question is immaterial to this appeal because our conclusion concerning the BIA’s nexus determination would be the same under a de novo standard of review.

4 25-860 of his internal relocation argument was generalized evidence of violence

throughout Mexico. Such evidence is insufficient to establish that relocation

would be unreasonable. See Hussain v. Rosen, 985 F.3d 634, 648 (9th Cir. 2021).

5. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of CAT protection.

Aguilar Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d 887, 891-92 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting the standard

of review). Castillo Escalante has not shown a likelihood that he “would be

tortured if removed to [Mexico] . . . at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.”

Rodriguez-Zuniga, 69 F.4th at 1023 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). The record lacks evidence that Castillo Escalante was tortured in the

past. Castillo Escalante’s generalized evidence of violence is insufficient to

establish that he is likely to suffer torture. See Hussain, 985 F.3d at 649 (requiring

a “particularized threat of torture” for CAT protection (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted)); Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir.

2010) (concluding that “generalized evidence of violence and crime in Mexico is

not particular . . . and is insufficient to meet [the CAT] standard”). And the record

reflects that the IJ considered evidence of country conditions. Castillo Escalante’s

vague assertions to the contrary fail to meet his burden to specifically identify

5 25-860 evidence that the BIA or IJ prejudicially ignored.4 See Cruz v. Bondi, 146 F.4th

730, 739 (9th Cir. 2025) (applying the presumption of regularity to BIA and IJ

decisions). Because Castillo Escalante has failed to demonstrate a likelihood of

torture, we need not reach the issue of government involvement or acquiescence.

PETITION DENIED.

4 The temporary stay of removal remains in place until the mandate issues. Petitioners’ motion to stay removal is otherwise denied.

6 25-860