WEBSTER, Circuit Judge.
Appellants, political subdivisions of the State of Minnesota, brought an action against the United States and the Secretary of the Interior, the State of Minnesota, Itasca and Beltrami Counties, the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, and the Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 et seq., seeking a declaration as to the relative governmental rights of the respective parties over territory known as the “Leech Lake Reservation.” The District Court1 dismissed the action “because the complaint does not allege any facts that indicate existence of a controversy sufficiently ripe to be the basis of a decision.”2 We affirm.
The complaint filed by the appellant counties in the action below alleges that government in this territory has become confused because conflicting claims of jurisdiction are asserted over the land. Although certain examples are set forth that suggest the type of problem involved, these are all pleaded in very general terms with[739]*739out specificity as to time, place, or persons involved.3 The prayer for relief asks
[f]or a judgment declaring and adjudicating the respective rights and duties of plaintiff and defendant to the lands and waters of the territory designated as “Leech Lake Reservation”, and further declaring that plaintiffs [sic] have the sole and exclusive governmental authority over such territory in conjunction with the State of Minnesota and the United States, and further declaring that the Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians as the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Inc. have no authority of self-government or judicial rights of enforcement for laws or regulations of Indians within the “Leech Lake Reservation”.
In response to the complaint, the various defendants filed motions to dismiss the action which were granted by the District Court. Similarly, a motion of the appellant counties to reconsider the order or for leave to amend the complaint was denied. Appellants appeal from these orders.
The basis of the District Court’s decision, and the issue before this Court, is whether a “controversy” within the meaning of the Declaratory Judgment Act and Article III of the Constitution exists on the basis of the complaint as written. “The courts of the United States do not sit to decide questions of law presented in a vacuum but only such questions as arise in a ‘case or controversy.’ ” C. Wright, Law of Federal Courts § 12 at 38 (3d Ed. 1976). The statutory standard for determining whether or not a controversy exists is the same as that under the Constitution. Aet-na Life Insurance Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 239-40, 57 S.Ct. 461, 81 L.Ed. 617 (1937); Allen v. Likins, 517 F.2d 532, 534 (8th Cir. 1975); Sherwood Medical Industries, Inc. v. Deknatel, Inc., 512 F.2d 724, 726 (8th Cir. 1975).
The decisions of the Supreme Court have developed a definition of “controversy” that must be applied to the facts of this appeal. In Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Haworth, supra, 300 U.S. at 240-41, 57 S.Ct. at 464, the Court said,
A “controversy” in this sense must be one that is appropriate for judicial determination. A justiciable controversy is thus distinguished from a difference or dispute of a hypothetical or abstract character; from one that is academic or moot. The [740]*740controversy must be definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of parties having adverse legal interests. It must be a real and substantial controversy admitting of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state of facts, (citations omitted)
The difficulty in applying this definition was noted in Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 512, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941).
The difference between an abstract question and a “controversy” contemplated by the Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one of degree, and it would be difficult, if it would be possible, to fashion a precise test for determining in every case whether there is such a-controversy. Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.
These two formulations have been cited and followed in this Circuit. See Allen v. Likins, supra, 517 F.2d at 534; Sherwood Medical Industries, Inc. v. Deknatel, Inc., supra, 512 F.2d at 727; St. Louis, Missouri, Paper Carriers Union No. 450 v. Pulitzer Publishing Co., 309 F.2d 716, 718 (8th Cir. 1962).
Similarly it is often expressed that federal courts will not render advisory opinions even in actions seeking declaratory judgments.
[T]he federal courts established pursuant to Article III of the Constitution do not render advisory opinions. For adjudication of constitutional issues, “concrete legal issues, presented in actual cases, not abstractions,” are requisite. This is as true of declaratory judgments as any other field.
Golden v. Zwickler, 394 U.S. 103, 108, 89 S.Ct. 956, 959, 22 L.Ed.2d 113 (1969) (brackets in original), citing United Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 89, 67 S.Ct. 556, 91 L.Ed. 754 (1947). See Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346, 362, 31 S.Ct. 250, 55 L.Ed. 246 (1911).
In order to present a “controversy,” a question must not be abstract but must define an issue which is concrete and specific. In United States v. Fruehauf, 365 U.S. 146, 81 S.Ct. 547, 5 L.Ed.2d 476 (1961), the issue was whether a loan to a union official by a corporation violated the prohibitions of § 302 of the Labor Management Relations Act. The Court noted that the question on appeal appeared to have become whether any loan comes within the prohibitions of the statute. 365 U.S. at 157, 81 S.Ct. 547. In that posture the Court felt that a decision could not be rendered.
We do not reach that question on this appeal. For we cannot but regard it— abstracted as it has become, in the course of these proceedings, from the immediate considerations which should determine the disposition of appellees’ motions to dismiss an indictment incontestably valid on its face — as other than a request for an advisory opinion.
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WEBSTER, Circuit Judge.
Appellants, political subdivisions of the State of Minnesota, brought an action against the United States and the Secretary of the Interior, the State of Minnesota, Itasca and Beltrami Counties, the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, and the Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201 et seq., seeking a declaration as to the relative governmental rights of the respective parties over territory known as the “Leech Lake Reservation.” The District Court1 dismissed the action “because the complaint does not allege any facts that indicate existence of a controversy sufficiently ripe to be the basis of a decision.”2 We affirm.
The complaint filed by the appellant counties in the action below alleges that government in this territory has become confused because conflicting claims of jurisdiction are asserted over the land. Although certain examples are set forth that suggest the type of problem involved, these are all pleaded in very general terms with[739]*739out specificity as to time, place, or persons involved.3 The prayer for relief asks
[f]or a judgment declaring and adjudicating the respective rights and duties of plaintiff and defendant to the lands and waters of the territory designated as “Leech Lake Reservation”, and further declaring that plaintiffs [sic] have the sole and exclusive governmental authority over such territory in conjunction with the State of Minnesota and the United States, and further declaring that the Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians as the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Inc. have no authority of self-government or judicial rights of enforcement for laws or regulations of Indians within the “Leech Lake Reservation”.
In response to the complaint, the various defendants filed motions to dismiss the action which were granted by the District Court. Similarly, a motion of the appellant counties to reconsider the order or for leave to amend the complaint was denied. Appellants appeal from these orders.
The basis of the District Court’s decision, and the issue before this Court, is whether a “controversy” within the meaning of the Declaratory Judgment Act and Article III of the Constitution exists on the basis of the complaint as written. “The courts of the United States do not sit to decide questions of law presented in a vacuum but only such questions as arise in a ‘case or controversy.’ ” C. Wright, Law of Federal Courts § 12 at 38 (3d Ed. 1976). The statutory standard for determining whether or not a controversy exists is the same as that under the Constitution. Aet-na Life Insurance Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 239-40, 57 S.Ct. 461, 81 L.Ed. 617 (1937); Allen v. Likins, 517 F.2d 532, 534 (8th Cir. 1975); Sherwood Medical Industries, Inc. v. Deknatel, Inc., 512 F.2d 724, 726 (8th Cir. 1975).
The decisions of the Supreme Court have developed a definition of “controversy” that must be applied to the facts of this appeal. In Aetna Life Insurance Co. v. Haworth, supra, 300 U.S. at 240-41, 57 S.Ct. at 464, the Court said,
A “controversy” in this sense must be one that is appropriate for judicial determination. A justiciable controversy is thus distinguished from a difference or dispute of a hypothetical or abstract character; from one that is academic or moot. The [740]*740controversy must be definite and concrete, touching the legal relations of parties having adverse legal interests. It must be a real and substantial controversy admitting of specific relief through a decree of a conclusive character, as distinguished from an opinion advising what the law would be upon a hypothetical state of facts, (citations omitted)
The difficulty in applying this definition was noted in Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273, 61 S.Ct. 510, 512, 85 L.Ed. 826 (1941).
The difference between an abstract question and a “controversy” contemplated by the Declaratory Judgment Act is necessarily one of degree, and it would be difficult, if it would be possible, to fashion a precise test for determining in every case whether there is such a-controversy. Basically, the question in each case is whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.
These two formulations have been cited and followed in this Circuit. See Allen v. Likins, supra, 517 F.2d at 534; Sherwood Medical Industries, Inc. v. Deknatel, Inc., supra, 512 F.2d at 727; St. Louis, Missouri, Paper Carriers Union No. 450 v. Pulitzer Publishing Co., 309 F.2d 716, 718 (8th Cir. 1962).
Similarly it is often expressed that federal courts will not render advisory opinions even in actions seeking declaratory judgments.
[T]he federal courts established pursuant to Article III of the Constitution do not render advisory opinions. For adjudication of constitutional issues, “concrete legal issues, presented in actual cases, not abstractions,” are requisite. This is as true of declaratory judgments as any other field.
Golden v. Zwickler, 394 U.S. 103, 108, 89 S.Ct. 956, 959, 22 L.Ed.2d 113 (1969) (brackets in original), citing United Public Workers v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 89, 67 S.Ct. 556, 91 L.Ed. 754 (1947). See Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346, 362, 31 S.Ct. 250, 55 L.Ed. 246 (1911).
In order to present a “controversy,” a question must not be abstract but must define an issue which is concrete and specific. In United States v. Fruehauf, 365 U.S. 146, 81 S.Ct. 547, 5 L.Ed.2d 476 (1961), the issue was whether a loan to a union official by a corporation violated the prohibitions of § 302 of the Labor Management Relations Act. The Court noted that the question on appeal appeared to have become whether any loan comes within the prohibitions of the statute. 365 U.S. at 157, 81 S.Ct. 547. In that posture the Court felt that a decision could not be rendered.
We do not reach that question on this appeal. For we cannot but regard it— abstracted as it has become, in the course of these proceedings, from the immediate considerations which should determine the disposition of appellees’ motions to dismiss an indictment incontestably valid on its face — as other than a request for an advisory opinion. Such opinions, such advance expressions of legal judgment upon issues which remain unfocused because they are not pressed before the Court with that clear concreteness provided when a question emerges precisely framed and necessary for decision from a clash of adversary argument exploring every aspect of a multi-faced situation embracing conflicting and demanding interests, we have consistently refused to give.
Id. at 157, 81 S.Ct. at 554. See Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 96-97, 88 S.Ct. 1942, 20 L.Ed.2d 947 (1968).
One reason for avoiding cases that are premature and not yet sufficiently focused is the unwillingness to render a decision whose ramifications in other fact situations are unclear. In Public Service Commission v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 73 S.Ct. 236, 97 L.Ed. 291 (1952), the respondent Wycoff Company sought a declaratory judgment that certain activity was interstate commerce and therefore not subject to regulation by a state agency. The Court [741]*741concluded that the issue as presented was so abstract as not to be the proper basis of a decision.
[T]he propriety of declaratory relief in a particular case will depend upon a circumspect sense of its fitness informed by the teachings and experience concerning the functions and extent of federal judicial power. While the courts should not be reluctant or niggardly in granting this relief in the cases for which it was designed, they must be alert to avoid imposition upon their jurisdiction through obtaining futile or premature interventions, especialy [sic] in the field of public law. A maximum of caution is necessary in the type of litigation that we have here, where a ruling is sought that would reach far beyond the particular case. Such differences of opinion or conflicts of interest must be “ripe for determination” as controversies over legal rights. The disagreement must not be nebulous or contingent but must have taken on fixed and final shape so that a court can see what legal issues it is deciding, what effect its decision will have on the adversaries, and some useful purpose to be achieved in deciding them.
344 U.S. at 243—44, 73 S.Ct. at 240. The Court was unwilling to require a decision that would necessarily determine every possible question that might arise in later cases. See id. at 243—46, 73 S.Ct. 236. Courts should be reluctant to decide cases that require them to speculate on the basis of hypothetical facts. United Public Workers v. Mitchell, supra, 330 U.S. at 90, 67 S.Ct. 556.
[T]he refusal to give advisory opinions must be based on “the implicit policies embodied in Article III, and not history alone.” It recognizes the risk that comes from passing on abstract questions rather than limiting decisions to concrete cases in which a question is precisely framed by a clash of genuine adversary argument exploring every aspect of the issue.
C. Wright, Law of Federal Courts § 12 at 41 (3d Ed. 1976) (footnotes omitted).
Applying these pronouncements to the case before us, we conclude that the District Court properly dismissed the complaint for failure to allege sufficiently the existence of a controversy proper for judicial determination. The question presented to the District Court is abstract and hypothetical. The declaratory relief sought by the appellant counties would amount to no more than an advisóry opinion.
Attempted exercise of county authority over Indian land requires an examination of congressional statutes in light of the particular activity involved. See Bryan v. Itasca County, 426 U.S. 373, 377-79, 96 S.Ct. 2102, 48 L.Ed.2d 710 (1976); Santa Rosa Band of Indians v. Kings County, 532 F.2d 655, 659 (9th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1038, 97 S.Ct. 731, 50 L.Ed.2d 748 (1977); City of New Town, North Dakota v. United States, 454 F.2d 121, 125 (8th Cir. 1972). The District Court correctly observed that “the overlapping jurisdictional claims of the parties might well result in different resolutions for differing situations,” and acted properly in dismissing the complaint. Under such circumstances the District Court would not have abused its discretion in declining to grant declaratory relief even if a true case or controversy had been pleaded, in light of the general relief sought. See generally C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2759 (1973).
Our decision does not preclude a declaratory judgment in a properly pleaded case. Such decisions have been rendered by this Court and other courts in fact situations that were more specifically drawn. See Bryan v. Itasca County, supra (involving authority to tax mobile home owned by an Indian); Santa Rosa Band of Indians v. Kings County, supra (involving enforcement of land use ordinances against land held in trust for Indians by the federal government); City of New Town, North Dakota v. United States, supra (involving criminal jurisdiction over reservation land);4 Leech Lake Band of Chippewa In[742]*742dians v. Herbst, 334 F.Supp. 1001 (D.Minn. 1971), summarily aff’d, 486 F.2d 888 (8th Cir. 1973) (involving application of state hunting and fishing laws to Indians). The broad blueprint sought by appellants based on less than specific issues would be entirely inappropriate and would likely be counter-productive in resolving the complex interrelationships implicit in this case. The District Court properly rejected the invitation to produce a law review article. No case or controversy admitting of declaratory relief was pleaded.
Affirmed.