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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-11535 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cv-02150-RDP
CASEY A. MCWHORTER,
Petitioner - Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER, ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al.
Respondents - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
(August 18, 2020)
Before WILSON, MARTIN, and ED CARNES, Circuit Judges.
MARTIN, Circuit Judge: Case: 19-11535 Date Filed: 08/18/2020 Page: 2 of 35
Casey McWhorter, an Alabama death row prisoner, appeals the District
Court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Mr.
McWhorter raises two issues in this appeal: (1) whether his constitutional right to
an impartial jury was violated by the presence of a biased juror; and (2) whether
trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present mitigating
evidence. After careful consideration, and with the benefit of oral argument, we
affirm the denial of Mr. McWhorter’s habeas petition.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY A. TRIAL AND OFFENSE CONDUCT
In 1993, Mr. McWhorter was indicted and charged in Alabama state court
with intentionally killing Edward Williams by shooting him with a rifle during the
course of a robbery. He was represented at trial by Thomas Mitchell and James
Berry. The guilt phase of trial began on March 17, 1994. Five days later, the jury
found Mr. McWhorter guilty. After a brief recess, the penalty phase began.
During the penalty phase, the State and Mr. McWhorter’s counsel made
opening statements and the State resubmitted the evidence it presented in its case
in chief. Mr. McWhorter’s counsel argued that McWhorter “had a difficult
childhood,” and grew up to be “a pretty good kid, but that he got mixed up with the
wrong crowd.” Counsel went on to call four witnesses during its penalty phase
presentation. First, counsel called Vonnie Salee. Ms. Salee previously worked
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with Mr. McWhorter at the Food World grocery store, and testified that
McWhorter was one of the better bag boys and was a hard worker. Next, counsel
called Van Reid. Mr. McWhorter had worked for Mr. Reid as a busboy, and Reid
described McWhorter as a good kid and a dependable worker.
Third, counsel called Elsie Garrison, Mr. McWhorter’s aunt. Ms. Garrison
testified that Mr. McWhorter was about 2 years old when his parents divorced.
Later, when Mr. McWhorter was around 16, he came to live with Ms. Garrison
because his mother believed he was using drugs. Ms. Garrison described her
nephew as a very bright, intelligent, compassionate young man who had a difficult
childhood, but emphasized that he “is not a bad boy.” She ended her testimony by
asking the jury to spare Mr. McWhorter’s life.
Finally, counsel called Carolyn Rowland, Mr. McWhorter’s mother. Ms.
Rowland described Mr. McWhorter’s childhood. She said she divorced Mr.
McWhorter’s father, Tommy McWhorter, remarried David Rowland, and moved
the family to Tennessee. Because Mr. McWhorter was so young when his parents
divorced, he believed that his stepfather, Mr. Rowland, was his father. This
illusion was pierced after the family moved back to Alabama and Ms. Garrison
told Mr. McWhorter he had two fathers. Ms. Rowland said this news did not seem
to have an effect on Mr. McWhorter at the time, but she explained that
complications arose later. She said as Mr. McWhorter got older, his biological
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father instructed him that he did not have to listen to his stepfather. Mr.
McWhorter’s refusal to listen progressed to the point that Mr. and Mrs. Rowland
“couldn’t talk to him.” Around the same time, when Mr. McWhorter was about 16
years old, he began socializing with a new set of friends and Ms. Rowland noticed
a change in her previously respectful son. Ms. Rowland closed her testimony by
asking the jury to spare her son’s life.
After about an hour of deliberating, the jury told the trial court it could not
reach an agreement on the sentence. The court explained that it was not trying “to
force or coerce [the jury] to reach a verdict,” but reminded the jurors about the
importance of reaching a verdict. Later that day, after further deliberations, the
jury returned and rendered a verdict recommending the death penalty by a 10-to-2
vote. The trial court followed the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Mr.
McWhorter to death.
B. STATE POSTCONVICTION After exhausting his direct appeals, Mr. McWhorter, through new counsel,
filed a state postconviction motion under Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.
Two of the claims Mr. McWhorter raised are relevant here. First, he claimed he
was denied an impartial jury. He said that a juror, Linda Burns, deliberately
provided a false answer on the voir dire questionnaire. The question asked
whether Ms. Burns knew anyone who had been a victim of a crime, and she failed
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to disclose that her father died under suspicious circumstances. Second, Mr.
McWhorter claimed his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and
present mitigation evidence during the penalty phase of his trial. The state court
held an evidentiary hearing on Mr. McWhorter’s Rule 32 motion from August 26–
28, 2009. Mr. McWhorter presented a significant amount of evidence.
Mr. McWhorter called four witnesses in connection with his biased jury
claim. He called Ms. Burns, the purportedly biased juror, who testified about the
circumstances of her father’s death as well as her thoughts at the time she
answered the voir dire questionnaire. We discuss Ms. Burns’s testimony in more
detail below. Mr. McWhorter also called April Stonecypher, another of the jurors
at his trial. Ms. Stonecypher testified that during deliberations, Ms. Burns “started
telling a story about how years before . . . her father had been murdered, and that . .
. she now had to walk around in the same town where this man was that killed her
father.” Ms. Stonecypher said that Ms. Burns was crying when she said this. And
Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Berry, Mr. McWhorter’s trial counsel, testified about their
process of selecting jurors during voir dire.
Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Berry also testified in connection with Mr.
McWhorter’s ineffective assistance claim. Both described their “good kid, wrong
crowd” theory of mitigating evidence. Counsel explained that they interviewed
Mr. McWhorter, his mother, aunt, and sister; gathered background information;
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and hired a neuropsychologist, Dr. Douglas Robbins. Because Dr. Robbins found
that Mr. McWhorter’s neuropsychological testing results were “unremarkable,”
counsel said they chose not to have him testify at the penalty stage. Dr. Robbins
testified at the Rule 32 hearing and confirmed his (lack of) mental health findings,
explaining that he did not find any evidence of brain damage.
Mr. McWhorter presented additional witnesses who he said would have
furthered counsel’s “good kid, wrong crowd” theory. Frank Baker, Mr.
McWhorter’s former math teacher and basketball coach, testified that McWhorter
was an average student who didn’t cause trouble in class and worked hard to
improve his basketball game and be part of the team. Kenneth Burns, another
former teacher, testified that Mr. McWhorter was “a good kid” and an average
student who worked diligently to get Bs and Cs. Mr. McWhorter’s friend, Amy
Battle, also testified that McWhorter was a “great kid” who was “funny and
outgoing and flirty.”
Mr. McWhorter also presented evidence of his significant history of
substance abuse. Mr. Rowland, Mr. McWhorter’s stepfather, testified that
McWhorter was a great kid until he reached the age of 10. It was at that point that
Mr. McWhorter’s attitude changed and he started huffing gasoline and freon. Mr.
Rowland also said Mr. McWhorter stole Rowland’s truck. Mr. McWhorter was
sent to a detention home for 30 days. Following these incidents, Mr. McWhorter
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lived with his aunt, Ms. Garrison, for 3–4 months and then with his friend
Abraham Barnes’s family.
Two members of Mr. McWhorter’s family, Larry Evans and Michael Evans,
provided more details about McWhorter’s childhood substance abuse. Larry said
that on a few occasions he, Mr. McWhorter, and other young family members
huffed gasoline until they passed out. Larry also testified that huffing gasoline
“would make you where you can’t remember.” Michael’s testimony about Mr.
McWhorter’s drug use was similarly disconcerting. He said that he and Mr.
McWhorter huffed gasoline several times a day on the weekends for 2–3 years.
The Evanses also testified that Mr. McWhorter’s grandfather, Jesse Evans, was a
physically violent alcoholic. They said that Mr. McWhorter “could have” been
around Jesse when he was hitting McWhorter’s grandmother, because McWhorter
often visited his grandparents on the weekends.
Mr. McWhorter’s high school friends gave more testimony about his
substance abuse. Tiffany Long, who dated Mr. McWhorter when she was 15,
testified that she and McWhorter “drank pretty much every time [they] were
together.” Abraham Barnes, who was “like [a] brother[]” to Mr. McWhorter, said
the two teenagers drank “[w]hen we were awake . . . . If we weren’t in school . . . ,
we were drinking.” When they were drinking, they took turns playing Russian
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roulette with a loaded pistol. Mr. Barnes testified that he and Mr. McWhorter did
these things because they never thought they would live to see adulthood.
Next, Ms. Garrison testified and expanded on the testimony she gave during
the penalty phase, explaining the difficulties Mr. McWhorter experienced as a
child. She said Tommy McWhorter (Mr. McWhorter’s biological father) drank a
lot, did not work, neglected McWhorter, and abused McWhorter’s mother. Ms.
Garrison said when Mr. McWhorter was about 10 years old, he started rebelling
against his mother and stepfather. Mr. Rowland responded by “whip[ping]” him.
On one occasion, Ms. Garrison saw bruises from one of these whippings and
reported the Rowlands to social services. After that, Mr. McWhorter’s behavior
got worse. He went from not listening, to sneaking out of the house, to stealing his
stepfather’s car.1 Shortly after he took the car, Ms. Garrison took Mr. McWhorter
in. To provide him with some structure, she required that he follow her rules,
including abstaining from alcohol. Nevertheless, after a few months, Ms. Garrison
found Mr. McWhorter so drunk that she thought he was dead. He also stole Mr.
Rowland’s truck again and crashed it. After crashing the truck, Mr. McWhorter
went back to living with the Rowlands.
1 As a result of this incident, Ms. Rowland sent Mr. McWhorter to stay with his grandparents a few days each week.
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Finally, two experts testified about the effects of Mr. McWhorter’s difficult
childhood and substance abuse on his mental health. Janet Vogelsang, a licensed
clinical social worker, performed a “biopsychosocial assessment” of Mr.
McWhorter and his family. Ms. Vogelsang explained that she gathered a vast
amount of information that shed light on how Mr. McWhorter was “shaped” and
“molded.” Based on her research, Ms. Vogelsang opined that Mr. McWhorter was
“robb[ed] . . . of the opportunity to have a strong male role model;” was neglected
by his biological father; and had no adult supervision during his early teenage
years. Ms. Vogelsang said these combined events all had a huge impact on Mr.
McWhorter and corresponded with the escalation in his drinking and drug use.
Dr. Ralph Tarter, a neuropsychologist who specializes in adolescent
alcoholism and the relationship between alcoholic parents and their children,
testified as well. Dr. Tarter did not perform a psychological evaluation of Mr.
McWhorter, but he reviewed the record and opined that Dr. Robbins (who
concluded that McWhorter’s neurological test was unremarkable, and whom trial
counsel did not have testify) did not ask all the “crucial” questions necessary for a
complete evaluation. Dr. Tarter said that without obtaining a complete evaluation
it was not possible to get a full understanding of Mr. McWhorter’s clinical profile.
Nevertheless, Dr. Tarter agreed with Dr. Robbins that Mr. McWhorter’s evaluation
showed he had a “high energy level, poor behavioral control and limited
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intellectual capacity to override that deficiency.” Dr. Tarter, however, said that he
would have performed additional tests based on these results. Additional tests
would have “identif[ied] and measure[d] the severity of neuropsychologic deficit,”
which is a “chemical” dysfunction in the brain, as opposed to structural brain
damage. Finally, Dr. Tarter said, based on reports about Mr. McWhorter’s
biological father, McWhorter was genetically predisposed to become an alcoholic.
The fact that Mr. McWhorter grew up in an unstable environment and huffed
gasoline at a young age made this genetic risk more significant.
After hearing all of this evidence, the state court denied Mr. McWhorter’s
petition on both the biased jury claim and the ineffective assistance claim. The
state court first found that Mr. McWhorter did not meet his burden to show that
Ms. Burns believed her father was the victim of a crime and failed to disclose that
fact during voir dire. The court explained that “[d]espite the rumors of murder that
she heard as a child, Burns had reason to believe that her father’s death was not a
homicide.” It also determined that Mr. McWhorter was not prejudiced by Ms.
Burns’s presence on the jury. In finding that Mr. McWhorter failed to show Ms.
Burns’s decisions “might have been affected by her father’s death,” the state court
relied on Ms. Burns’s “unequivocal” testimony “that her father’s death did not
affect her role as a juror.”
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Second, the state court dismissed Mr. McWhorter’s ineffective assistance
claim that trial counsel failed to investigate mitigating evidence. It found that trial
counsel’s “good kid, wrong crowd” strategy was a reasonable strategy, and that
counsel presented testimony to support that strategy during the guilt and penalty
phases. The court specifically noted that Dr. Robbins’s report “provided no useful
mitigation evidence” and did not fault trial counsel for not presenting mental-
health-related evidence. It also analyzed counsel’s decision not to present the
testimony of each individual witness and concluded that counsel’s performance
was not deficient in each instance.
Mr. McWhorter appealed the denial of his Rule 32 motion to the Alabama
Court of Criminal Appeals (“CCA”). The CCA affirmed the denial of Mr.
McWhorter’s biased jury claim, reasoning that although Ms. Burns “appeared to
waver in her responses to postconviction counsel’s questioning . . . we cannot say
that [she] failed to respond truthfully to the question posed on the juror
questionnaire.” McWhorter v. State, 142 So. 3d 1195, 1218–19 (Ala. Crim. App.
2011). The CCA further held there was “no indication that McWhorter might have
been prejudiced by [Ms. Burns’s] failure to respond that her father was a victim of
a crime on the juror questionnaire or to a voir dire question.” Id. at 1221.
The CCA also affirmed the denial of Mr. McWhorter’s ineffective assistance
claim. It quoted the state court’s reasoning:
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Experienced trial counsel collected the comprehensive background information . . . , Dr. Robbins’s evaluation, and other documents, and formulated a reasonable strategy that they believed could save McWhorter’s life: McWhorter was a good boy, who fell in with the wrong crowd, and he made a terrible mistake but does not deserve the death penalty,
Id. at 1237. The CCA ultimately upheld the state court’s finding that trial
counsel’s mitigation strategy was reasonable. Id. at 1238, 1245. The CCA was
also “confident that the mitigating evidence presented at the postconviction
hearing—but omitted from the penalty phase of McWhorter’s capital-murder
trial—would have had no impact on the sentence in this case.” Id. at 1250. The
CCA’s decision is the decision we review under the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Morton v.
Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 684 F.3d 1157, 1165–66 (11th Cir. 2012).
C. FEDERAL HABEAS Mr. McWhorter filed his federal habeas petition in the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Alabama on November 25, 2013. The District
Court denied Mr. McWhorter’s petition for the same reasons relied on by the state
courts. In denying the biased jury claim, the District Court held that the CCA’s
“findings – that McWhorter failed to prove that Juror Burns intentionally gave an
answer she knew to be false, and failed to prove that Ms. Burns’ answer prejudiced
him in any way – are consistent with” clearly established Supreme Court
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precedent. McWhorter v. Dunn, No. 4:13-CV-02150-RDP, 2019 WL 277385, at
*26 (N.D. Ala. Jan. 22, 2019). When explaining its decision to deny Mr.
McWhorter’s ineffective assistance claim, the District Court said the state court’s
findings are supported by the record, id. at *43, and it was not unreasonable for the
CCA to “conclude that the additional evidence offered by McWhorter would not
have resulted in a different sentence,” id. at *48.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW We review de novo a district court’s denial of a habeas corpus petition.
Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1155 (11th Cir. 2010). A petitioner is entitled to
habeas relief only if his claim is meritorious and the state court’s resolution of that
claim was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Supreme Court precedent, or was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts presented in the state court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
“Contrary to” means the state court applied “a rule different from the
governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases,” or it decided a case differently
than the Supreme Court has done “on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.”
Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694, 122 S. Ct. 1843, 1850 (2002). A state court’s
resolution of a claim is an “unreasonable application” of federal law when its
decision (1) “identifies the correct governing legal rule from [the Supreme] Court’s
cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular state prisoner’s case,”
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or (2) “either unreasonably extends a legal principle from [Supreme Court]
precedent to a new context where it should not apply or unreasonably refuses to
extend that principle to a new context where it should apply.” Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 407, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1520 (2000). The Supreme Court has said an
“unreasonable determination of the facts” occurs “when the direction of the
evidence, viewed cumulatively, was ‘too powerful to conclude anything but [the
petitioner’s factual claim],’ and when a state court’s finding was ‘clearly
erroneous.’” See Landers v. Warden, 776 F.3d 1288, 1294 (11th Cir. 2015) (first
quoting Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 265, 125 S. Ct. 2317, 2339 (2005), then
quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 529, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2539 (2003))
(alteration in original).
III. DISCUSSION
A. BIASED JURY CLAIM Mr. McWhorter’s biased jury claim centers around his theory that Ms. Burns
lied during voir dire when she said she did not know anyone who was the victim of
a crime. The backstory is as follows. When Ms. Burns was a child, her father,
Olive Daniels, went out one night with two other men, Langford Crawley and
Charles Taylor, to a pond in an abandoned rock mine. The next morning, an
officer came to Ms. Burns’s house and told her family that Mr. Taylor had been
beaten to death and Mr. Daniels was missing. A police diver then found Mr.
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Daniels dead at the bottom of the pond with bruises around his neck. However, the
autopsy concluded that Mr. Daniels’s cause of death was drowning. Mr. Crawley
was charged with and convicted of the murder of Mr. Taylor, but no charges were
ever brought against him for Mr. Daniels’s death.
During voir dire at Mr. McWhorter’s trial, the prospective jurors were given
a questionnaire. Ms. Burns answered question 21 as follows:
21. Have you, any member of your family or anyone you know ever been the victim of a crime? yes If yes, who and what relationship? Steve Burns Brother-in-law What was the crime? Drugs Was anyone arrested in connection with the crime? yes Was anyone convicted in connection with the crime? yes When Mr. McWhorter’s counsel questioned Ms. Burns about her response to
question 21, she agreed with counsel’s suggested clarification and said that her
brother-in-law had been convicted of a drug crime. At no point in time did Ms.
Burns disclose that her father died under suspicious circumstances. She was
ultimately selected as a juror.
Mr. McWhorter says his constitutional rights were violated because he was
deprived of an unbiased jury by Ms. Burns’s failure to disclose the facts
surrounding her father’s death. He first claims the CCA unreasonably agreed with
the state court’s finding that Ms. Burns was not intentionally dishonest when she
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answered the juror questionnaire. Second, he claims the CCA’s application of
Alabama’s biased jury standard was contrary to clearly established federal law.
In reviewing Mr. McWhorter’s claims, we first describe the standard he
must meet to show that Ms. Burns was biased and that bias affected his Sixth
Amendment right to an impartial jury. Next, we hold that the state court’s
determination that Ms. Burns was not intentionally dishonest was not unreasonable
because her testimony about how she believed her father died was equivocal.
Finally, we hold that the state court’s application of Alabama’s version of the
biased-jury analysis was not contrary to clearly established federal law.
1. Legal Standard Voir dire protects the Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury “by
exposing possible biases, both known and unknown, on the part of potential
jurors.” McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 554, 104 S.
Ct. 845, 849 (1984). In McDonough, the Supreme Court held that to obtain a new
trial when a juror gives a “mistaken, though honest response” to a voir dire
question, the defendant (1) “must first demonstrate that a juror failed to answer
honestly a material question on voir dire,” and (2) “then further show that a correct
response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause.” Id. at 555–
56, 104 S. Ct. at 849–50. This is because “[t]he motives for concealing
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information may vary, but only those reasons that affect a juror’s impartiality can
truly be said to affect the fairness of a trial.” Id. at 556, 104 S. Ct. at 850.
The first prong of the McDonough test requires us to determine whether Ms.
Burns was intentionally dishonest in answering the questionnaire; “that is, whether
[she] was aware of the fact that [her] answers were false.” United States v.
Perkins, 748 F.2d 1519, 1531 (11th Cir. 1984). The second prong—whether a
correct response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause—
requires us to determine whether Ms. Burns’s nondisclosure resulted from actual
bias that would disqualify her. Id. at 1532; see United States v. Carpa, 271 F.3d
962, 967 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam). Bias may be shown in two ways: “by
express admission or by proof of specific facts showing such a close connection to
the circumstances at hand that bias must be presumed.” Perkins, 748 F.2d at 1532
(quotation marks omitted). Often, the juror’s dishonesty in and of itself is “a
strong indication” that she was not impartial. See id.
2. The CCA Did Not Unreasonably Determine that Ms. Burns Was Not Dishonest.
Mr. McWhorter argues that the CCA unreasonably determined that Ms.
Burns was not intentionally dishonest. He relies on two points to show Ms.
Burns’s alleged dishonesty: (1) her failure to disclose during voir dire that she
believed her father was murdered; and (2) her “tearful[]” statements, made to other
jurors during deliberations, about her belief that her father’s murderer received
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lenient treatment. In support of these claims, Mr. McWhorter points to the
testimony of Ms. Burns describing “her lifelong belief that her father had been
murdered.” And, to the extent that Ms. Burns’s testimony was equivocal about
whether she believed this was true, Mr. McWhorter says “any doubt” is erased by
Ms. Stonecypher’s testimony that a crying Burns told the other jurors that her
father had been murdered.2
Based on our review of Ms. Burns’s testimony at the Rule 32 hearing, we
conclude her testimony was equivocal as to whether she believed her father had
been murdered. For instance, Ms. Burns said she “always thought that [her] father
was killed” by Mr. Crawley. But at other points during the hearing, she reiterated
the opposite and agreed that she believed her father had drowned based on the
official cause of death and that her only basis for thinking her father had been
murdered came from family rumors during her childhood.
As the CCA pointed out, whether Ms. Burns was dishonest turns on her
understanding what it means to be a “victim” of a crime. McWhorter, 142 So. 3d
at 1218–19. Ms. Burns’s lack of understanding, both at trial and years later at the
2 Traditionally, the failure to disclose information and the insertion of extraneous information into deliberations are analyzed as separate instances of misconduct. Perkins, 748 F.2d at 1531, 1533 (analyzing separately allegations of nondisclosure of information during voir dire and insertion of extraneous information into jury deliberations). Mr. McWhorter is appealing only the nondisclosure claim here because, as he acknowledges, the Rule 32 court admitted Ms. Stonecypher’s testimony about Ms. Burns’s deliberation statements only with respect to McWhorter’s nondisclosure claim, not his extraneous evidence claim.
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Rule 32 hearing, is evident from the record. For example, Ms. Burns responded to
the juror questionnaire by saying her brother-in-law had been the victim of the
crime of drugs—while later explaining, in response to questions from trial counsel,
that her brother-in-law was convicted of a drug crime. And when Mr.
McWhorter’s postconviction counsel tried to flesh out her understanding at the
Rule 32 hearing, Ms. Burns testified as follows:
Q. Now, when you said a moment ago that you weren’t thinking about your father’s death when you answered that item on the questionnaire; is that correct? A. Yes. Q. Well, you also said a moment ago, didn’t you, that you believe your father was not a victim because no one had been officially charged in your father’s murder? A. Now, wait. You say my father was not a victim? Q. That you -- I believe -- did you say a moment ago to [the prosecutor] that you didn’t believe your father was a victim because no one had been officially charged with killing him? A. Yes, I said that. Q. Now, did you answer the question in the way you did, namely, not mentioning your father because no one had been officially charged with killing him? A. No one -- I guess, because no one had been charged with his death. ... Q. Now, was this belief or knowledge that no one had been officially charged the reason why you didn’t mention him in response to this question on the questionnaire? A. Well, I don’t know. I still -- I’m still confused about what you’re asking me. I’m sorry. I did not put his name on there because he was not murdered. He was drowned.
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Ms. Burns’s “varied responses [about the] question on voir dire testify to the fact
that jurors are not necessarily experts in English usage.” McDonough, 464 U.S. at
555, 104 S. Ct. at 849. Because the record indeed reflects that Ms. Burns’s
testimony was equivocal, the state court’s finding that Burns was not intentionally
dishonest was not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts under §
2254(d). See McDonough, 464 U.S. at 555–56, 104 S. Ct. at 849–50 (declining to
invalidate trial based on juror’s “mistaken, though honest response”).
Mr. McWhorter insists that, despite Ms. Burns’s equivocal voir dire
statements, we can resolve this issue in his favor and conclude she was dishonest.
He points to Ms. Stonecypher’s testimony that Ms. Burns told the other jurors that
“her father had been murdered” years before the trial. In response, the State argues
that we cannot consider Ms. Stonecypher’s testimony about Ms. Burns’s
deliberation statements under Alabama Rule of Evidence 606(b).3 We need not
reach that issue here. Ms. Burns’s testimony about her state of mind during voir
dire provides evidence to support the Rule 32 court’s factual findings and
credibility determinations. See Brumfield v. Cain, 576 U.S. 305, 313–14, 135 S.
3 Rule 606(b) provides that “a juror may not testify in impeachment of the verdict . . . as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the jury’s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that or any other juror’s mind or emotions as influencing the” juror’s decision. However, this rule does allow a juror to testify “on the question whether extraneous prejudicial information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention or whether any outside influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror.”
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Ct. 2269, 2277 (2015) (“We may not characterize these state-court factual
determinations as unreasonable merely because we would have reached a different
conclusion in the first instance.” (alteration adopted) (quotation marks omitted)).
Therefore, the CCA’s finding that Ms. Burns did not “fail[] to respond truthfully”
to the voir dire questionnaire, McWhorter, 142 So. 3d at 1218–19, was not an
unreasonable determination of the facts.
3. The CCA’s Failure to Apply the McDonough Test Was Not Contrary to Clearly Established Law. In analyzing the second prong of Mr. McWhorter’s biased jury claim, the
CCA required him to show “that he ‘might have been prejudiced’ by the jurors’
failure to respond truthfully to a question posed on voir dire.” McWhorter, 142 So.
3d at 1219 (quoting Ex parte Stewart, 659 So. 2d 122, 124 (Ala. 1993) (per
curiam)). Mr. McWhorter thus challenges the CCA’s failure to apply the second
prong of the McDonough test—that “a correct response would have provided a
valid basis for a challenge for cause,” 464 U.S. at 556, 104 S. Ct. at 850—because
he asserts that failure is contrary to clearly established law.
Alabama courts have not adopted either prong of the McDonough test. See
Brown v. State, 807 So. 2d 1, 9 n.6 (Ala. Crim. App. 1999) (per curiam). Instead,
Alabama courts say the proper standard for determining whether juror misconduct
warrants a new trial “is whether the misconduct might have prejudiced, not
whether it actually did prejudice, the defendant.” Ex parte Dobyne, 805 So. 2d
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763, 771 (Ala. 2001). Whether this rule—and the CCA’s application of it in Mr.
McWhorter’s case—is “contrary to” McDonough under § 2254(d) depends on
whether it “contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Supreme Court’s] cases.”
Price v. Vincent, 538 U.S. 634, 640, 123 S. Ct. 1848, 1853 (2003) (quotation
marks omitted).
The CCA’s analysis appears to be in accordance with McDonough. The
CCA acknowledged that under Alabama’s might-have-prejudiced standard, the
“form” of prejudice that would entitle Mr. McWhorter to relief would be the
nondisclosure’s “effect, if any, to cause the party to forgo challenging the juror for
cause or exercising a peremptory challenge to strike the juror.” McWhorter, 142
So. 3d at 1211 (quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 1212 (addressing
McWhorter’s claims “[i]n light of the foregoing”). The CCA then asked whether
the facts showed “there was probable prejudice,” and looked to certain factors,
including “temporal remoteness of the matter inquired about, the ambiguity of the
question propounded, the prospective juror’s inadvertence or willfulness in
falsifying or failing to answer, the failure of the juror to recollect, and the
materiality of the matter inquired about.” Id. at 1211 (quotation marks omitted).
This analysis by the CCA mirrors the analysis our Court has followed under
McDonough, which looks to facts “showing . . . a close connection” between the
biased juror and the circumstances of the case. See Carpa, 271 F.3d at 967. Said
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another way, both Alabama’s might-have-prejudiced standard and McDonough
depend on whether the juror’s bias may have influenced the verdict against the
defendant. Compare McDonough, 464 U.S. at 554, 104 S. Ct. at 849 (holding that
a “touchstone of a fair trial is an impartial trier of fact”) with Ex parte Dobyne, 805
So. 2d at 771 (explaining that the focus of whether a defendant was prejudiced is
grounded in whether the juror might have unlawfully influenced the verdict).
Neither did the CCA unreasonably apply these standards. In concluding that
Ms. Burns’s nondisclosure on the juror questionnaire did not prejudice Mr.
McWhorter, the CCA relied on the Rule 32 court’s finding that Burns “was
unequivocal that her father’s death did not affect her role as a juror.” McWhorter,
142 So. 3d at 1221 (quotation marks omitted). The CCA also cited favorably to
facts established in the Rule 32 proceedings. Those facts included that Mr.
Daniels’s death was not close in time to when Mr. McWhorter was tried; Ms.
Burns’s failure to provide the information was “less likely to have affected her role
as a juror” due to her uncertainty over the circumstances of her father’s death; and
she testified she did not want to “vindicate the death of her father through this
trial.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). In conducting this type of analysis, our
Court has looked to similar factors, including whether the juror expressly admitted
bias, was intentionally dishonest, or was “closely connected to the case or to either
party.” See Carpa, 271 F.3d at 967; BankAtlantic v. Blythe Eastman Paine
23 Case: 19-11535 Date Filed: 08/18/2020 Page: 24 of 35
Webber, Inc., 955 F.2d 1467, 1473 (11th Cir. 1992). The CCA, in effect,
performed the same analysis required by McDonough.
Because the CCA’s analysis was not contrary to McDonough under
§ 2254(d)(1), and because, as we have already described, Mr. McWhorter failed to
carry his burden on the first prong of the McDonough test, we need not reach the
merits of whether there would have been a valid basis to challenge Ms. Burns for
cause pursuant to McDonough’s second prong. Cf. BankAtlantic, 955 F.2d at
1473 (declining to reach the first prong “because the district court properly found
that BankAtlantic failed to show that correct responses from [the jurors] would
have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause”). Thus, we affirm the
District Court’s dismissal of Mr. McWhorter’s biased jury claim.
B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Mr. McWhorter also appeals the CCA’s denial of his claim of ineffective
assistance based on trial counsel’s failure to investigate and present additional
mitigating evidence. He argues that the CCA unreasonably applied clearly
established federal law in deciding that counsel’s performance was not deficient.
He also claims the CCA made an unreasonable determination of the facts when it
concluded that he did not suffer prejudice from counsel’s actions.
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1. Legal Standard To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a habeas petitioner
must show both that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s
deficient performance prejudiced him. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). The Supreme Court has explained that the
Strickland inquiry requires a “SURELQJDQGIDFWဨVSHFLILFDQDO\VLV” Sears v. Upton,
561 U.S. 945, 955, 130 S. Ct. 3259, 3266 (2010) (per curiam).
Counsel’s performance is deficient if it “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. We apply a
“strong presumption” that counsel’s representation was “within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the
presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be
considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065 (quotation marks
omitted). “[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts
relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable,” but “strategic choices
made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent
that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”
Id. at 690–91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. “In other words, counsel has a duty to make
reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular
investigations unnecessary.” Id. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
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To establish prejudice in challenging a death sentence, a petitioner must
show that “there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer
. . . would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death.” Id. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069. In making
the prejudice determination with respect to penalty phase evidence, a reviewing
court must “consider the totality of the available mitigation evidence—both that
adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding—and reweigh
it against the evidence in aggravation.” Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130
S. Ct. 447, 453–54 (2009) (per curiam) (alteration adopted) (quotation marks
omitted). The fact that counsel presented some mitigation evidence does not
“foreclose an inquiry into whether a facially deficient mitigation investigation
might have prejudiced the defendant.” Sears, 561 U.S. at 955, 130 S. Ct. at 3266.
2. The CCA Did Not Unreasonably Apply Federal Law When Determining That Counsel’s Investigation Was Not Deficient. Mr. McWhorter challenges the quantity and quality of the mitigating
evidence counsel investigated and ultimately presented. The CCA denied this
claim, agreeing with the Rule 32 court’s factual findings and holding that counsel
formulated a reasonable trial strategy. McWhorter, 142 So. 3d at 1245, 1247–48.
In this appeal, Mr. McWhorter asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in several
ways. First, he says counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel chose to
present two witnesses that “barely knew” him and two witnesses “with apparent
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bias.” Appellant’s Brief at 53–54. Second, he says counsel’s performance was
deficient because counsel failed to investigate and present two categories of
additional mitigating evidence: (a) evidence that fit with counsel’s “good kid,
wrong crowd” theory, and (b) evidence that he had been abused as a child;
substance abuse evidence; evidence that he had a difficult home life; and mental
health evidence.
First we address Mr. McWhorter’s challenge to trial counsel’s decision to
present the four witnesses—Van Reid, Vonnie Salee, Elsie Garrison, and Carolyn
Rowland—who did testify at the penalty stage. Trial counsel testified that, based
on the information provided by Mr. McWhorter and his family, their strategy for
both the guilt and penalty phases was to convince the jury that Mr. McWhorter was
a good boy who got mixed up with the wrong crowd. Following the guilt phase,
counsel felt Mr. McWhorter’s case was “in a very, very deep hole”: the jury knew
McWhorter’s co-defendants had pled guilty, they had heard McWhorter
“basically” confess to the crime, and they saw a video of the crime scene. Because
the jury had already found Mr. McWhorter guilty, counsel felt the only thing going
in their favor at the penalty stage was McWhorter’s youth. But counsel knew they
couldn’t just rely on his age and appearance and they presented the four witnesses
they previously decided fit with their “good kid, wrong crowd” strategy.
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Counsel testified about their reasons for choosing these four witnesses. Mr.
Reid knew Mr. McWhorter “closer to the age in which he was accused of
committing this crime,” as opposed to some of McWhorter’s teachers or friends
from childhood. Mr. Reid had come recommended by Ms. Garrison, and Reid’s
testimony that Mr. McWhorter was a good kid and good worker fit in with
counsel’s penalty-phase theory. Ms. Salee was chosen because people “just
instinctively like or . . . are drawn to” her. She also worked at the courthouse, so
when the state court judge explained their relationship to the jury, counsel felt that
“gave an endorsement to the jury that, hey, this is a good witness.” Counsel asked
Ms. Rowland and Ms. Garrison to testify because they were likable, had a close
connection with Mr. McWhorter, and the jury “might tend to show some mercy”
based on the sympathy they felt for McWhorter’s mother and aunt.
After reviewing the record, the choice to call Mr. Reid, Ms. Salee, Ms.
Rowland, and Ms. Garrison “might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065 (quotation marks omitted). Mr. McWhorter’s
conclusory statements that his two former employers “barely knew” him, and that
his mother and aunt had “apparent bias” does not overcome this presumption. See
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 2588 (1986)
(“Counsel’s competence . . . is presumed, and the [petitioner] must rebut this
presumption by proving that his attorney’s representation was unreasonable under
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prevailing professional norms and that the challenged action was not sound
strategy.” (citation omitted)).
Second, we address counsel’s failure to investigate and present additional
mitigating evidence. We break this into two categories: the “good kid, wrong
crowd” evidence; and the substance abuse, childhood history, family abuse, and
mental health evidence.
We turn first to Mr. McWhorter’s argument that counsel should have offered
additional testimony consistent with their “good kid, wrong crowd” theory. These
additional witnesses include Mr. McWhorter’s friend, Ms. Battle; his coach and
teacher, Mr. Baker; and his teacher, Mr. Burns. See Oral Argument Recording at
49:45–51:25 (May 28, 2020). Counsel testified they did not attempt to interview
any of Mr. McWhorter’s friends because “[m]ost of his friends [at the time] were
either in jail . . . or they were witnesses against him.” Neither did counsel attempt
to speak with any of Mr. McWhorter’s teachers or coaches. To assess whether
counsel exercised objectively reasonable judgment by not interviewing potential
witnesses like these, we must consider whether counsel knew about these avenues
of investigation. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527, 123 S. Ct. at 2538.
It does not appear counsel knew to contact Ms. Battle, Mr. Baker, or Mr.
Burns. It is not evident from this record that Mr. McWhorter or his family
members told counsel to speak with these witnesses. Rather, when counsel met
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with Mr. McWhorter’s family to gather information, the family explained that
McWhorter “had a lot of friends” and his friends’ parents “bragged about how
well-behaved he was.” These family members did not, however, provide any
additional information. Nor is there other information in the record that shows
counsel should have plausibly known to pursue these specific witnesses. Thus, this
is not a case in which counsel ignored evidence in their possession that they failed
to pursue. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527, 123 S. Ct. at 2538. We cannot say the
failure to investigate the potential mitigation testimony of Ms. Battle, Mr. Burns,
and Mr. Baker was unreasonable. 4 See Stewart v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 476 F.3d
1193, 1210–11 (11th Cir. 2007) (holding that counsel’s investigation was
reasonable because they were not informed about any childhood abuse or
mistreatment).
Next we discuss whether Mr. McWhorter’s counsel missed any “red flags”
in connection with the remaining mitigation topics. These topics include
childhood abuse evidence; substance abuse evidence; evidence that Mr.
McWhorter had a difficult home life; and mental health evidence. In order to
4 We take a moment to note, however, that to the extent Mr. McWhorter’s trial counsel suggested this sort of evidence fell outside the universe of acceptable mitigation evidence, that understanding is at odds with our precedent. The rule is that mitigating evidence includes “any aspect of a defendant’s character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death.” Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 2965 (1978); see also Hardwick v. Crosby, 320 F.3d 1127, 1163 (11th Cir. 2003) (“The purpose of [mitigation] investigation is to find witnesses to help humanize the defendant, given that a jury has found him guilty of a capital offense.” (quotation marks omitted)).
30 Case: 19-11535 Date Filed: 08/18/2020 Page: 31 of 35
perform this analysis, we must first determine “whether a reasonable investigation
should have uncovered such mitigating evidence.” Middleton v. Dugger, 849 F.2d
491, 493 (11th Cir. 1988) (emphasis omitted). “If so, then a determination must be
made whether the failure to put this evidence before the jury was a tactical choice
by trial counsel.” Id. (emphasis omitted). If the choice was strategic, it “must be
given a strong presumption of correctness, and the inquiry is generally at an end.”
Id. “If, however, the failure to present the mitigating evidence was an oversight,
and not a tactical decision,” then we must determine whether Mr. McWhorter
suffered prejudice from that oversight. See id.
Trial counsel interviewed Mr. McWhorter a number of times. Counsel also
interviewed Ms. Carolyn Rowland, Melinda Rowland (Mr. McWhorter’s sister),
and Ms. Garrison. They provided counsel with a long list of information about Mr.
McWhorter. This information included things like the names of other family
members, friends, and mentors; medical information; details about Mr.
McWhorter’s childhood and home life, including instances of both “excessive” and
“appropriate” discipline; and family criminal history. In response to the question
of whether Mr. McWhorter suffered any mental illness or disorder, his family told
counsel that he “[h]ad a gas-sniffing habit and freon sniffing habit,” but did not
provide other information. Neither did Mr. McWhorter give counsel any reason to
think he was suffering from mental health problems. Even so, counsel also hired
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Dr. Robbins to determine whether Mr. McWhorter suffered from any mental
impairments.
Based on the above investigation, it is apparent that counsel had knowledge
of the mitigation topics Mr. McWhorter claims should have been presented. Now
we must determine whether the choice not to present each topic was tactical, or
whether it was an oversight. See Middleton, 849 F.2d at 493.
We can easily do away with Mr. McWhorter’s claim that substance abuse
evidence and evidence of his biological father’s problems should have been
presented. Counsel testified that they chose not to present evidence of Mr.
McWhorter’s substance abuse, or about his family members’ substance abuse, or
of his biological father’s personal problems because it may have done more harm
than good. This “strategy choice was well within the range of professionally
reasonable judgments.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 699, 104 S. Ct. at 2070.
Similarly, counsel testified about their reasons for not presenting mental
health evidence. Even though they hired a neuropsychologist, counsel did not have
Dr. Robbins testify because, in Robbins’s opinion, Mr. McWhorter’s
neuropsychological testing results were “unremarkable.” Counsel worried that if
Dr. Robbins testified “there’s absolutely nothing wrong” with Mr. McWhorter, that
would undermine the possibility that the jury might think he “must have been
crazy” to commit such a senseless crime.
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Based on our review of counsel’s knowledge, their choice to present
evidence consistent with their “good kid, wrong crowd” theory and their choice not
to call Dr. Robbins were each tactical. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct.
at 2066 (“[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts
relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable . . . .”). We therefore
hold that counsel’s investigation into these witnesses was not unreasonable.
Finally, Mr. McWhorter claims that the abuse he suffered as a child and his
difficult home life should have triggered counsel to investigate further.
Specifically, he points to the facts that his grandfather was abusive towards his
grandmother and that his stepfather gave him a “whipping” severe enough to leave
bruises that caused his aunt to call the Department of Human Resources. However,
counsel’s failure to investigate this evidence was not unreasonable. As to his
grandfather’s violent tendencies, there is no evidence to show that counsel knew
they should speak with the Evans side of Mr. McWhorter’s family. See Stewart,
476 F.3d at 1210–11 (holding that failure to investigate evidence of which counsel
had no knowledge was reasonable).
As to the “whipping” evidence, counsel did not think it was necessary to
investigate further because the Department of Human Resources “didn’t find any
grounds to take any action” against either Mr. or Ms. Rowland. We have held that
abandoning an investigation into a particular area of mitigating evidence before
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“making a fully informed decision” cannot be a reasonable strategy. See Wiggins,
539 U.S. at 527–28, 123 S. Ct. at 2538. But this case doesn’t fall in the category of
those with counsel who “abandoned their investigation at an unreasonable point.”
Daniel v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 822 F.3d at 1272 (quotation marks
omitted). Here, counsel did follow up. They asked Ms. Garrison and Ms.
Rowland about the incident. Based on the responses they got, counsel did not see
any reason to ask the Department of Human Resources for copies of the records.
We have recognized that “under some circumstances an attorney may make a
strategic choice not to conduct a particular investigation.” Dobbs v. Turpin, 142
F.3d 1383, 1387 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotation marks omitted). Because we cannot
say counsel’s failure to ask for the Department of Human Services records was
unreasonable, this is one of those circumstances.
* * *
In Mr. McWhorter’s case, the CCA held that “although the evidence about
McWhorter’s childhood is indeed disturbing, it does not necessarily mean that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to offer the additional evidence.” McWhorter,
142 So. 3d at 1248. For the reasons described above, we hold that the CCA’s
conclusion was not based on an unreasonable application of clearly established
federal law. Because Mr. McWhorter has failed to meet his burden in showing
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counsel’s performance was deficient, we need not address the prejudice prong of
the Strickland inquiry. See Ward, 592 F.3d at 1163.
IV. CONCLUSION
In sum, we affirm the District Court’s denial of Mr. McWhorter’s federal
habeas petition. The state court’s factual determination that Ms. Burns was not
intentionally dishonest is not unreasonable. And, although the evidence of Mr.
McWhorter’s substance abuse—beginning at age 10—is compelling, counsel’s
decision not to present this evidence because it was contrary to their “good kid,
wrong crowd” strategy was also reasonable on this record. Finally, we cannot say
the CCA unreasonably applied clearly established federal law in connection with
the other mitigating evidence presented at the Rule 32 hearing when it affirmed the
denial of Mr. McWhorter’s ineffective assistance claim.
AFFIRMED.