Carucel Investments L.P. v. Vidal

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: December 26, 2023
• Docket: 21-1731
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 1 Filed: 12/26/2023

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

CARUCEL INVESTMENTS L.P., Appellant

v.

KATHERINE K. VIDAL, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, Intervenor

-------------------------------------------------

UNIFIED PATENTS, LLC, Appellee

KATHERINE K. VIDAL, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, Intervenor ______________________

2021-1731, 2021-1734, 2021-1735, 2021-1736, 2021-1737 ______________________ Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 2 Filed: 12/26/2023

Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2019- 01079, IPR2019-01101, IPR2019-01102, IPR2019-01103, IPR2019-01105, IPR2019-01573.

KATHERINE K. VIDAL, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, Intervenor ______________________

2021-1911, 2021-1912, 2021-1913, 2021-1914 ______________________

Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2019- 01298, IPR2019-01404, IPR2019-01441, IPR2019-01442, IPR2019-01635, IPR2019-01644. ______________________

Decided: December 26, 2023 ______________________

BRIAN T. BEAR, Spencer Fane LLP, Kansas City, MO, argued for appellant. Also represented by ANDY LESTER, Oklahoma City, OK; ERICK ROBINSON, Houston, TX; R. SCOTT RHOADES, Warren Rhoades LLP, Arlington, TX.

DEBRA JANECE MCCOMAS, Haynes and Boone, LLP, Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 3 Filed: 12/26/2023

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Dallas, TX, argued for appellee. Also represented by RAGHAV BAJAJ, Austin, TX; ANGELA M. OLIVER, Washing- ton, DC; MICHELLE ASPEN, ROSHAN MANSINGHANI, Unified Patents, LLC, Chevy Chase, MD.

MICHAEL TYLER, Office of the Solicitor, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, argued for intervenor. Also represented by PETER J. AYERS, ROBERT MCBRIDE, FARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED. Also represented by PETER JOHN SAWERT in 2021-1911, 2021-1912, 2021- 1913, 2021-1914. ______________________

Before DYK, SCHALL, and STARK, Circuit Judges. STARK, Circuit Judge. Carucel Investments L.P. (“Carucel”) appeals the final written decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“Board”) holding that certain claims of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,221,904 (“’904 patent”), 7,848,701 (“’701 patent”), 7,979,023 (“’023 patent”), and 8,718,543 (“’543 patent” and, together with the ’904, ’701, and ’023 patents, the “Carucel patents”) are unpatentable as obvious. For the reasons provided below, we affirm. I A The Carucel patents, each entitled “mobile communi- cation system with moving base station,” share substan- tially identical specifications. The patents disclose a mobile communication system that “employs moving base stations moving in the direction of flow of traffic moving along a roadway.” ’904 patent, Abstract. These “moving base stations” then “communicate with a plurality of fixed radio ports connected by a signal transmission link to a gateway office which, in turn, is connected to the wire line network.” Id. This general configuration of the various Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 4 Filed: 12/26/2023

elements of the invention is illustrated in Figure 1 of the Carucel patents, reproduced below, which depicts 1) “mo- bile units 20 traveling on a first roadway 10,” 2) “[a] plural- ity of moving base stations 30 [which] are disposed along one side of the roadway 10 . . . [and which] may be moved by means of a rail 35, or other suitable conveying device which may include an automotive vehicle travelling on the roadway, in the same direction as the traffic flow on the roadway 10,” and 3) “a plurality of fixed radio ports 50 which are connected . . . to a telephone office connected to the wire line telephone network and referred to as a . . . gateway office 60 [which] forms the interface between the mobile telecommunication system and the wire line tele- phone network.” Id. at 3:66-4:28.

Illustrative claim 22 of the ’904 patent recites: 22. An apparatus adapted to move in accordance with a movement of a mobile unit moving relative to a plurality of fixed radio ports, the apparatus comprising: Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 5 Filed: 12/26/2023

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a receiver adapted to receive a plurality of signals, each of the plurality of signals transmitted from each of the plurality of fixed radio ports within a frequency band having a lower limit greater than 300 megahertz; a transmitter adapted to transmit, within the fre- quency band, a resultant signal to the mobile unit in accordance with at least one of the plurality of signals; and a processor adapted to maximize an amount of transferred information to the mobile unit by eval- uating a quality of each of the plurality of signals transmitted from the plurality of fixed radio ports. B Carucel brought patent infringement lawsuits against Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (“Volkswagen”) and Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC (“Mercedes-Benz”) in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas, asserting all four Carucel patents. Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz then filed petitions for several inter partes review (“IPR”) proceedings of all of the Carucel patents, which were insti- tuted by the Board. A third-party organization, Unified Patents, Inc. (“Unified”), also obtained institution of an IPR of certain claims of the ’023 patent. In their petitions seeking institution of IPRs, Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz set out various obvious- ness combinations, based on (as pertinent to here) primary prior art references U.S. Patent Nos. 5,559,865 (“Gil- housen865”), 5,519,761 (“Gilhousen761”), and 5,276,686 (“Ito”). 1 Gilhousen865 and Gilhousen761, which share

1 Unified’s grounds for unpatentability were obvi- ousness combinations involving primary references U.S. Patent Nos. 5,422,934 (“Massa”) and 4,748,655 Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 6 Filed: 12/26/2023

substantially identical specifications, disclose an airborne communication system that allows radiotelephones on a plane to communicate with a ground-based telephone sys- tem. Figure 1 shows the Gilhousen system with ground- based subsystem 105 and airborne-based subsystem 125. No. 21-1911 J.A. 1241, 1245. 2 As shown, the ground-based subsystem 105 includes base station 120 coupled to an- tenna 150 and to mobile switching center 115, which in turn is coupled to public switched telephone network (“PSTN”) 110. J.A. 1245.

(“Thrower”), which are not at issue in Carucel’s appeal with respect to Unified (No. 21-1731). 2 “J.A.” refers to the joint appendix filed in Appeal No. 21-1911, unless otherwise indicated. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 7 Filed: 12/26/2023

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Figure 2 of the Gilhousen references depicts an air- borne-based subsystem having radiotelephones 205, signal repeater 210, and antenna 215. J.A. 1243, 1245. Repeater 210 receives signals from radiotelephones 205 within an aircraft and relays them to antenna 215 mounted outside the aircraft, which in turn relays the signals to the base station on the ground. J.A. 1245. These references disclose that signal repeater 210 may be replaced by “an airborne base station that has the ability to register the radiotele- phones on the aircraft. The airborne base station then reg- isters the radiotelephone with the ground based subsystem.” J.A. 1246 at 3:9-13. The airborne base station has “the same functionality of its ground-based counter- part but on a much smaller scale since it does not have to handle the thousands of radiotelephones of the ground- based station.” Id. at 3:13-16.

Ito discloses “a mobile radio communication system that wirelessly connects not only between a base station and a mobile station but also between a mobile station, or a mobile base device, and a portable device by a radio chan- nel in order to eliminate the necessity of wiring the mobile base device and portable device and enhance the Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 8 Filed: 12/26/2023

maneuverability of an automobile telephone handset.” J.A. 1212 at 2:6-12. This system is illustrated in Figure 6 of Ito, J.A. 1208, which depicts a mobile radio communication sys- tem, in which a mobile base device (MSS) is “connected simultaneously with two portable devices PSS1 and PSS2.” J.A. 1217 at 12:50-54. The base station (BSS) and the mo- bile base device (MSS) communicate with each other by way of radio frequencies, and the mobile base device (MSS) and portable devices (PSS1 and PSS2) communicate with each other by way of different radio frequencies. J.A. 1217. Ito teaches using frequency-division multiple access (“FDMA”) and time-division multiple access (“TDMA”) techniques “for connection between a base station and a mobile base device as well as for connection between a mo- bile base device MSS and a portable device PSS. With a FDMA/TDMA technique, a number of radio frequencies are shared by a plurality of stations.” J.A. 1214 at 5:47-52.

The Board issued final written decisions determining that each of the challenged claims is unpatentable as obvi- ous over combinations of prior art references including Gil- housen865, Gilhousen761, and Ito. Carucel filed motions for rehearing, which were denied, and then timely Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 9 Filed: 12/26/2023

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appealed. 3 Following the Supreme Court’s issuance of its decision in United States v. Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021), we remanded for the limited purpose of allowing Carucel to seek Director Review. After such review was denied, Carucel filed amended notices of appeal. Mercedes- Benz and Volkswagen then notified us they would not par- ticipate in the appeals. Hence, briefing was submitted only by Carucel, Unified, and the Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”). The Board had jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 316(c). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A) and 35 U.S.C. §§ 141(c), 319. II Obviousness is a question of law based on underlying fact findings. See KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 427 (2007). Those findings include: (1) the scope and content of the prior art; (2) differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; (3) the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art; and (4) secondary considerations such as commercial success, long felt but unsolved needs, and fail- ure of others. See Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 17-18 (1966). We review the Board’s legal conclusions on obviousness de novo and its findings of fact for substantial

3 In No. 21-1731, Carucel appeals the final written decisions in IPR2019-1101/1573, regarding the ’904 patent; IPR2019-1102 (’701 patent); IPR2019-1103 (’023 patent); IPR2019-1079 (’023 patent); and IPR 2019-1105 (’543 pa- tent). All but one of the IPRs at issue in No. 21-1731 were filed by Volkswagen; the exception, IPR2019-1079 (’023 pa- tent), was filed by Unified. In No. 21-1911, Carucel appeals the final written decisions in IPR2019-1298/1635, regard- ing the ’904 patent; IPR2019-1442 (’701 patent); IPR2019- 1404 (’023 patent); and IPR2019-1441/1644 (’543 patent). All of the IPRs in No. 21-1911 were filed by Mercedes-Benz. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 10 Filed: 12/26/2023

evidence. See HTC Corp. v. Cellular Commc’ns Equip., LLC, 877 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2017). “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Intel Corp. v. PACT XPP Schweiz AG, 61 F.4th 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2023). “[T]he possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an admin- istrative agency’s finding from being supported by substan- tial evidence.” Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). Additionally, we “defer to the Board’s findings concerning the credibility of expert witnesses.” Yorkey v. Diab, 601 F.3d 1279, 1284 (Fed. Cir. 2010). We review the Board’s claim construction de novo and any subsidiary factual findings based on extrinsic evidence for substantial evidence. See Polaris Innovations Ltd. v. Brent, 48 F.4th 1365, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2022). Claim terms are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning, which is the meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention, reading the claim in the context of the full specification and prosecution history. See Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1313-14 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc); see also Lexion Med., LLC v. Northgate Techs., Inc., 641 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2011). “There are only two exceptions to this general rule: 1) when a pa- tentee sets out a definition and acts as his own lexicogra- pher, or 2) when the patentee disavows the full scope of the claim term either in the specification or during prosecu- tion.” Thorner v. Sony Computer Ent. Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012). We review the actions of the PTO for compliance with the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq. Applying this standard of review, we “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” “without ob- servance of procedure required by law,” or “unsupported by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. §§ 706(2)(A), (D), (E). Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 11 Filed: 12/26/2023

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III On appeal, Carucel challenges: (1) the Board’s con- struction of the claim terms “mobile unit” and “mobile de- vice;” (2) the Board’s construction of “adapted to;” 4 (3) the Board’s conclusion that various claims of Carucel’s patents are invalid as obvious over several prior art combinations; and (4) the PTO’s “Director Review” procedures, which Carucel contends violate the APA. We conclude that none of these issues has merit. A Before addressing Carucel’s contentions, we begin by rejecting the PTO’s position that Carucel forfeited its op- portunity to appeal the Board’s construction of “mobile unit” and “mobile device” by not first raising these chal- lenges in its request for Director Review. Appeals from IPR proceedings are governed by 35 U.S.C. § 319, which pro- vides that “[a] party dissatisfied with the final written de- cision of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board . . . may appeal the decision.” The statute does not impose as a further re- quirement for preserving issues that they also be presented as part of an intra-agency appeal. The only other authority the PTO cites for its forfeiture position is our non-precedential decision in Polycom, Inc. v. Fullview, Inc., 767 F. App’x 970, 980 (Fed. Cir. 2019), which held that “Polycom could have, and should have, raised [its] anticipation argument in its request for rehearing” and, as such, found the argument waived (forfeited). It would seem to us, however, that just as failure to seek rehearing cannot result in forfeiture, see In re Magnum Oil Tools Int’l, Ltd., 829 F.3d 1364, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2016), neither should failure to raise an issue when rehearing is sought result in

4 Carucel raises this issue only in Appeal No. 21- 1731 and only in connection with IPRs filed by Volkswagen, not those initiated by Unified. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 12 Filed: 12/26/2023

forfeiture. In any case, Polycom concerned inter partes reexamination, not inter partes review. Inter partes reex- aminations are governed by a regulation requiring parties seeking rehearing of a Board decision to “state with partic- ularity the points believed to have been misapprehended or overlooked in rendering the Board’s opinion reflecting its decision.” 37 C.F.R. § 41.79(b)(1). No similar regulation or other authority exists in the IPR context. 5 Thus, issues Carucel litigated in the IPR but chose not to present in its requested Director Review are not forfeited and may be pressed on appeal. B Carucel appeals the Board’s construction of “mobile de- vice” and “mobile unit,” terms the parties agree have the same meaning as each other. Carucel proposed that these terms should be construed as “a device that must register with and be able to directly communicate with the cellular network.” The Board held, instead, that no construction

5 At the time Carucel made its requests for Director Review, the PTO’s Arthrex Q&As webpage did not mention any exhaustion requirement. See PTO, Arthrex Q&As, https://www.uspto.gov/patents/patent-trial-and-appeal- board/procedures/arthrex-qas (last accessed December 18, 2023). Later, on April 22, 2022, the Arthrex Q&As webpage was superseded by the PTO’s Interim Process for Director Review webpage, which instructed that parties “should raise any additional issues sparingly, if at all.” No. 21-1911 Appellant’s Reply Br. at 9. On July 24, 2023, the PTO pub- lished “Revised Interim Director Review Process,” an- nouncing that henceforth “[a]ny argument not made within the Request [for Director Review] may be deemed waived.” See PTO, Revised Interim Director Review Process, https://www.uspto.gov/patents/ptab/decisions/revised-in- terim-director-review-process (last accessed December 18, 2023). Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 13 Filed: 12/26/2023

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was necessary. On appeal we must address two disputes: (1) whether the “mobile device” and “mobile unit” are lim- ited to devices that work with a “cellular network” or may also include devices that work with other telephone net- works, such as cordless phones; and (2) whether the claimed “mobile device” and “mobile unit” must be capable of registering and communicating with the network “di- rectly” (i.e., “by itself”) without relying on actions by inter- mediaries. 6 We agree with the Board on both issues: the “mobile device” and “mobile unit” are not limited to devices that work with a “cellular network” or to those that are ca- pable of registering and communicating “directly” with the network. First, there is no basis in the intrinsic record to limit the “mobile device” or “mobile unit” to devices that work only with a “cellular network.” Nothing about the claim language – that is, the words “mobile,” which refers to ca- pability of movement, or “unit” or “device,” which are ge- neric indications of a physical article – even suggests Carucel’s proposed restriction. Turning to the specification, Carucel points to the “Field of the Invention,” which states that the Carucel pa- tents “relate[] to cellular telephone systems in which a mo- bile unit communicates by wireless communication to a

6 Although its proposed construction does not explic- itly require that the claimed “mobile device” and “mobile unit” register with a network “by itself,” Carucel has main- tained, both during the IPRs and in the present appeals, that its proposed construction does so. See, e.g., No. 21- 1731 J.A. 10635 (stating that prior art did not disclose “mo- bile device” limitation as prior art telephone was “not capa- ble of registering with a cellular network by itself”); No. 21- 1731 Appellant’s Reply Br. at 12 (arguing that “mobile de- vice must register as part of its independent functionality” and “by definition . . . can do so by itself”). Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 14 Filed: 12/26/2023

base station connected to the wire telephone network.” E.g., ’904 patent at 1:15-18 (emphasis added). That the in- vention “relates to” cellular telephone systems does not mean the invention is also limited to, and may only be prac- ticed with, a cellular network. Carucel emphasizes that “[t]he only embodiments disclosed in the specification are mobile units and mobile base stations that connect to mo- bile cellular networks” and “[t]he only communications standards discussed” in the specification, “TDMA/CDMA and IS-95,” are “cellular phone standards.” No. 21-1731 Appellant’s Br. at 36-37. However, “[e]ven when the spec- ification describes only a single embodiment, the claims of the patent will not be read restrictively unless the patentee has demonstrated a clear intention to limit the claim scope using words or expressions of manifest exclusion or re- striction.” Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 906 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omit- ted). We see no such clear intention here. To the contrary, adoption of Carucel’s construction would result in the claims failing to capture the breadth of the patents’ disclo- sure – including embodiments in which mobile devices communicate with the moving base stations using “a stand- ard radio interface, well known in the art,” ’904 patent at 6:43-45 – a generally disfavored outcome in the absence of intrinsic evidence limiting the scope of the claims. See Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1583 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (noting that claim construction excluding preferred embodiment “is rarely, if ever, correct”). Second, the intrinsic evidence does not require the “mo- bile device” or “mobile unit” to be able to “directly” com- municate with the telephone network or to register with the telephone network “by itself.” To the contrary, the specification repeatedly discloses embodiments in which the claimed “mobile device” or “mobile unit” communicates with the telephone network indirectly via intermediaries. In one such embodiment, “the mobile unit does not receive communications from the fixed radio port but only from the Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 15 Filed: 12/26/2023

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movable base station . . . thereby eliminating any direct communication from the mobile unit to the fixed radio port.” ’904 patent at 3:49-56 (emphasis added); see also id. at 3:18-21 (explaining that moving base stations may be interposed between fixed base stations and mobile device). For its narrower construction, Carucel relies on a por- tion of the specification which states, in pertinent part: When a mobile unit set is first powered up or first enters a service area, the mobile unit must register in the manner described earlier, by transmitting its unique address in the new service area. The ad- dress will be received by the closest moving base station 30 and transmitted via a fixed radio port and the gateway switch 60 to the telephone net- work. This registration procedure is required so that an incoming call for the mobile unit can be ap- propriately directed. ’904 patent at 9:64-10:4. Even this portion of the specifica- tion, however, describes indirect communication between the “mobile unit” and the telephone network during the registration process, explaining that the “address” of the mobile unit is relayed to the telephone network via inter- mediaries including “the closest moving base station 30 and . . . a fixed radio port and the gateway switch 60.” Id. (em- phasis added). This language does not support the restric- tive reading of the claim terms pushed by Carucel. Thus, we agree with the Board’s decision to reject Carucel’s proposed construction of the terms “mobile de- vice” and “mobile unit.” Because Carucel only challenges the Board’s claim construction to the extent that it failed to narrow claim scope in the manner Carucel had proposed, we need not determine whether the Board was also correct that these terms require no construction. C Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 16 Filed: 12/26/2023

In appeal No. 21-1731 only, Carucel challenges the Board’s construction of the term “adapted to,” as it appears in the preambles of claims 22 and 34 of the ’904 patent. In previous litigation, a district court construed the term to mean “‘constructed to move with the traffic at a rate of speed which is comparable to the speed of the traffic.’” No. 21-1731 J.A. 234-35 (quoting J.A. 5556-59). The Board ac- cepted the parties’ agreement to adopt this same construc- tion. Later, the parties developed a dispute over the meaning of “traffic” as used in the Board’s construction. Specifically, Carucel proposed that “traffic” refers only to “an automotive vehicle traveling on a roadway” and does not also include “airplane traffic.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 6639. Carucel argued that because “[a]n airplane does not move with traffic as it is not bound to predetermined roads,” and “an airplane can travel at speeds up to five hundred miles- per-hour and, as such, does not move with the traffic at a rate of speed which is comparable to the traffic,” airplanes must be excluded from the construction. Id. The Board rejected Carucel’s proposed narrowing of the term, as it was not supported by the specification or the prosecution history of the Carucel patents. We agree with the Board’s rejection of Carucel’s pro- posal to narrow the claim term “adapted to” by restricting “traffic” to only “vehicular traffic” traveling on “predeter- mined roads.” Carucel asserts that “[t]he type of traffic that is described in the specification is solely automobile traffic” and “the sole embodiment is directed to ‘roadways’ involving ‘vehicular traffic.’” No. 21-1731 Appellant’s Br. at 46. However, as the Board explained and the PTO ar- gues on appeal, the specification also discloses pedestrian traffic. See, e.g., ’904 patent at 2:41 (“The low speed is mostly pedestrian traffic . . .”), 3:35-39 (“[A] number of fixed base stations are provided in addition to moving base stations allowing slower moving traffic, such as pedestrian traffic . . . to communicate via the fixed base stations.”), 4:48-51 (“[F]ixed base stations 70 would accommodate Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 17 Filed: 12/26/2023

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communications with mobile units traveling at a speed of less than 30 miles per hour including pedestrian traffic and stationary units.”). Carucel’s narrowed construction, thus, would improperly read embodiments relating to pedestrian traffic out of the scope of the claims. See Vitronics, 90 F.3d at 1583. Carucel urges us to consider the testimony of its expert, Dr. Lanning, who opined that there is a significant differ- ence in the circuitry and signaling between a car-based sys- tem and one involving commercial aircraft. We may not, however, rely on extrinsic evidence to adopt a claim con- struction that contradicts what a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand from the intrinsic evidence. See Seabed Geosolutions (US) Inc. v. Magseis FF LLC, 8 F.4th 1285, 1287 (Fed. Cir. 2021) (“If the meaning of a claim term is clear from the intrinsic evidence, there is no reason to resort to extrinsic evidence.”). For these reasons, we affirm the Board’s construction of the term “adapted to.” D Carucel next contends that substantial evidence does not support the Board’s determination that its patent claims were proven to be invalid as obvious. In particular, Carucel challenges the Board’s findings with respect to the combination of Gilhousen865 with Gilhousen390 7 and the combinations of Ito with references relating to a CDMA cel- lular system. 8 We are unpersuaded.

7 U.S. Patent No. 5,109,390. See No. 21-1731 J.A. 2166-76. 8 In the No. 21-1731 appeal, Carucel also faults com- binations involving the Vercauteren reference. But the Board did not consider the Vercauteren-based combina- tions in its final written decision and neither do we. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 18 Filed: 12/26/2023

Carucel first attacks the Board’s findings regarding the combination of the aircraft repeater disclosures in Gil- housen865 with the CDMA system of Gilhousen390, criti- cizing the Board for failing to credit the testimony of Carucel’s expert, Dr. Lanning, who pointed out “technical flaws that would render the combination of the two refer- ences non-functional.” No. 21-1731 Appellant’s Br. at 48. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s determination of obviousness based on the combination of Gilhousen865 and Gilhousen390. For instance, with respect to claim 22 of the ’904 patent, the Board relied on the testimony of pe- titioner’s expert, Dr. Ding, to find that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to modify Gil- housen865’s airborne communication system with Gil- housen390’s “various configurations to achieve signal diversity at the receiver,” at least for the purpose of “reduc- ing errors caused by well-known deleterious effects on wirelessly-transmitted signals.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 259, 261- 62; see also No. 21-1731 J.A. 3457-65 ¶¶ 97-109. The Board also credited Dr. Ding’s testimony that an ordinarily skilled artisan would have combined these references “with a reasonable expectation of success.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 261 (citing No. 21-1731 J.A. 10509-12 ¶¶ 46-50). The testimony cited by the Board directly addressed Carucel’s contentions as to the purported incompatibility caused by the high speed of aircraft. Having determined to credit the opinion of Dr. Ding, a finding to which we defer, see Yorkey, 601 F.3d at 1284, the Board had substantial evidence for its conclusion that “the proposed combination of Gilhousen865 and Gilhousen390 would involve nothing more than incor- porating well-known concepts . . . into a well-known sys- tem.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 263-64 (citing No. 21-1731 J.A. 3465 ¶ 109). 9

9 Carucel faults the Board’s final written decisions for failing to adequately explain why it was persuaded by Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 19 Filed: 12/26/2023

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Carucel next challenges the Board’s obviousness deter- minations regarding combinations involving Ito and a CDMA cellular phone system. Carucel argues that Ito de- scribes a TDMA system and, because “CDMA and TDMA cellular phone systems are incompatible as a matter of technology,” a skilled artisan would not combine these ref- erences. No. 21-1731 Appellant’s Br. at 50. Substantial evidence supports the Board’s conclusion to the contrary. For example, looking again at ’904 patent claim 22 – which was challenged in IPR2019-1298/1635 based on the combination of Ito and Gilhousen501 10 – the Board credited testimony from petitioner’s expert, Dr. Fischer, that devel- opments in the telecommunications industry would have led a person of ordinary skill in the art to apply Gil- housen501’s CDMA technology to Ito’s disclosures, given the advantages of CDMA over FDMA/TDMA. J.A. 40-41 (citing J.A. 1387-89 ¶¶ 104-09). The Board also pointed to Gilhousen501’s disclosure that CDMA technology has “sig- nificant advantages” over Ito’s FDMA/TDMA technology. J.A. 40 (citing J.A. 1230 at 1:18-23). Taking claim 13 of the ’543 patent as another example – which was challenged in IPR2019-1105 based on the com- bination of Ito, Paneth, 11 and Gilhousen390 – the Board

certain obviousness arguments, analogizing the situation here to what we encountered in Alacritech, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 966 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2020). This compari- son lacks merit. Here, unlike in Alacritech, the Board out- lined the parties’ dispute and articulated its rationale, including by identifying the evidence it relied on, all of which allows us to “reasonably discern that [the Board] fol- lowed a proper path.” Ariosa Diagnostics v. Verinata Health, Inc., 805 F.3d 1359, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2015). 10 U.S. Patent No. 5,101,501. See J.A. 1225-40. 11 U.S. Patent No. 4,675,863. See No. 21-1731 J.A. 3341-76. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 20 Filed: 12/26/2023

credited Dr. Ding’s testimony, considered Carucel’s com- peting evidence, and then found that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been “motivated to combine the teachings of Ito and Paneth with the well-known CDMA technology of Gilhousen390 with a reasonable expectation of success.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 219 (citing J.A. 4125-28 ¶¶ 176-81; J.A. 10597-604 ¶¶ 49-61). The Board also noted that Dr. Ding provided “examples in the technical litera- ture describing the combination of TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA.” No. 21-1731 J.A. 218 (citing J.A. 10602-03 ¶¶ 59- 60). Carucel’s reliance on In re IPR Licensing, Inc., 942 F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2019), where we reversed a Board decision that was based on non-record evidence, is inapposite, as the record of the present appeals contains direct expert support for the Board’s findings. Most particularly, substantial ev- idence supports the Board’s conclusions of obviousness. E We conclude by addressing Carucel’s APA arguments concerning its requests for Director Review of the Board’s final written decisions. Carucel acknowledges that our de- cision in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 35 F.4th 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2022) (“Arthrex II”), is dispositive on certain aspects of its challenges. It points to other issues that are not directly controlled by binding precedent. Because there is at least one dispositive flaw with respect to each of the issues Carucel raises, we need not, and do not, catalog all of the defects in its positions. Carucel first argues that the orders denying its re- quests for Director Review violate the APA because they are unsigned and provide no explanation. We disagree. The denial orders list the Office of the Under Secretary of Commerce and Director of the PTO as the issuing office, identify Commissioner Hirshfeld as the presiding officer, and state that Carucel’s requests had been referred to him. Although the orders do not bear the signatures of Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 21 Filed: 12/26/2023

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Commissioner Hirshfeld, it is sufficiently clear that he is the official responsible for issuing them. See generally But- ler v. Principi, 244 F.3d 1337, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (ex- plaining that, “[i]n the absence of clear evidence to the contrary,” we “presume that what appears regular is regu- lar,” including that “public officers have properly dis- charged their official duties”). The orders at issue here are not, as Carucel suggests, anonymous. Nor is Carucel entitled to additional explanation for the denial of its requests for Director Review. Pursuant to the APA, agency decisions must “include a statement of . . . findings and conclusions, and the reasons or basis therefor, on all the material issues of fact, law, or discretion pre- sented on the record.” 5 U.S.C. § 557(c)(3)(A). Commis- sioner Hirshfeld’s determination not to disturb the Board’s final written decisions is not separately subject to these re- quirements because, as the orders expressly state, “the Pa- tent Trial and Appeal Board’s Final Written Decision is the final decision of the agency.” E.g., No. 21-1731 J.A. 12442. The Board’s final written decisions were and are reviewa- ble final decisions of the agency; they contain a reasoned explanation for the agency’s conclusion, an explanation that remained the position of the PTO even after Carucel’s request for Director Review was denied. Even where the agency adopts an earlier subordinate decision within the agency, adoption of the already-existing explanation in the subordinate decision for the agency’s action is permissible. See, e.g., City of Bethany v. Fed. Energy Regul. Comm’n, 727 F.2d 1131, 1144 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“FERC’s summary affirmance of the ALJ’s adoption of a 5% transmission loss figure is not improper.”); Armstrong v. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n, 12 F.3d 401, 403-04 (3d Cir. 1993) (“An administrative agency need not provide an independent statement if it specifically adopts an ALJ’s opinion that sets forth adequate findings and reasoning.”). Next, Carucel argues that the PTO violated the APA by failing to promulgate regulations governing the Director Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 22 Filed: 12/26/2023

Review process through notice-and-comment rulemaking, thereby rendering the orders denying Director Review null and void. According to Carucel, at the time it submitted its requests for Director Review, the PTO had only provided informal guidance about the review process on a webpage called “Arthrex Q&As.” The PTO, joined by Unified, re- sponds that notice-and-comment rulemaking is not re- quired because the challenged guidance explaining the agency’s internal processes and outlining the procedural requisites for seeking Director Review falls within the APA’s exemption for “rules of agency organization, proce- dure, or practice,” which need not emanate from notice- and-comment procedures. 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A). We need not determine if the PTO’s guidance govern- ing the Director Review process is exempt from notice-and- comment rulemaking under the APA because, even assum- ing it is not exempt, any error by the PTO in this regard would be harmless and would not render the denial of Carucel’s requests for Director Review “null and void.” When we review agency actions for APA violations, we must take “due account . . . of the rule of prejudicial error.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2); see also Jicarilla Apache Nation v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 613 F.3d 1112, 1121 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (“The burden to demonstrate prejudicial error is on the party challenging agency action.”). We can find no prejudice to Carucel here. Carucel does not contend it was unaware of the relevant procedural requirements for filing a request for Director Review; nor does it identify any way in which it was prejudiced by the manner in which the PTO distrib- uted its guidance. Carucel filed its requests for Director Review in a timely manner and consistent with the proce- dures set out by the PTO. Its requests were not denied due to any failure to comply with that guidance. Thus, the PTO’s failure, if any, to follow the APA’s notice-and-com- ment requirement is harmless error. See generally Window Covering Mfrs. Ass’n v. Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n, 82 F.4th 1273, 1284 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (“We will not set aside a Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 23 Filed: 12/26/2023

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rule absent a showing by the petitioner[] that [it] suffered prejudice from the agency’s failure to provide an oppor- tunity for public comment.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 659 (2007) (holding alleged agency error harmless). Furthermore, the APA provides that if a rule is erroneously issued outside the Federal Register publication process it may nonetheless bind a party, like Carucel, that had “actual and timely notice of the terms thereof.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(1). 12 Finally, Carucel argues that the PTO violated the APA by delegating the Director’s review function to unidentified “advisory committee” members. In Carucel’s view, because the identities of the “advisory committee” members are not made known to the parties requesting Director Review, conflicts of interest might escape the PTO’s attention and then avoid all scrutiny. Carucel grounds its argument on 5 U.S.C. § 556(b)(3), which provides that “[t]he functions of . . . employees participating in decisions . . . shall be con- ducted in an impartial manner.” Even assuming the Direc- tor Review process is a formal adjudication, as defined in § 554 (making § 556 applicable), and even further assum- ing that the involvement of the “advisory committee” mem- bers in the Director Review process constitutes “participating in decisions,” issues we do not decide, we agree with the PTO that the Director is entitled to consult

12 On July 20, 2022, the PTO published in the Federal Register a “Request for Comments on Director Review, Precedential Opinion Panel Review, and Internal Circula- tion and Review of Patent Trial and Appeal Board Deci- sions.” See 87 Fed. Reg. 43249-52; see also 87 Fed. Reg. 58330-31 (extending comment period). The comment pe- riod closed on October 19, 2022. As of the issuance date of this opinion, the PTO has not adopted final rules on the Director Review process. Case: 21-1731 Document: 123 Page: 24 Filed: 12/26/2023

with subordinate agency employees in exercising her au- thority in connection with Director Review without disclos- ing the identities of these agency employees. In its reply brief, Carucel belatedly adds that the PTO further violated the APA by not publishing the recommen- dations made by the “advisory committee” members. Carucel’s reliance on 5 U.S.C. § 557(c), which requires that “[a]ll decisions, including initial, recommended, and tenta- tive decisions, are a part of the record,” is misplaced, as the “recommended decisions” referred to in the statute are those made by “the presiding employee or an employee qualified to preside at hearings pursuant to [S]ection 556.” 5 U.S.C. § 557(b). Any “recommendations” made by the “advisory committee,” by contrast, are merely internal ad- vice provided to the Director, who is the agency deci- sionmaker. In sum, none of the purported APA violations provides any basis for us to reverse or vacate the Board’s decisions. IV We have considered Carucel’s remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s final written decisions holding the claims of the Carucel patents unpatentable as obvious. AFFIRMED COSTS Costs shall be assessed against Appellant.