Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge DYK. Opinion concurring-in-part, dissenting-in-part filed by Circuit Judge NEWMAN.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
Myers & Kaplan Intellectual Property Law, LLC (“Myers & Kaplan”) appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia imposing sanctions of $30,356.89 pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.1 The district court imposed the sanctions after it found that three claims advanced by Myers & Kaplan on behalf of the plaintiff Randall B. Carter (“Carter”), Counts I, VIII, and XI, were baseless legal theories that had no chance of success and for which no reasonable argument could be advanced.
We uphold the district court’s findings that Counts I and XI were frivolous. However, we conclude that the district court erred in finding Count VIII frivolous. We therefore affirm-in-part, reverse-in-part, and remand for a determination of whether sanctions should be imposed, and, if so, in what amount.
Background
The complaint alleges the following. From 1992 to July 14, 2006, Carter was employed as Vice President and General Manager of Acme Security, the trade name for ALK Holdings, Inc. (“ALK”). During Carter’s period of employment at Acme Security, he allegedly developed a high security locking assembly for a safe deposit box door on his own time and with his own resources. The lock assembly included a customer lock mechanism that was capable of at least five million actuation configurations. Acme Security and Michael Hassebrock (“Hassebrock”), the President of Acme Security at that time, initially showed no interest in the invention. After a bank expressed an interest in acquiring a license to the invention, Hassebrock proposed a “50/50 partnership” with Carter. Hassebrock and Carter retained a patent attorney (referred to as “John Doe I”) to draft a patent application for the invention. The provisional application listed Hassebrock, Carter, and Curtis P. Taylor (“Taylor”)2 as coinventors. John Doe I then filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”) a non-provisional patent application, Patent Application No. 11/299,853, which claimed priority benefit to the earlier-filed provisional patent application. The non-provisional application listed Hassebrock and Carter as inventors. Taylor’s name was not listed on it. Subsequently, Hassebrock allegedly demanded that Carter assign his patent rights to Acme Security. Carter refused, and Acme Security terminated his employment.
On August 31, 2006, Carter filed suit against ALK, Hassebrock, and John Doe I. Carter’s complaint contained fifteen claims: nine claims purportedly based on federal law and six on state law. All of the claims related to the allegedly improper listing of Hassebrock on the patent application as a co-inventor with Carter, the purported true inventor of the locking [1322]*1322mechanism. John Doe I’s representation of both Hassebrock and Carter was alleged to be a breach of duty because of their conflicting interests. Carter also alleged that Carter’s interests were sacrificed to those of Hassebrock. Count VIII in particular alleged that John Doe I had represented both Hassebrock and Carter in the drafting and filing of the patent applications and had a fiduciary duty to both of them, which he breached “in violation of 35 U.S.C. et seq., 37 CFR et seq., and the Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP).” Supplemental App. 35 (capitalization altered).
On June 5, 2007, the district court dismissed Carter’s federal claims for failure to state a claim. Carter v. ALK Holdings, Inc., 510 F.Supp.2d 1299, 1308 (N.D.Ga.2007). The court also declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his state-law claims and dismissed them without prejudice. Id. The court expressed sympathy, however, for Carter’s situation:
The Court is not unsympathetic to Carter’s plight. His allegations related to the attempted theft of his invention are troublesome and, if true, will likely entitle him to relief. Unfortunately, this Court is unable to provide Carter with the relief he seeks. If Carter is to vindicate his rights, it must be in the PTO for his claims related to inventor-ship and in Georgia state courts for his claims related to Defendants’ bad faith conduct.
Id. The district court then found sua sponte that the following three claims were frivolous: (1) “COUNT I- VIOLATION OF ARTICLE I, SECTION 8, CLAUSE 8 OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND 35 U.S.C. et seq.”-, (2) “COUNT VIII- BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY BY JOHN DOE I IN VIOLATION OF 35 U.S.C. et seq., 37 CFR et seq., AND THE MANUAL OF PATENT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE (MPEP) and (3) “COUNT XI- VIOLATION OF 35 U.S.C. § 122.”3 Id. at 1307-08. The three counts are set forth in an appendix to this opinion. The court directed “counsel for Plaintiff’ to show cause as to why sanctions should not be imposed pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Id.
Myers & Kaplan replied to the district court’s show cause order on June 19, 2007. On July 3, 2007, ALK filed a response to Myers & Kaplan’s submission and a renewed motion for sanctions against Myers & Kaplan.4 On December 13, 2007, the district court granted the renewed motion and imposed sanctions of $30,356.89 pursuant to Rule 11 against “Plaintiffs counsel.” 5 Carter v. ALK Holdings, Inc., No. 06-2080, slip op. at 10 (N.D.Ga. Dec. 13, 2007) (order granting sanctions). The court emphasized that Count VIII “attempted to manufacture a federal cause of action by couching a garden-variety malpractice claim in terms of patent law.” Id. at 5.
[1323]*1323Myers & Kaplan timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
Discussion
We review the district court’s Rule 11 determination for an abuse of discretion. See Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990); Antonious v. Spalding & Evenflo Cos., 275 F.3d 1066, 1072 (Fed.Cir.2002). A court abuses its discretion when it makes a clear error of law or fact in determining whether to impose sanctions. Cooter, 496 U.S. at 405, 110 S.Ct. 2447; Indus. Risk Insurers v. M.A.N. Gutehoffnungshutte GmbH, 141 F.3d 1434, 1448 (11th Cir.1998). In reviewing Rule 11 sanctions, we apply the law of the regional circuit. Intamin, Ltd. v. Magnetar Techs., Corp., 483 F.3d 1328, 1337 (Fed.Cir.2007) (citing Antonious, 275 F.3d at 1072). Thus, we must apply the law of the Eleventh Circuit here.
Under the Eleventh Circuit’s jurisprudence, Rule 11 sanctions should only be imposed in limited circumstances where the frivolous nature of the claims-at-issue is unequivocal. The Eleventh Circuit has explained that: “Rule 11 is intended to deter claims with no factual or legal basis at all; creative claims, coupled even with ambiguous or inconsequential facts, may merit dismissal, but not punishment.” Davis v. Carl, 906 F.2d 533, 538 (11th Cir.1990) (emphasis in original). Rule 11 sanctions are appropriate when (1) a party files a pleading that has no reasonable factual basis; (2) the party files a pleading that is based on a legal theory that has no reasonable chance of success and that cannot be advanced as a reasonable argument to change existing law; or (3) the party files a pleading in bad faith for an improper purpose. Worldwide Primates v. McGreal, 87 F.3d 1252, 1254 (11th Cir. 1996) (quoting Jones v. Int’l Riding Helmets, Ltd., 49 F.3d 692, 694 (11th Cir. 1995)).
The central question on appeal is whether the district court erred in finding that Counts I, VIII, and XI were frivolous.
Count VIII
Count VIII alleged a “breach of fiduciary duty by John Doe I in violation of 35 U.S.C. et seq., 37 CFR et seq., and the Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP).” Supplemental App. 35 (capitalization altered). The district court found that “[t] he gravamen of Count VIII is that Defendant John Doe I breached the fiduciary duty owed to Plaintiff by representing two parties with conflicting interests and by sacrificing the interests of one party for another.” Carter, slip op. at 5. In evaluating this claim, the district court stressed its concern that the claim constituted an attempt “to manufacture a federal cause of action by couching a garden-variety malpractice claim in terms of patent law.” Id. In the district court’s view, “[h]owever Plaintiffs counsel couches it, no federal cause of action exists for breach of fiduciary duty under federal patent law or the MPEP.” Id. at 6.
Resolution of whether Count VIII is a frivolous federal claim requires us to determine if Count VIII arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1338(a). Section 1338(a) provides that “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action arising under any Act of Congress relating to patents, plant variety protection, copyrights and trademarks. Such jurisdiction shall be exclusive of the courts of the states in patent, plant variety protection and copyright cases.” The Supreme Court has instructed that a district court’s jurisdiction under § 1338(a) “extend[s] only to those cases in which a well-pleaded complaint establishes either that federal patent law creates the cause of action or that the [1324]*1324plaintiffs right to relief necessarily depends on the resolution of a substantial question of federal patent law, in that patent law is a necessary element of one of the well-pleaded claims.” Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Coop., 486 U.S. 800, 808-09, 108 S.Ct. 2166, 100 L.Ed.2d 811 (1988).
Myers & Kaplan contends that the district court erred by failing to recognize that, even though malpractice is a claim under state law, the claim here is dependent on federal law. This is so, Myers & Kaplan asserts, because the court must measure the scope of John Doe I’s fiduciary duty to his clients as a patent practitioner under the Patent Act, the Code of Federal Regulations (“CFR”), and the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (“MPEP”).
The principles discussed in Christianson have been applied in a number of our cases involving state malpractice claims where we have concluded that a state malpractice claim arises under federal law because federal law is a necessary element of the claim. In Air Measurement Technologies, Inc. v. Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, L.L.P., 504 F.3d 1262, 1269 (Fed.Cir.2007), we held that the question of patent infringement was a necessary element of a legal malpractice claim stemming from pri- or litigation. In Immunocept, LLC v. Fulbright & Jaworski LLP, 504 F.3d 1281, 1283-84 (Fed.Cir.2007), we held that the district court had jurisdiction over a state malpractice claim based on alleged errors in patent prosecution because the determination of the scope of a patent claim involved a substantial question of federal patent law.6
Similarly, federal law is a necessary element of Count VIII. Count VIII alleged that the patent prosecuting attorney, John Doe I, breached his fiduciary duties under the patent laws and regulations, including the CFR and the MPEP, by representing two inventors with conflicting interests. The standards for practice before the PTO are governed by federal law, as both the Supreme Court and we have previously recognized. Sperry v. Fla. ex rel. Fla. Bar, 373 U.S. 379, 385-86, 83 S.Ct. 1322, 10 L.Ed.2d 428 (1963); Augustine v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 429 F.3d 1334, 1340 (Fed.Cir.2005).
The PTO’s standards are codified in the CFR and in the MPEP. The CFR regulates practice before the PTO, and the MPEP incorporates language from the CFR. For example, 37 C.F.R. § 10.66, which is incorporated into Section 404 of the MPEP, limits a patent practitioner’s ability to represent parties with conflicting interests. Specifically, 37 C.F.R. § 10.66(a) generally requires a patent practitioner to “decline proffered employment if the exercise of the practitioner’s independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by the acceptance of the proffered employment, or if it would be likely to involve the practitioner in representing differing interests.” Similarly, 37 C.F.R. § 10.66(b) generally prohibits a [1325]*1325practitioner from continuing “multiple employment if the exercise of the practitioner’s independent professional judgment in behalf of a client will be or is likely to be adversely affected by the practitioner’s representation of another client, or if it would be likely to involve the practitioner in representing differing interests.” In addition, 37 C.F.R. § 11.18 governs representations to the PTO by practitioners and non-practitioners. Specifically, 37 C.F.R. § 11.18(b)(1) requires that, when a party files a patent application or other document with the PTO, that person certifies that “[a]ll statements made therein of the party’s own knowledge are true, all statements made therein on information and belief are believed to be true.” A practitioner who fails to comply with these PTO standards may receive a suspension or disbarment. See 35 U.S.C. § 32.
Here, the determination of John Doe I’s compliance with the MPEP and the CFR is a necessary element of Carter’s malpractice cause of action because the CFR and the MPEP establish John Doe I’s expected fiduciary duties to his clients. Count VIII thus involves a substantial question of federal patent law and is not frivolous.7
Count I
While we conclude that Count VIII was not frivolous, we reach a different result with regard to Counts I and XI. Count I alleges a violation of Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution, which grants Congress the power to “promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to ... Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective ... Discoveries.” The district court rejected Myers & Kaplan’s assertion that the Patent Clause creates a private cause of action on behalf of inventors. Carter, slip op. at 4. The court noted that Myers & Kaplan presented “no legal authority or reasonable explanation as to how [the Patent Clause] does confer a private cause of action.” Id. Myers & Kaplan contends the district court erred because Count I presents a non-frivolous argument for establishing new law, which Rule 11(b)(2) expressly permits.
We agree with the district court that the Patent Clause does not create private rights of action on behalf of inventors. Myers & Kaplan’s assertion that no sanctions should be imposed under Count I because this count presents an argument for establishing new law ignores the fact that the argument for creating new law must be non-frivolous. There is no basis for inferring that Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 provides rights to inventors without congressional action, and we long ago made clear, in the context of the Copyright Clause, that it does not. In In re Cooper, our predecessor court rejected the argument that the Clause itself required trademark protection for book titles. 45 C.C.P.A. 923, 254 F.2d 611, 616 (1958). The court explained that “Article I, Section 8, eighth clause, of the Constitution ... does no more than grant power to Congress to secure certain rights to authors and inventors insofar as it elects to do so. The cited clause grants no rights to authors and has nothing to do with the registration of trademarks.” Id. at 616-17.
The Constitution’s acknowledgement that inventors possess rights to their inventions does not confer constitutional protection over those rights any more than it does for other types of intellectual property. Because we agree with the distinct [1326]*1326court that Myers & Kaplan’s argument regarding Count I contains no legal merit and is not supported by any reasonable explanation, we conclude that Count I is frivolous.
Count XI
We reach a similar result with regard to Count XI. Count XI alleges a violation of 35 U.S.C. § 122. Section 122(a) provides that “applications for patents shall be kept in confidence by the Patent and Trademark Office.” Count XI alleged that through the unlawful listing of Curtis P. Taylor and Hassebrock as co-inventors of all the subject matter of the patent application, despite the fact that Carter was the one true inventor, the subject matter of the patent application was intentionally disclosed to an unauthorized individual in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 122(a). In concluding that Myers & Kaplan failed to show adequate cause to avoid sanctions for bringing Count XI, the district court rejected the theory that “Section 122 creates a cause of action against attorneys practicing before the PTO” and held that the “plain language of Section 122 shows that it applies only to the actions of the PTO itself.” Carter, slip op. at 7.
We agree with the district court that § 122 only applies to the actions of the PTO. Myers & Kaplan contends on appeal, however, that the theory of Count XI is not that the defendants violated § 122, but that their conduct fraudulently induced the PTO to violate § 122. Even if we were to assume that inducing a violation of § 122 could somehow create a private cause of action (an issue we do not reach), any parties that may have become aware of the contents of the application did so because of a disclosure by the patent practitioner John Doe I, not because of a disclosure by the PTO. Because Myers & Kaplan has failed to proffer any reasonable explanation for bringing Count XI, we hold that Count XI is frivolous.
Motion for Sanctions
ALK and Hassebrock have requested that we grant an additional award of sanctions against Myers & Kaplan pursuant to Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure for pursuing an allegedly frivolous appeal. As we have determined that Count VIII is not frivolous, the appeal is not frivolous. We therefore deny their motion. We also reject the contention that the appeal should be dismissed for failure to file a proper appendix.
In summary, we conclude that, while the district court correctly determined that Counts I and XI are frivolous, the court erred by finding Count VIII frivolous. We remand for the district court to determine whether sanctions should be imposed, and, if so, in what amount. We note that the district court’s primary concern in imposing sanctions appeared to have been that Myers & Kaplan was attempting to make an impermissible claim to federal jurisdiction. Since we have established that Count VIII contains a non-frivolous allegation of federal jurisdiction, the district court’s previous concern no longer exists. Under the circumstances, the district court may appropriately conclude that no sanctions should be imposed.
AFFIRMED-IN-PART, REVERSED-IN-PART, and REMANDED
Costs
No costs.
APPENDIX
COUNT I- VIOLATION OF ARTICLE I, SECTION 8, CLAUSE 8 OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND 35 U.S.C. et seq.
28. The Plaintiff repeats and incorporates by reference the averments set forth in Paragraphs 1 through 27 above.
[1327]*132729. John Doe I is registered to practice as a patent attorney before the United States Patent and Trademark Office.
30. Acme had retained John Doe I to draft and file a provisional application on the Carter invention, as alleged in Paragraph 18, and shortly thereafter Acme hired John Doe I as its in-house attorney.
31. John Doe I filed the patent application that claimed priority to the provisional application, listing both Michael D. Hassebrock and Randall B. Carter as coinventors. Michael D. Hassebrock surreptitiously attempted to defraud Randall B. Carter into signing an assignment to Acme as a part of the filing of the nonprovisional application, inter alia, by placing the Assignment among a group of other documents to be signed, including in such papers the Declaration and a copy of the patent application.
32. Michael D. Hassebrock continued to attempt to intimidate Randall B. Carter into signing an assignment and/or the new employment agreement, threatening Randall B. Carter with termination if Randall B. Carter did not sign either.
33. Because Randall B. Carter was under no obligation to assign his inventive rights in and to the patent application to Acme, Randall B. Carter’s interests were adverse to those of Acme, and thus John Doe I did and at all times continued to represent the conflicting interests of both Michael D. Hassebrock and Randall B. Carter. Thus, an actual conflict of interest existed and continues to exist between Randall B. Carter and Michael D. Hassebrock/ Acme.
34. Despite the presence of an actual conflict of interest, at no time did John Doe I remove himself from representation, nor did John Doe I counsel Randall B. Carter to seek independent counsel. In fact, several times John Doe I, while acting as Randall B. Carter’s attorney, falsely advised Randall B. Carter that it was, supposedly, in Randall B. Carter’s best interest to assign his rights away to John Doe I’s other and conflicting client, Acme.
35. John Doe I has additionally continued to refuse all requests for a copy of the patent application, whether made by Randall B. Carter or his attorneys. Nor has John Doe I allowed Randall B. Carter to participate in the prosecution of the patent application, as all correspondence from the United States Patent and Trademark Office is currently received exclusively by John Doe I.
36. Randall B. Carter is entitled to an order from this Court declaring that John Doe I, by acting as a licensed patent attorney under the authority of the United States Patent and Trademark Office and through the Patent Laws of the United States, has violated Randall B. Carter’s Constitutional Rights by depriving Randall B. Carter of his right to join in the prosecution of his patent application and to secure his Constitutional right of the exclusive right to his invention, and moreover by continued, improper and oppressive threats of termination unless Randall B. Carter would acquiesce in such intimidation and hence assign his rights to Acme.
COUNT VIII- BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY BY JOHN DOE I IN VIOLATION OF 35 U.S.C. et seq., 37 CFR et seq., AND THE MANUAL OF PATENT EXAMINATION PROCEDURE (MPEP)
77. The Plaintiff repeats and incorporates by reference the averments set forth in Paragraphs 1 through 76 above.
78. At all times John Doe I, as the patent attorney representing both Michael D. Hassebrock and Randall B. Carter, [1328]*1328owed a fiduciary duty to both Michael D. Hassebrock and Randall B. Carter.
79. John Doe I has repeatedly engaged in the course of conduct of representing clients with actual or potential conflicting interests. For example, John Doe I represented both Acme and the design company retained by Acme without revealing the potential conflict of interest and obtaining written permission by each company to continue representation.
80. As alleged previously, at no time did John Doe 1(a) suggest that Randall B. Carter obtain separate and independent legal advice, or (b) remove himself from representation. Instead, several times John Doe I falsely suggested that it was purportedly in Randall B. Carter’s best interest to assign his rights to Acme.
81. Despite an actual conflict of interest introduced by his illusory representation of the individual inventor, Randall B. Carter, when he actually represented Acme, John Doe I continued to offer legal advice against the best interests of his client, Randall B. Carter, and in favor of his conflicting clients Michael D. Hassebrock and Acme.
82. John Doe I has breached his fiduciary and legal duties by continuing representation of two parties with conflicted interests and by sacrificing the rights of one party, Randall B. Carter, for the benefit of the other party, Acme.
COUNT XI- VIOLATION OF 35 U.S.C. § 122
102. The Plaintiff repeats and incorporates by reference the averments set forth in Paragraphs 1 through 101 above.
103. As alleged above in the Complaint, Randall B. Carter is the one and true inventor of all the subject matter of the patent application.
104. This knowledge was known at all times by Michael D. Hassebrock, John Doe I, and Curtis P. Taylor, the listed co-inventors to the provisional application.
105. 35 U.S.C. § 122 provides that “applications for patents shall be kept in confidence by the Patent and Trademark Office.”
106. Through the unlawful listing of co-inventors Curtis P. Taylor and Michael D. Hassebrock, the subject matter of the patent application was intentionally disclosed to an unauthorized individual in contravention of 35 U.S.C. § 122.
107. The intentional act by John Doe I and Michael D. Hassebrock has caused significant harm to the right of Randall B. Carter to have his application remain confidential for a certain period of time.