Carpenter v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources

419 S.E.2d 582, 107 N.C. App. 278, 1992 N.C. App. LEXIS 689

• Court: Court of Appeals of North Carolina
• Decided: August 18, 1992
• Docket: 9118SC349
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORR, Judge.

This case involves the interpretation of a federal regulation by a state agency. The Secretary of Agriculture has interpreted the regulation; however, Federal courts which have reviewed this issue are in disagreement as to whether the interpretation is reasonable and based on a permissible construction of the statute. The State has chosen to follow the Secretary’s interpretation of the regulation which is challenged by petitioner.

In its simplest form, the issue on appeal is whether utility reimbursement payments authorized under Section 8 of the Housing Act should be excluded as income for the purpose of calculating food stamp benefits. Respondent contends that the Secretary of Agriculture (Secretary) has correctly interpreted 7 U.S.C. § 2014(d)(ll) so that these Section 8 utility reimbursements should not be excluded. Respondent further contends that the State, in administering the Food Stamp Act, must adhere to the regulation and policy promulgated by the Secretary. Therefore, the State Food Stamp Manual reflecting the Secretary’s policy does not violate 7 U.S.C. § 2014(d)(ll).

Standard of Review

It is well settled that when a court reviews an agency’s interpretation of a statute it administers, the court should defer to the agency’s interpretation of the statute. This is so as long as the agency’s interpretation is reasonable and based on a permissible construction of the statute. See, e.g., West v. Bowen, 879 F.2d 1122 (3d Cir. 1989); see also Wheller v. Heckler, 787 F.2d 101, 104 (3d Cir. 1986) (deference accorded the Secretary’s construction as long as it is reasonable and not arbitrary and capricious); Pennsylvania v. United States, 752 F.2d 795, 798 (3d Cir. 1984) (reviewing court must uphold agency’s interpretation if it is reasonable, even if court believes some other policy preferable). In reviewing the agency’s construction of the statute, the court must ask two questions:

First... is the question whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress. If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction of the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an administrative interpretation. Rather, if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2781-82, 81 L.Ed.2d 694, 702-03 (1984).

The Food Stamp Act

The statute being interpreted in this case is 7 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq., commonly referred to as The Food Stamp Act. The Food Stamp Act established a federally funded, state administered program to assist eligible individuals with the purchase of food. Participants receive coupons to use in purchasing food. Household income for purposes of the food stamp program includes “all income from whatever source” subject to certain exemptions and deductions which are found in 7 U.S.C. § 2014(d).

The Housing Act

Under the Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1437, et seq., housing assistance programs are operated by Public Housing Authorities under contract with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to remedy “the unsafe and unsanitary housing conditions and the acute shortage of decent, safe, and sanitary dwellings for families of low income. . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1437. The programs include low-rent public housing projects and various rental assistance programs in which tenants lease property from private landlords with their rent being subsidized by HUD. The Section 8 housing assistance payment program, in which petitioner participates, provides assistance payments for residents renting units from private landlords and other non-governmental entities. 42 U.S.C. § 1437f.

In either case, the rent which may be charged for a unit can amount to no more than 30% of a resident’s adjusted gross income. 42 U.S.C. § 1437a(a)(l); 24 C.F.R. §§ 813.107 and 913.107. All housing costs, including utilities, are covered by the rent charged. 24 C.F.R. §§ 882.105(a) (Section 8), 965.472 (public housing). See also 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(c)(l) (rent under Section 8 includes “utilities and all maintenance and management charges”). The HUD definition of utilities includes “electricity, gas, heating, fuel, water and sewerage services, and trash and garbage collection.” 24 C.F.R. § 965.472.

Section 8 tenants are required by the landlord to pay their utility bills directly to the utility companies. To determine the amount of a tenant’s utilities, the landlord determines a community-wide utility allowance (UA) for each size apartment. In order to comply with the 30% cap, the landlord credits the resident with the amount of the UA for his unit, regardless of the amount of the actual utility bill. This reduces the resident’s rental obligation to the landlord. In cases such as petitioner’s, where the resident’s income and rental obligation are exceeded by the UA, the landlord must pay the tenant what is known as a “utility reimbursement.” 24 C.F.R. 813.102 (1989).

At issue here is whether the utility reimbursement, which in this case is in the form of a check made out to petitioner, is properly exempted from gross monthly income for the purpose of calculating the food stamp benefit. As previously stated, while several federal courts have addressed this question with no ultimate resolution reached, the decisions reflect a split of authority regarding whether the Secretary has reasonably construed 7 U.S.C. § 2014(d)(ll) as not excluding from income utility reimbursements such as petitioner receives. See, e.g., West, 879 F.2d 1122 (holding Secretary’s construction unreasonable), but cf. Larry v. Yamauchi, 753 F. Supp. 784 (1990) (affirming Secretary’s construction that HUD utility reimbursements are properly included as income for purposes of calculating food stamp benefit). The statute exempts from income

any payments or allowances made for the purpose of providing energy assistance (A) under any Federal law, or (B) under any State or local laws, designated by the State or local legislative body authorizing such payments or allowances as energy assistance. . . .

Respondent, relying on Larry, 753 F. Supp. 784, argues that the plain language of the statute does not include HUD section 8 utility payments such as petitioner receives because the exclusion “clearly limits the exclusion to payments or allowances for energy costs as opposed to wow-energy costs.” Larry at 792. Even if Section 8 utility payments were limited to energy costs, respondent argues that the legislative history of the energy exclusion demonstrates that utility payments provided under the Housing Act are “not the type of payments which Congress intended to exclude when it enacted [the] provision.” Respondent takes the position that only those payments that are specifically designated to offset increases in the cost of energy are to be excluded. See Larry at 796.

Based on our review of the statutory language and legislative history, however, we find the reasoning of the West court persuasive on the issue and hold that utility reimbursements are properly excluded from income used to calculate petitioner’s food stamp benefit. In West, the Third Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals pointed out that the primary sponsor of the energy exclusion stated:

All Federal payments for the purpose of providing energy assistance would continue to be excluded as income, whether or not specifically designated for energy assistance. It is the purpose for which they are given and not their label that governs.

West at 1131, citing 127 Cong. Rec. H9878 (December 16, 1981). Furthermore, while Federal programs enacted to address the increasing cost of energy were the impetus for creating the energy exemption, the statutory language and legislative history demonstrate that Congress did not intend to restrict the exemption for new energy programs only. Id. at 1131. Additional support for this position is found in the amendment of the Food Stamp Act’s energy exemption by way of the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988. The purpose of the amendment, which changed the order of the language of the energy exemption, was

... to clarify that USD A and local agencies do not need to conduct an inquiry into the purpose of a federal statute before excluding federal “payments for the purpose of energy assistance.” The law as written could be read to require this analysis.

The crucial question should be whether the purpose of the payment is energy assistance, not whether the statute, as a whole is primarily for energy assistance or includes other human services as well. . . .

Id. at 1131 citing S. Rep. 100-397 (June 25,1988) at 28, 29, reprinted in 1988 United States Code, Congressional and Admin. News. 2239 at 2266, 2267.

Like the court in West, we conclude that it was the intent of Congress that all payments for energy assistance be excluded from income when calculating food stamp benefits. To the extent that Section 6187.7G of the North Carolina Department of Human Resources Food Stamp Certification Manual fails to include utility reimbursements as excluded income, it violates 7 U.S.C. § 2014(d)(ll). The decision of the trial court is

Affirmed.

Judges EAGLES and Cozort concur.