Aug 07 2013, 5:43 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
H. SAMUEL ANSELL GREGORY F. ZOELLER Ansell Law Firm, LLC Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana MONIKA PREKOPA TALBOT Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
CARLOS RAMOS, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 49A02-1211-CR-949 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Mark D. Stoner, Judge The Honorable Jeffrey L. Marchal, Master Commissioner Cause No. 49G06-1109-FC-63250
August 7, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
KIRSCH, Judge Following a bench trial, Carlos Ramos (“Ramos”) was convicted of Class C felony
sexual misconduct with a minor.1 Ramos now appeals. His argument, restated, is that the
trial court should have set aside his conviction and granted a new trial because he did not
knowingly and voluntarily waive his fundamental right to a trial by jury.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On September 4, 2011, Ramos, whose native language is Spanish, met a group of
family and friends at a park in Indianapolis, Indiana. His wife, Rosa, was part of the
group, along with Rosa’s children. Rosa’s best friend, Autumn Fugate, was also present,
and had brought along her fourteen-year-old daughter, C.G.
When Ramos arrived at the park, he asked if anyone wanted to go for a run, and
only C.G. said yes. The two went running together, side by side. During the run, C.G.
stopped when some change fell out of her pocket. Ramos picked up the change, but
when C.G. held out her hand for it, Ramos put the money in her back pocket instead and
“grabbed [her] butt.” Tr. at 25-26. C.G. looked at Ramos to try to convey to him that she
was not comfortable and started jogging again. Ramos caught up to C.G., who, at that
point, had a cramp. C.G. stopped running, and Ramos stopped with her. He asked C.G.
what was wrong, and when C.G. told him she had a cramp, Ramos asked where it was.
C.G. showed him the location of the cramp, which was above her pants line on her right
side, and Ramos put his hand there. His hand started out on the outside of C.G.’s
clothing, but went inside a little. C.G. pushed his hand away and gave him another look
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-9.
2 indicating she wanted him to stop. After this interaction, C.G. started running faster
because she was scared. C.G. then suffered another cramp and stopped running. Ramos
stopped, and when he found that C.G. again had a cramp, he put his hand in her pants,
under her underwear. His hand touched C.G.’s pubic hair near her vagina. C.G. pushed
Ramos’s hand away and started running toward her mother.
Once back with her mother, C.G. called her father from her mother’s phone and
asked him to pick her up. She did not want to talk about the incident in front of
everyone. After her father picked her up, C.G. texted her mother and told her what
happened. Her mother then picked her up and called the police.
The State charged Ramos with Class C felony sexual misconduct with a minor,
and a Spanish-language interpreter was appointed for Ramos. Ramos appeared with
counsel on February 28, 2012 and, without the assistance of an interpreter, waived his
right to a trial by jury. During this hearing, Ramos tendered a signed English-language
jury trial waiver to the court. Ramos, his counsel, and the deputy prosecutor had signed
the waiver. The court proceeded to question Ramos about the jury trial waiver, and
Ramos testified, in English, that he had read the waiver before signing it and that he had
no questions about it. The trial court explained to Ramos the rights he was waiving.
Ramos testified that he understood those rights and that he preferred to have a bench trial.
Ramos’s bench trial was held on June 7, 2012, where Ramos had the assistance of
a translator. Multiple times at trial, Ramos did not wait for a translation and, instead,
directly answered questions in English. The trial court found Ramos guilty of Class C
felony sexual misconduct with a minor. On June 29, 2012, Ramos filed a motion to
3 correct error, in which he alleged that his waiver of jury trial was not knowing and
intelligent. At a hearing on the motion, his wife Rosa testified that she teaches English as
a Second Language and has extensive experience working with individuals who have
various levels of English proficiency. She testified that on a scale of one to five, with one
being the least proficient, her husband’s proficiency in English is at level one in some
areas and below level one in others. She further testified that Ramos had lived in the
United States for sixteen years.
On September 26, 2012, the trial court denied the motion to correct error. Ramos
now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Ramos argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to correct error, in
which he challenged the sufficiency of his jury trial waiver. We review a trial court’s
ruling on a motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion. Nichols v. State, 947
N.E.2d 1011, 1015 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). An abuse of discretion exists only where the
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Prewitt v.
State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind. 2007). Where the issues presented upon appeal involve
matters of law exclusively, however, we review the trial court’s decision de novo.
Nichols, 947 N.E.2d at 1015 (citing City of Indianapolis v. Hicks, 932 N.E.2d 227, 230
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied).
The right of an accused to have a trial by jury is guaranteed by the Indiana and
United States Constitutions. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Ind. Const. art. I, § 13; Dixie v.
State, 726 N.E.2d 257, 258 (Ind. 2000). This right is of “fundamental dimension.”
4 Hutchins v. State, 493 N.E.2d 444, 445 (Ind. 1986). A criminal defendant is presumed
not to waive his right unless he affirmatively acts to do so. Dixie, 726 N.E.2d at 258
(citing Poore v. State, 681 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 1997)).
For a defendant’s waiver to be effective, it must be made in a knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary manner, with sufficient awareness of the surrounding circumstances and
the consequences. Doughty v. State, 470 N.E.2d 69, 70 (Ind. 1984). The record must
show that the defendant personally communicated to the court his choice to relinquish the
right to a jury trial. Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 417-18 n.24 (1988) (citing Doughty,
470 N.E.2d at 70).
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Aug 07 2013, 5:43 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
H. SAMUEL ANSELL GREGORY F. ZOELLER Ansell Law Firm, LLC Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana MONIKA PREKOPA TALBOT Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
CARLOS RAMOS, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 49A02-1211-CR-949 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Mark D. Stoner, Judge The Honorable Jeffrey L. Marchal, Master Commissioner Cause No. 49G06-1109-FC-63250
August 7, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
KIRSCH, Judge Following a bench trial, Carlos Ramos (“Ramos”) was convicted of Class C felony
sexual misconduct with a minor.1 Ramos now appeals. His argument, restated, is that the
trial court should have set aside his conviction and granted a new trial because he did not
knowingly and voluntarily waive his fundamental right to a trial by jury.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On September 4, 2011, Ramos, whose native language is Spanish, met a group of
family and friends at a park in Indianapolis, Indiana. His wife, Rosa, was part of the
group, along with Rosa’s children. Rosa’s best friend, Autumn Fugate, was also present,
and had brought along her fourteen-year-old daughter, C.G.
When Ramos arrived at the park, he asked if anyone wanted to go for a run, and
only C.G. said yes. The two went running together, side by side. During the run, C.G.
stopped when some change fell out of her pocket. Ramos picked up the change, but
when C.G. held out her hand for it, Ramos put the money in her back pocket instead and
“grabbed [her] butt.” Tr. at 25-26. C.G. looked at Ramos to try to convey to him that she
was not comfortable and started jogging again. Ramos caught up to C.G., who, at that
point, had a cramp. C.G. stopped running, and Ramos stopped with her. He asked C.G.
what was wrong, and when C.G. told him she had a cramp, Ramos asked where it was.
C.G. showed him the location of the cramp, which was above her pants line on her right
side, and Ramos put his hand there. His hand started out on the outside of C.G.’s
clothing, but went inside a little. C.G. pushed his hand away and gave him another look
1 See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-9.
2 indicating she wanted him to stop. After this interaction, C.G. started running faster
because she was scared. C.G. then suffered another cramp and stopped running. Ramos
stopped, and when he found that C.G. again had a cramp, he put his hand in her pants,
under her underwear. His hand touched C.G.’s pubic hair near her vagina. C.G. pushed
Ramos’s hand away and started running toward her mother.
Once back with her mother, C.G. called her father from her mother’s phone and
asked him to pick her up. She did not want to talk about the incident in front of
everyone. After her father picked her up, C.G. texted her mother and told her what
happened. Her mother then picked her up and called the police.
The State charged Ramos with Class C felony sexual misconduct with a minor,
and a Spanish-language interpreter was appointed for Ramos. Ramos appeared with
counsel on February 28, 2012 and, without the assistance of an interpreter, waived his
right to a trial by jury. During this hearing, Ramos tendered a signed English-language
jury trial waiver to the court. Ramos, his counsel, and the deputy prosecutor had signed
the waiver. The court proceeded to question Ramos about the jury trial waiver, and
Ramos testified, in English, that he had read the waiver before signing it and that he had
no questions about it. The trial court explained to Ramos the rights he was waiving.
Ramos testified that he understood those rights and that he preferred to have a bench trial.
Ramos’s bench trial was held on June 7, 2012, where Ramos had the assistance of
a translator. Multiple times at trial, Ramos did not wait for a translation and, instead,
directly answered questions in English. The trial court found Ramos guilty of Class C
felony sexual misconduct with a minor. On June 29, 2012, Ramos filed a motion to
3 correct error, in which he alleged that his waiver of jury trial was not knowing and
intelligent. At a hearing on the motion, his wife Rosa testified that she teaches English as
a Second Language and has extensive experience working with individuals who have
various levels of English proficiency. She testified that on a scale of one to five, with one
being the least proficient, her husband’s proficiency in English is at level one in some
areas and below level one in others. She further testified that Ramos had lived in the
United States for sixteen years.
On September 26, 2012, the trial court denied the motion to correct error. Ramos
now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Ramos argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to correct error, in
which he challenged the sufficiency of his jury trial waiver. We review a trial court’s
ruling on a motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion. Nichols v. State, 947
N.E.2d 1011, 1015 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). An abuse of discretion exists only where the
decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances. Prewitt v.
State, 878 N.E.2d 184, 188 (Ind. 2007). Where the issues presented upon appeal involve
matters of law exclusively, however, we review the trial court’s decision de novo.
Nichols, 947 N.E.2d at 1015 (citing City of Indianapolis v. Hicks, 932 N.E.2d 227, 230
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied).
The right of an accused to have a trial by jury is guaranteed by the Indiana and
United States Constitutions. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Ind. Const. art. I, § 13; Dixie v.
State, 726 N.E.2d 257, 258 (Ind. 2000). This right is of “fundamental dimension.”
4 Hutchins v. State, 493 N.E.2d 444, 445 (Ind. 1986). A criminal defendant is presumed
not to waive his right unless he affirmatively acts to do so. Dixie, 726 N.E.2d at 258
(citing Poore v. State, 681 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 1997)).
For a defendant’s waiver to be effective, it must be made in a knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary manner, with sufficient awareness of the surrounding circumstances and
the consequences. Doughty v. State, 470 N.E.2d 69, 70 (Ind. 1984). The record must
show that the defendant personally communicated to the court his choice to relinquish the
right to a jury trial. Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 417-18 n.24 (1988) (citing Doughty,
470 N.E.2d at 70). Put another way, “[t]he defendant must express his personal desire to
waive a jury trial and such a personal desire must be apparent from the court’s record.”
Poore, 681 N.E.2d at 206. Personal communication may take the form of a colloquy;
however, proper written waiver also constitutes personal communication. Earl v. State,
450 N.E.2d 49, 50 (Ind. 1983); see also Dixie, 726 N.E.2d at 258. We have held that
denying a defendant a jury trial, without the defendant’s knowing, voluntary, and
intelligent waiver of the right, constitutes fundamental error. Duncan v. State, 975
N.E.2d 838, 844 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012); see also Eldridge v. State, 627 N.E.2d 844, 849
(Ind. Ct. App. 1994).
Here, when Ramos tendered a signed English-language jury trial waiver to the
court, he appeared in person and with counsel. Although his native language was
Spanish, and a translator had been appointed for him, the hearing was held without the
assistance of a translator. The trial court did not merely accept the signed English-
language waiver standing alone. Rather, the court engaged Ramos in a line of
5 questioning about the waiver itself and the character of the rights Ramos would be giving
up. Ramos confirmed that he had read the waiver before signing it and that he
understood it. Further, Ramos indicated that he had no additional questions at that time.
After the court explained that Ramos had a right to a trial by jury and explained what that
meant, Ramos indicated that he understood his right, understood that he could give up
that right, and preferred to have a bench trial. At trial, although Ramos had the assistance
of a translator, on numerous occasions Ramos did not wait for a translation and, instead,
directly answered questions in English.
Under these facts, we find that the trial court did not err in accepting Ramos’s jury
trial waiver. The record establishes that Ramos’s waiver was knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary, and that Ramos was sufficiently aware of the surrounding circumstances and
the consequences. Doughty, 470 N.E.2d at 70. The trial court did not find the testimony
relating to Ramos’s English proficiency compelling, and we will not second-guess that
decision on appeal. Ultimately, the evidence presented was sufficient to establish that
Ramos understood his right to a trial by jury and preferred to proceed with a bench trial.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Ramos’s motion to correct
error.
Affirmed.
VAIDIK, J., and PYLE, J., concur.