1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CARLOS HERNANDEZ, Case No. 24-cv-01295-WHO (PR)
Petitioner, 8 ORDER GRANTING RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO v. 9 ABSTAIN;
10 TEAUNA MIRANDA, WARDEN, ORDER OF DISMISSAL 11 Respondent. Dkt. No. 28
12 13 INTRODUCTION 14 Petitioner Carlos Hernandez asks for federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 15 from his 2020 California state convictions for murder and other crimes. Respondent seeks 16 dismissal under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-54 (1971), on grounds that 17 Hernandez’s convictions were not final when he filed his federal habeas action; criminal 18 proceedings related to the 2020 convictions are ongoing. (Motion to Abstain, Dkt. No. 19 28.) 20 All the elements of Younger are present here: Hernandez’s sentence was reversed 21 on direct appeal and remanded to the superior court for possible retrial, initiating criminal 22 proceedings which have not yet concluded; state criminal proceedings implicate important 23 state interests; there are adequate opportunities for Hernandez to raise constitutional 24 challenges in the state proceedings; and, adjudicating the federal petition would have the 25 practical effect of enjoining or mooting state proceedings. Accordingly, respondent’s 26 motion to abstain is GRANTED, and this federal habeas action is DISMISSED without 27 prejudice. 1 BACKGROUND 2 In 2019, Hernandez was convicted by a jury in the Santa Clara County Superior 3 Court of two counts of first degree murder (counts 1 and 2), possession of a firearm by a 4 felon (count 3), participation in a street gang (count 4), and shooting at an inhabited 5 dwelling (count 5). (Motion to Abstain, State Appellate Opinion, Dkt. No. 28-1 at 4, 11.) 6 The jury found true enhancement allegations of gang participation (counts 1-3 and 5), 7 firearm possession (count 3), and firearm use (counts 1, 2 and 5). (Id.) It also found true 8 the special circumstances of discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle intentionally 9 inflicting death, and multiple murders. (Id.) The trial court found that Hernandez had two 10 prior serious felony convictions that qualified as strike priors. (Id.) In 2020, the trial court 11 imposed a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, plus a consecutive 12 term of 115 years to life. (Id.) 13 In January 2023, the state appellate court, on direct review, reversed the gang 14 participation conviction (count 4) and the gang enhancements (counts 1-3 and 5), but 15 otherwise affirmed the judgment:
16 Hernandez’s gang participation conviction (count 4) and the true findings 17 on the gang enhancements are reversed. The sentence imposed following trial is vacated. The cause is remanded to provide the People an 18 opportunity to retry the gang participation offense and the criminal street gang enhancements. If the People elect not to do so, Hernandez is to be 19 resentenced in a manner that is consistent with this opinion and with the 20 terms of all applicable ameliorative legislation. 21 (Id. at 26.) The state supreme court denied his petition for review. (Id., California 22 Supreme Court Order, Dkt. No. 28-1 at 31.) The parties agree that state criminal 23 proceedings are ongoing in the state superior court. Hernandez contends that the 24 proceedings are futile and that they present no bar to this federal habeas action going 25 forward. (Id., Dkt. No. 28-1 at 32-77; Opp., Dkt. No. 2.) 26 DISCUSSION 27 Under principles of comity and federalism, a federal court should not interfere with 1 or harassment). Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-54 (1971). Younger abstention is 2 appropriate when (1) there is “an ongoing state judicial proceeding,” (2) those 3 “proceedings implicate important state interests,” and (3) there is “an adequate opportunity 4 in the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges.” Middlesex Cty. Ethics Comm. 5 v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 435 (1982). A fourth requirement has been 6 articulated by the Ninth Circuit: that “the federal court action would enjoin the state 7 proceeding or have the practical effect of doing so, i.e., would interfere with the state 8 proceeding in a way that Younger disapproves.” SJSVCCPAC v. City of San Jose, 546 9 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2008). “Where Younger abstention is appropriate, a district 10 court cannot refuse to abstain, retain jurisdiction over the action, and render a decision on 11 the merits after the state proceedings have ended. To the contrary, Younger abstention 12 requires dismissal of the federal action.” Beltran v. State of California, 871 F.2d 777, 782 13 (9th Cir. 1988). 14 Abstention is appropriate here because all Younger abstention requirements are met. 15 Hernandez’s state criminal proceedings are ongoing, which satisfies the first Younger 16 element. The reversal of Count 4 required further criminal proceedings, and Hernandez’s 17 final sentence remains in doubt. It was vacated in its entirety by the state appellate court in 18 2023: “The sentence imposed following trial is vacated.” And, “[f]inal judgment in a 19 criminal case means sentence. The sentence is the judgment.” Burton v. Stewart, 549 U.S. 20 147, 156 (2007) (quoting Berman v. United States, 302 U.S. 211, 212 (1937)). When 21 Hernandez filed his federal habeas petition in 2024, there was no final judgment.1 Case 22 law supports the application of Younger abstention under such circumstances. Beltran v. 23 State of California, 871 F.2d 777, 782 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Younger abstention requires that 24 the federal courts abstain when state court proceedings were ongoing at the time the 25 federal action was filed.”); Buchanan v. Gamboa, No. 2:23-cv-2731 DJC AC P, 2024 WL 26 1 The lack of a final judgment also means that there is no judgment to be challenged under 27 section 2254. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (a federal court may entertain a petition for writ of 1 1743024, at *1-3 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2024) (habeas action dismissed under Younger 2 because state resentencing proceedings was pending when federal action was filed); Fox v. 3 Clark, 21-cv-04993-JD, Dkt. No. 20 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2024) (same). 4 State criminal proceedings implicate important state interests for Younger purposes 5 under its second element. See Younger, 401 U.S. at 46 (the Supreme Court has recognized 6 a “fundamental policy against federal interference with state criminal prosecutions”); 7 Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 49 (1986) (citing Younger, 401 U.S. at 44-45) (“[T]he 8 States’ interest in administering their criminal justice systems free from federal 9 interference is one of the most powerful of the considerations that should influence a court 10 considering equitable types of relief.”) The state’s trial, appellate and post-conviction 11 review process provides an opportunity for consideration of federal constitutional 12 questions, which satisfies Younger’s third element.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CARLOS HERNANDEZ, Case No. 24-cv-01295-WHO (PR)
Petitioner, 8 ORDER GRANTING RESPONDENT’S MOTION TO v. 9 ABSTAIN;
10 TEAUNA MIRANDA, WARDEN, ORDER OF DISMISSAL 11 Respondent. Dkt. No. 28
12 13 INTRODUCTION 14 Petitioner Carlos Hernandez asks for federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 15 from his 2020 California state convictions for murder and other crimes. Respondent seeks 16 dismissal under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-54 (1971), on grounds that 17 Hernandez’s convictions were not final when he filed his federal habeas action; criminal 18 proceedings related to the 2020 convictions are ongoing. (Motion to Abstain, Dkt. No. 19 28.) 20 All the elements of Younger are present here: Hernandez’s sentence was reversed 21 on direct appeal and remanded to the superior court for possible retrial, initiating criminal 22 proceedings which have not yet concluded; state criminal proceedings implicate important 23 state interests; there are adequate opportunities for Hernandez to raise constitutional 24 challenges in the state proceedings; and, adjudicating the federal petition would have the 25 practical effect of enjoining or mooting state proceedings. Accordingly, respondent’s 26 motion to abstain is GRANTED, and this federal habeas action is DISMISSED without 27 prejudice. 1 BACKGROUND 2 In 2019, Hernandez was convicted by a jury in the Santa Clara County Superior 3 Court of two counts of first degree murder (counts 1 and 2), possession of a firearm by a 4 felon (count 3), participation in a street gang (count 4), and shooting at an inhabited 5 dwelling (count 5). (Motion to Abstain, State Appellate Opinion, Dkt. No. 28-1 at 4, 11.) 6 The jury found true enhancement allegations of gang participation (counts 1-3 and 5), 7 firearm possession (count 3), and firearm use (counts 1, 2 and 5). (Id.) It also found true 8 the special circumstances of discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle intentionally 9 inflicting death, and multiple murders. (Id.) The trial court found that Hernandez had two 10 prior serious felony convictions that qualified as strike priors. (Id.) In 2020, the trial court 11 imposed a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, plus a consecutive 12 term of 115 years to life. (Id.) 13 In January 2023, the state appellate court, on direct review, reversed the gang 14 participation conviction (count 4) and the gang enhancements (counts 1-3 and 5), but 15 otherwise affirmed the judgment:
16 Hernandez’s gang participation conviction (count 4) and the true findings 17 on the gang enhancements are reversed. The sentence imposed following trial is vacated. The cause is remanded to provide the People an 18 opportunity to retry the gang participation offense and the criminal street gang enhancements. If the People elect not to do so, Hernandez is to be 19 resentenced in a manner that is consistent with this opinion and with the 20 terms of all applicable ameliorative legislation. 21 (Id. at 26.) The state supreme court denied his petition for review. (Id., California 22 Supreme Court Order, Dkt. No. 28-1 at 31.) The parties agree that state criminal 23 proceedings are ongoing in the state superior court. Hernandez contends that the 24 proceedings are futile and that they present no bar to this federal habeas action going 25 forward. (Id., Dkt. No. 28-1 at 32-77; Opp., Dkt. No. 2.) 26 DISCUSSION 27 Under principles of comity and federalism, a federal court should not interfere with 1 or harassment). Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-54 (1971). Younger abstention is 2 appropriate when (1) there is “an ongoing state judicial proceeding,” (2) those 3 “proceedings implicate important state interests,” and (3) there is “an adequate opportunity 4 in the state proceedings to raise constitutional challenges.” Middlesex Cty. Ethics Comm. 5 v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 435 (1982). A fourth requirement has been 6 articulated by the Ninth Circuit: that “the federal court action would enjoin the state 7 proceeding or have the practical effect of doing so, i.e., would interfere with the state 8 proceeding in a way that Younger disapproves.” SJSVCCPAC v. City of San Jose, 546 9 F.3d 1087, 1092 (9th Cir. 2008). “Where Younger abstention is appropriate, a district 10 court cannot refuse to abstain, retain jurisdiction over the action, and render a decision on 11 the merits after the state proceedings have ended. To the contrary, Younger abstention 12 requires dismissal of the federal action.” Beltran v. State of California, 871 F.2d 777, 782 13 (9th Cir. 1988). 14 Abstention is appropriate here because all Younger abstention requirements are met. 15 Hernandez’s state criminal proceedings are ongoing, which satisfies the first Younger 16 element. The reversal of Count 4 required further criminal proceedings, and Hernandez’s 17 final sentence remains in doubt. It was vacated in its entirety by the state appellate court in 18 2023: “The sentence imposed following trial is vacated.” And, “[f]inal judgment in a 19 criminal case means sentence. The sentence is the judgment.” Burton v. Stewart, 549 U.S. 20 147, 156 (2007) (quoting Berman v. United States, 302 U.S. 211, 212 (1937)). When 21 Hernandez filed his federal habeas petition in 2024, there was no final judgment.1 Case 22 law supports the application of Younger abstention under such circumstances. Beltran v. 23 State of California, 871 F.2d 777, 782 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Younger abstention requires that 24 the federal courts abstain when state court proceedings were ongoing at the time the 25 federal action was filed.”); Buchanan v. Gamboa, No. 2:23-cv-2731 DJC AC P, 2024 WL 26 1 The lack of a final judgment also means that there is no judgment to be challenged under 27 section 2254. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (a federal court may entertain a petition for writ of 1 1743024, at *1-3 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2024) (habeas action dismissed under Younger 2 because state resentencing proceedings was pending when federal action was filed); Fox v. 3 Clark, 21-cv-04993-JD, Dkt. No. 20 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2024) (same). 4 State criminal proceedings implicate important state interests for Younger purposes 5 under its second element. See Younger, 401 U.S. at 46 (the Supreme Court has recognized 6 a “fundamental policy against federal interference with state criminal prosecutions”); 7 Kelly v. Robinson, 479 U.S. 36, 49 (1986) (citing Younger, 401 U.S. at 44-45) (“[T]he 8 States’ interest in administering their criminal justice systems free from federal 9 interference is one of the most powerful of the considerations that should influence a court 10 considering equitable types of relief.”) The state’s trial, appellate and post-conviction 11 review process provides an opportunity for consideration of federal constitutional 12 questions, which satisfies Younger’s third element. “[A]bstention is appropriate unless 13 state law clearly bars the interposition of the constitutional claims.” Moore v. Sims, 442 14 U.S. 415, 426 (1979). 15 Granting Hernandez habeas relief here in federal court — invalidating his 16 convictions or sentence and releasing him from confinement — would have the practical 17 effect of mooting or enjoining the ongoing appeal. This is exactly the sort of interference 18 disapproved of by Younger. SJSVCCPAC, 546 F.3d at 1092. Nothing suggests that there 19 are extraordinary circumstances requiring this court’s interference in state court 20 proceedings. Younger abstention is applicable. 21 Hernandez’s contentions in his opposition are unpersuasive. He calls the superior 22 court hearings a “red herring.” (Opp., Dkt. No. 29 at 2.) He contends that a hearing, if 23 held, would merely allow the state to “continue another hearing on petitioner’s 10-year 24 (186.22) gang enhancement. And as this honorable court is aware, petitioner is already 25 serving a sentence of life without parole[] (LWOP) so the entire act would be futile, if it 26 even occur[r]ed.” (Id.) The dispositive point is, as Hernandez admits, state criminal 27 proceedings are ongoing, however futile he may think them. And while, as he contends, 1 vacated his entire sentence: “The sentence imposed following trial is vacated.” 2 Hernandez’s request for a stay rather than dismissal is denied. (Id. at 4.) He cites 3 Duke v. Gastelo, 64 F.4th 1088 (9th Cir. 2023) in support, a case discussed by respondent 4 in his abstention motion and his reply. In Duke, a petitioner filed a federal habeas action 5 after his direct appeal and state habeas proceedings had concluded, but while he still had a 6 pending state resentencing petition filed under California Penal Code § 1172.6. Id. at 7 1090. The district court denied Duke’s motion for a stay and dismissed the petition on 8 Younger abstention grounds. Id. The Ninth Circuit reversed on grounds that the third 9 Younger factor was not met here. “Duke did not seek to enjoin or interfere with the § 10 1172.6 state-court proceeding, and because he cannot litigate his constitutional claims in 11 that state-court action, the test for Younger abstention was not satisfied.” Id. 12 Section 1172.6 imposed a state statutory restriction on what grounds could be 13 raised—that is not the situation here. Duke is not applicable. Unlike the petitioner in 14 Duke, Hernandez’s convictions are not final and the state’s trial, appellate and post- 15 conviction review process provides an opportunity for consideration of federal 16 constitutional questions. 17 Respondent’s motion to abstain is granted and the petition dismissed. 18 CONCLUSION 19 Respondent’s motion to abstain is GRANTED, and this federal habeas action is 20 DISMISSED without prejudice. Hernandez should be aware that there is a one-year 21 statute of limitations for the filing of a federal petition for writ of habeas corpus, calculated 22 from “the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or 23 the expiration of the time for seeking such review.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(A)(1). He is 24 cautioned to act diligently to return to federal court with his new petition after he is 25 resentenced and any direct appeal from the resentencing concludes. The statute has not yet 26 started, of course, because the judgment in his criminal case is not yet final. See id. 27 1 The Clerk shall terminate all pending motions, enter judgment in favor of 2 || respondent, and close the file. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. . 4 Dated: January 30, 2026 \f ° WILLIAM H. ORRICK 6 United States District Judge 7 8 9 10 11 a 12
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