HamiltoN, Jndge,
delivered the following opinion:
Tbis case was originally brought in the local district court at San Juan in October, 1913, and was removed at the instance of the defendant to the Federal court on November 4,. 1913. It came to trial and resulted in an instruction of the court to the jury to find for the defendant, which was accordingly done. It now comes on to be heard upon the motion for a new trial filed December 8, 1914, setting out six grounds therefor. They may be grouped under two heads: That the alleged damage was due to the direct negligence of the defend[477]*477.ant itself, or that defendant was liable for its contractor when tbe latter did not take the precautions required by law.
1. The plaintiff claims, in the first place, that the construction work was under the control of the defendant, and that, therefore, leaving large gas pipes exposed upon the highway, which are claimed to be the cause of the injury, was the fault ■of the defendant. There was not, however, to the court’s mind, -anything to show that the defendant had any such control. The work of digging the trenches in the streets, laying and connecting the pipes, and packing back the soil was shown by the evidence, practically without conflict, to have been done by a construction company. What were its relations to the defendant, or whether any control over the work was exercised by the defendant company, was not shown. There was nothing tangible that could go to the jury on this point.
2. It is next set out that, although the defendant was not .actually engaged in the construction, it was under the duty by law and ordinance to see that proper lights were attached to ¡any obstruction to the highway during the progress of the work ■or afterwards. The evidence on this subject was that the people of Porto Pico had issued a franchise to the defendant company for the laying of pipes and the building and operation of .a gas plant. It was not shown that the defendant exercised any rights as to construction under this franchise, and hence it was not shown that any duty devolved upon it in that connection.
3. It is also set up that the defendant was liable for any dangerous condition of the highway, because, at the time of the accident, the construction work had been completed at this point. It was not, however, shown that the defendant had assumed any liability for any material left over from this con[478]*478struction work. Non constat that -the defendant company accepted the gas plant as it was completed, without accepting the surplus material. This must be proved, and could not be inferred.
4. The above grounds of the motion may be said to invoke the principles of § 1803 of the Civil Code. It is as follows: “A person who, by an act or omission, causes damage to another, when there is fault or negligence, shall be obliged to repair the damage so done.”
The complaint alleges that the defendant itself left the pipe in the street and failed in its duty in connection therewith. The proof showed that the acts complained of were those of a construction company. It may be questioned whether there would be any liability for negligence under these circumstances, even if the complaint had been drawn upon that theory. The negligence of a defendant must be that which is the proximate cause of the damage, and the facts shown in the evidence were all acts of another. An act may be done negligently, or the omission to do an act may be negligence, but in either case the defendant must be directly connected with the negligence. Section 1803 is construed in Díaz v. San Juan Light & Transit Co. 11 P. R. R. 64, 76, as follows:
“Summarizing the principles involved in this case, we shall say that in order to recover damages based upon the provisions of § 1803 of the Eevised Civil Code, it is necessary:
“(a) That the complainant should allege and prove the existence of a real and positive damage which has caused him losses in his person, in his property, or in his rights as derived from his relations to other persons;
“(b) That he should allege and prove that such damage is [479]*479immediate and natural consequence of the guilty or negligent act of the defendant; . . .”
To the same effect is Carmona v. Cuesta, 20 P. R. R. 215, 220. The chief justice there says: “Having examined chapter II. title XYI. of Book Fourth of the Civil Code, comprising §§ 1803 and 1811 both inclusive, we find that the liabilities established by the said sections arise from fault or negligence which, without the existence of a former obligation and without any previous contractual act, causes damages which have their origin in an act or omission derived from said fault or negligence. Prom a study of these same sections we conclude that, between the damages and the fault or negligence whence they are derived, there must be an immediate relation of cause and effect, and that the indemnity for such damages must not be accessory to another liability or a consequence of the fact that any legal or contractual liability is not actionable.”
It does not appear that the evidence came up to the requirements of § 1803 as to personal negligence. Was the negligence that of anyone for whom defendant was responsible ?
5. Lord Campbell declared truly that it would be monstrous if a party causing another to do a thing were exempted from liability for the act merely because there was a contract between him and the person- immediately causing the act to be done. Ellis v. Sheffield Gas Consumers’ Co. 2 El. & Bl. 770, 2 C. L. R. 249, 23 L. J. Q. B. N. S. 42, 18 Jur. 146, 2 Week. Rep. 19, 19 Eng. Rul. Cas. 180. This rule, however, quite apart from the question of independent contractor, has its limitations. As pointed out by the Supreme Court in St. Paul Water Co. v. Ware, 16 Wall. 576, 21 L. ed. 488: “Where the, obstruction or defect caused or created in the street is purely [480]*480•collateral to tbe work contracted to be done, and is entirely the result of the wrongful acts of the contractor or his workmen, the rule is that the employer is not liable; but where the obstruction or defect which occasioned the injury results directly from the acts which the contractor agreed and was authorized to do, the person who employs the contractor and authorizes him to do those acts is equally liable to the injured party.”
In the case at bar the injury was not due, for instance, to an excavation in the street, which, of course, is necessary to the laying of the pipe below the surface, but to a loose pipe left over after the completion of the work. Under the above principle this defect is collateral to the work contracted to be •done, and therefore due to the wrongful act of the contractor, .and not in any sense to the employer. So that, even at common law, the present case is not one which would permit a recovery.
6. The evidence showed that the gas company had nothing "to do with the installation of pipes and the like. As to this it had a contract with a construction company not made a party to the suit, and only accepted the pipes after completion of the work. This seemed to show that the damage complained of was due to an independent contractor.
It is well settled that at common law, in the case of an independent contract, the employer is not responsible. It was at first held otherwise, as in the case of Bush v. Steinman, 1 Bos. & P.
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HamiltoN, Jndge,
delivered the following opinion:
Tbis case was originally brought in the local district court at San Juan in October, 1913, and was removed at the instance of the defendant to the Federal court on November 4,. 1913. It came to trial and resulted in an instruction of the court to the jury to find for the defendant, which was accordingly done. It now comes on to be heard upon the motion for a new trial filed December 8, 1914, setting out six grounds therefor. They may be grouped under two heads: That the alleged damage was due to the direct negligence of the defend[477]*477.ant itself, or that defendant was liable for its contractor when tbe latter did not take the precautions required by law.
1. The plaintiff claims, in the first place, that the construction work was under the control of the defendant, and that, therefore, leaving large gas pipes exposed upon the highway, which are claimed to be the cause of the injury, was the fault ■of the defendant. There was not, however, to the court’s mind, -anything to show that the defendant had any such control. The work of digging the trenches in the streets, laying and connecting the pipes, and packing back the soil was shown by the evidence, practically without conflict, to have been done by a construction company. What were its relations to the defendant, or whether any control over the work was exercised by the defendant company, was not shown. There was nothing tangible that could go to the jury on this point.
2. It is next set out that, although the defendant was not .actually engaged in the construction, it was under the duty by law and ordinance to see that proper lights were attached to ¡any obstruction to the highway during the progress of the work ■or afterwards. The evidence on this subject was that the people of Porto Pico had issued a franchise to the defendant company for the laying of pipes and the building and operation of .a gas plant. It was not shown that the defendant exercised any rights as to construction under this franchise, and hence it was not shown that any duty devolved upon it in that connection.
3. It is also set up that the defendant was liable for any dangerous condition of the highway, because, at the time of the accident, the construction work had been completed at this point. It was not, however, shown that the defendant had assumed any liability for any material left over from this con[478]*478struction work. Non constat that -the defendant company accepted the gas plant as it was completed, without accepting the surplus material. This must be proved, and could not be inferred.
4. The above grounds of the motion may be said to invoke the principles of § 1803 of the Civil Code. It is as follows: “A person who, by an act or omission, causes damage to another, when there is fault or negligence, shall be obliged to repair the damage so done.”
The complaint alleges that the defendant itself left the pipe in the street and failed in its duty in connection therewith. The proof showed that the acts complained of were those of a construction company. It may be questioned whether there would be any liability for negligence under these circumstances, even if the complaint had been drawn upon that theory. The negligence of a defendant must be that which is the proximate cause of the damage, and the facts shown in the evidence were all acts of another. An act may be done negligently, or the omission to do an act may be negligence, but in either case the defendant must be directly connected with the negligence. Section 1803 is construed in Díaz v. San Juan Light & Transit Co. 11 P. R. R. 64, 76, as follows:
“Summarizing the principles involved in this case, we shall say that in order to recover damages based upon the provisions of § 1803 of the Eevised Civil Code, it is necessary:
“(a) That the complainant should allege and prove the existence of a real and positive damage which has caused him losses in his person, in his property, or in his rights as derived from his relations to other persons;
“(b) That he should allege and prove that such damage is [479]*479immediate and natural consequence of the guilty or negligent act of the defendant; . . .”
To the same effect is Carmona v. Cuesta, 20 P. R. R. 215, 220. The chief justice there says: “Having examined chapter II. title XYI. of Book Fourth of the Civil Code, comprising §§ 1803 and 1811 both inclusive, we find that the liabilities established by the said sections arise from fault or negligence which, without the existence of a former obligation and without any previous contractual act, causes damages which have their origin in an act or omission derived from said fault or negligence. Prom a study of these same sections we conclude that, between the damages and the fault or negligence whence they are derived, there must be an immediate relation of cause and effect, and that the indemnity for such damages must not be accessory to another liability or a consequence of the fact that any legal or contractual liability is not actionable.”
It does not appear that the evidence came up to the requirements of § 1803 as to personal negligence. Was the negligence that of anyone for whom defendant was responsible ?
5. Lord Campbell declared truly that it would be monstrous if a party causing another to do a thing were exempted from liability for the act merely because there was a contract between him and the person- immediately causing the act to be done. Ellis v. Sheffield Gas Consumers’ Co. 2 El. & Bl. 770, 2 C. L. R. 249, 23 L. J. Q. B. N. S. 42, 18 Jur. 146, 2 Week. Rep. 19, 19 Eng. Rul. Cas. 180. This rule, however, quite apart from the question of independent contractor, has its limitations. As pointed out by the Supreme Court in St. Paul Water Co. v. Ware, 16 Wall. 576, 21 L. ed. 488: “Where the, obstruction or defect caused or created in the street is purely [480]*480•collateral to tbe work contracted to be done, and is entirely the result of the wrongful acts of the contractor or his workmen, the rule is that the employer is not liable; but where the obstruction or defect which occasioned the injury results directly from the acts which the contractor agreed and was authorized to do, the person who employs the contractor and authorizes him to do those acts is equally liable to the injured party.”
In the case at bar the injury was not due, for instance, to an excavation in the street, which, of course, is necessary to the laying of the pipe below the surface, but to a loose pipe left over after the completion of the work. Under the above principle this defect is collateral to the work contracted to be •done, and therefore due to the wrongful act of the contractor, .and not in any sense to the employer. So that, even at common law, the present case is not one which would permit a recovery.
6. The evidence showed that the gas company had nothing "to do with the installation of pipes and the like. As to this it had a contract with a construction company not made a party to the suit, and only accepted the pipes after completion of the work. This seemed to show that the damage complained of was due to an independent contractor.
It is well settled that at common law, in the case of an independent contract, the employer is not responsible. It was at first held otherwise, as in the case of Bush v. Steinman, 1 Bos. & P. 404; but the principle of nonliability for an independent contractor has now long been recognized by the courts. Hilliard v. Richardson, 3 Gray, 349, 63 Am. Dec. 743; Rome & D. R. Co. v. Chasteen, 88 Ala. 591, 7 So. 94; Bouvier’s Law Dict. s. v. Independent Contractor.
Bush v. Steinman, decided in 1799, is not followed in [481]*481America, and was in 1849 overruled in its original borne by Reedie v. London & N. W. R. Co. 4 Exch. 256, 6 Eng. Ry. & C. Cas. 184, 20 L. J. Exch. N. S. 65, 19 Eng. Rul. Cas. 168. In tbe States, where tbe common law prevails there are many eases which bold that a defendant cannot contract himself out of bis own negligence, that upon tbe principle of tbe respondeat superior be remains, as to tbe public, a principal. Anderson v. Fleming, 66 L. R. A. 134, where there is an exhaustive note. See also note in 65 L.R.A. 833, 842. Cases bolding otherwise may also be found, as Dorn v. Snare & T. Co. 62 Misc. 269, 114 N. Y. Supp. 820; Chartiers Valley Gas Co. v. Waters, 123 Pa. 220, 16 Atl. 423. But the rule as to independent contractor is generally upheld in common-law jurisdictions.
A Tbe case at bar, however, is not controlled by tbe common law. Tbe civil law is in force in Porto Eico, and tbe provisions as to liability for acts of others are found only in tbe employers’ liability act, which is not applicable, and in § 1804 of tbe Civil Code. Tbe latter reads as follows:
“The obligation imposed by tbe preceding section is demand-able, not only for personal acts and omissions, but also for those of the persons for whom they should be responsible.
“Tbe father, and on bis death the mother, is liable for tbe damages caused by tbe minors who live with them.
“Guardians are liable for tbe damages caused by minors or incapacitated persons who are under their authority and live with them.
“Owners or directors of an establishment or enterprise are equally liable for tbe damages caused by their employees in the service of tbe. branches in which tbe latter may be employed or on account of their duties.
[482]*482“The state is liable in this sense when it acts through a special agent, but not when the damage should have been caused by the official to whom properly it pertained to do the act performed, in which case the provisions of the preceding section shall be applicable.
“Finally, masters or directors of arts and trades are liable for the damages caused by their pupils or apprentices while they are under their custody.
“The liability referred to in this section shall cease when the persons mentioned therein prove that they employed all the diligence of a good father of a family to avoid the damage.”
The theory of common law is that every injury gives a right of action, that for every right there is a remedy. So far as relates to negligence in this regard, it is not material whether there is a statute on the subject or not. Statutes may be enacted to provide special remedies, and they may go beyond the common law in creating rights of action, as in the case of death by wrongful act; and where one is directly injured by the negligence of another, an action on the case or other appropriate remedy lies.
The theory of the civil law is otherwise. The civil law has been in existence for many centuries, and has been codified with so much care that the Codes are supposed to cover all rights and remedies. If a right is not expressed, it is excluded.
It is true that damages for actual negligence are recognized in this system of jurisprudence (12 Hanresa, 607), but the form of expression of this liability is not always the same. In the civil jurisprudence it originates with the Aquilian law in the time of the Homan Republic, where many cases and cir [483]*483cumstances were defined. Tbis doctrine was transferred with greater or less completeness to the laws of title 15 of the Partidas, 7a, where it is discussed as Daño arising from Culpa, These provisions remained the civil law of Spain until the publication of the Civil Code now in force. The sections of the Porto Pico Civil Code bearing on the subject are 1803 and 1804, and these are copied word for word from articles 1902. and 1903 of the Spanish Civil Code. This liability was formerly called “cuasidelito,” — quasi tort. It is embraced, with contracts, in the Fourth Book of the Civil Code, relating to. Obligations and Contracts, being in title 16, on “Obligations, contracted without agreement.” Of this title the first chapter relates to quasi contracts, and the second to obligations which arise from fault or negligence, embracing the sections under, discussion. It has been held that these sections presuppose, the fact that no contract is involved. 12 Manresa, 613.
It follows, therefore, that a right in one party growing out of. the negligence of another must come under the terms of §§ 1803 or 1804, or it does not exist. As to the latter, “The terms in, which the whole of this section [1804] is conceived take away from courts of justice all liberty to assign responsibility in cases not included therein, for when a law specifies and determines the cases where it is applicable, it cannot be appliecf, to other cases not included therein, according to the principle of law expressio unius est exclusio alievvus.” Velez v. Llavina,, 18 P. R. R. 634, 644.
8. Section 1804, therefore, must cover this case, if the defendant is responsible for negligence of the construction company. This section does not rest upon the basis of responded superior, although the maxim is Latin. That principle is not [484]*484tbe basis of tbe civil law of tbe obligations wbicb at common law are called “torts.” Civil law liability of one person for another is confined to liability for persons to whom one stands in tbe relation of paterfamilias. Inst. lib. 4, title 5, par. 1; Dig. lib. 9, title 3.
Tbe theory of tbe Spanish civil law, here as in many other eases, is that a man must act in tbe five cases mentioned in this section as a good father of a family; but tbe care required of such a good father is limited to tbe five cases. Unless tbe claim at bar can be considered as involving an owner of an-establishment or business, there is no liability, for it bears no analogy to tbe other four beads. As to this, there can be no serious dispute. A person candes on a business or an establishment by means of workmen or employees, and it is for them, acting under bis orders and control, and for them alone, that this provision of tbe section makes him liable. It may be that conditions in Spain bad not caused tbe rise of tbe business of independent contractors, and that, therefore, up to tbe time of tbe adoption of tbe Civil Code in 1885, there was felt no necessity for legislating on tbe subject. At all events, tbe subject is not within tbe direct terms of tbe statute, nor has any decision been cited wbicb broadens the construction of tbe statute so as to include independent contractors. Indeed, it is perhaps going somewhat beyond tbe record to speak of an independent contractor at all. There was no evidence of what tbe contract was between tbe gas company and tbe construction company. Tbe evidence merely showed that a construction company did tbe work, and that tbe gas company at a certain later date was in possession of tbe plant. Nevertheless, as tbe argument proceeded largely upon the law of independent con[485]*485tractor, the matter has, for completeness, been discussed from that point of view, as well as from others.
The motion must therefore be denied, whether it be based on the theory of direct liability of the defendant for negligence under § 1803, or on that of its responsibility for the negligence of another under § 1804.
It is so ordered.