[49]*49
By the Court.
Nisbet, J.
delivering, the opinion.
[1.] The exceptions are to the instructions of the Court to the Jury, and to the refusal of the Court to instruct as requested by the plaintiff in error, who was defendant below. A new trial was also moved, and refused, and exceptions taken. The evidence (a large portion of which is not found in the Reporter’s brief, and indeed was not required to be there,) shows that the defendants in error, Messrs. Doughty & Beall, commission merchants in the City of Augusta, during the winter of 1850, and spring of 1851, were the factors of Byrne, the plaintiff in error, who was engaged in the business of buying and selling cotton. Byrne residing in the interior, bought cotton, and con-, signed it to Doughty & Beall, who advanced upon it; sold it for their principal in Augusta, or shipped it on his account, to New York. The transactions dining the season, between the parties, amounted to a considerable sum. The relation between them is plainly established to be that of principal and factor; and the questions made in the record, are to be determined by those rules of law which apply to, and govern that relation. This suit was brought by Doughty & Beall, for the sum of $1078.50, with interest, advanced by them to one Jones, upon forty-two bags of cotton, bought by Byrne of him, and consigned to them. The presiding Judge instructed the Jury, that “if the amount for which this action is brought was advanced by the plaintiffs to Jones, at the request of the defendant, then there is an end of the matter, and the recovery must be for the plaintiffs.” I did not understand the counsel to deny that this is sound law, although it is excepted to. I know that he would not peril so good a professional reputation as he enjoys by so rash a denial. That a consignor is liable to his factor for an advance made upon a consignment of cotton, at his request, whether made to him or to a third person on his account, is too plain a proposition to require even a reference. But he objected to this charge, because not warranted by the evidence. If that be so, as we have frequently ruled, it is error. Clearly it is not so. What is the evidence ? Byrne [50]*50bought the cotton from Jones, and paid for it, except $1078.50, and notified Doughty & Beall of the purchase, giving them special instructions about it, when it should be received. Jones, because of the non-payment of this balance, retained the cotton at the depot at Covington, for some time, and finally shipped it to Doughty & Beall, in his own name; determining, as he said, to retain the control over it until he was paid. It was received by Doughty & Beall, and by them and by Byrne, from the beginning, until it was shipped and sold at New York, and an account of the sale rendered to Mm, recognized and treated as cotton belonging to Byrne. Upon Jones’ demand upon Byrne for this balance, he declined paying, saying that he had not the money, and that Doughty & Beall ought to pay it, for they had refused to advance farther funds. In the month of June, 1851, Beall, one of the firm of Doughty & Beall, called upon Byrne for a settlement, and Jones testified to what transpired at the interview. At the time of this interview, Jones had not been paid, and the difficulty in the way of a settlement grew out of that fact. Jones says that Beall proposed to Byrne to pay it by a draft upon Doughty & Beall, and drew a draft for him to sign, which he refused to do, saying, “Beall could pay him (Jones) the money, and they could have their settlement afterwards.” The witness proceeds to say that some contention arose, and Beall said, “it would make no difference, he would charge the amount of the draft against Byrne.” Thereupon he drew a draft for the amount, on his house in Augusta, which Jones says he took, and got the money. He testifies also, to what occurred at a subsequent interview, and says that Beall demanded the draft of Mm, witness, and that from his recollection of the facts of that interview, he (the witness,) was to retain the draft and thus get the money.
Another witness, Murrell, testifies, that he was present at the interview between Beall and Byrne, when the draft was drawn, and that Byrne told Beall that if he would pay Jones the balance of $1078.50, due on the cotton, he would settle with him. Here then, by two unimpeached witnesses, a request [51]*51to advance this money was plainly proven. Was this evidence enough to warrant the instruction ? The counsel, however, to sustain his objection to this charge, reliesupon the testimony of another witness, Hunter. He testifies that he was present at an interview, about the same time, between Beall and Byrne, when an attempt at a settlement was made; that the difficulty seemed to grow out of losses on cotton; that Byrne told Beall that he had no objection to his settling with Jones for his cotton, and that he would have nothing to do with the Jones cotton, and Beall might settle with him for it. Beall told Byrne that he had paid Jones for his cotton, and Byrne replied that he had no objection to his doing so. Byrne refused to settle with Beall on account of the Jones cotton. Upon this evidence the assumption is made, that the charge was not warranted by the evidence. The fact is, that it is not in the least in conflict with the evidence of Jones and Murrell, which established the request to make the advance, because upon cross-examination, Hunter testifies that the interview which he witnessed was the last interview between the parties. At the first interview, Jones and Murrell prove that the request was made, and that in pmsuance of that request, Beall did in fact, then and there, draw upon his house for the money, and hand the draft to Jones; and more, Hunter swears, that at the interview that he witnessed, Beall stated that he had paid to Jones the balance on his cotton. The liability of Byrne was fixed by the request to Beall to advance, and by his promise to settle with him for it. He could not escape from this liability by a subsequent renunciation of it. Neither the law — nor the faith of merchants — nor morality, will allow a man to assume an obligation, and escape from it by a subsequent repudiation. But concede that Hunter's evidence is in conflict with that of Jones and Murrell, is the Court forbid to charge upon the law of a case because there is conflict of evidence? I know of no such rule. It is his duty to leave the facts to the Jury, as Judge Starke did here, instructing them that if there was a request, they should find for the plaintiff. They did find that [52]*52the request was made, for they rendered a verdict for the plaintiffs below.
[2.] The next instruction is as impregnable as the first. It is in the following words: “And although the defendant may not have requested the advancement to be made to Jones, still you will find for the plaintiffs, if the defendant has treated the transaction as his own, by recognizing it as his — if he has by his assent had the benefit of the advance, he is liable for the amount.” I understand his honor to say in this charge, that if the -principal recognizes an advancement made by his agent, he is bound to refund it, and that treating the transaction as his own is a recognition. And farther, if he receives the benefit of the advance, he is to be considered as assenting to it, and is liable.
[8.] An agent has a right to charge his principal with all advances made 'by him in the regular course of his employment.
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[49]*49
By the Court.
Nisbet, J.
delivering, the opinion.
[1.] The exceptions are to the instructions of the Court to the Jury, and to the refusal of the Court to instruct as requested by the plaintiff in error, who was defendant below. A new trial was also moved, and refused, and exceptions taken. The evidence (a large portion of which is not found in the Reporter’s brief, and indeed was not required to be there,) shows that the defendants in error, Messrs. Doughty & Beall, commission merchants in the City of Augusta, during the winter of 1850, and spring of 1851, were the factors of Byrne, the plaintiff in error, who was engaged in the business of buying and selling cotton. Byrne residing in the interior, bought cotton, and con-, signed it to Doughty & Beall, who advanced upon it; sold it for their principal in Augusta, or shipped it on his account, to New York. The transactions dining the season, between the parties, amounted to a considerable sum. The relation between them is plainly established to be that of principal and factor; and the questions made in the record, are to be determined by those rules of law which apply to, and govern that relation. This suit was brought by Doughty & Beall, for the sum of $1078.50, with interest, advanced by them to one Jones, upon forty-two bags of cotton, bought by Byrne of him, and consigned to them. The presiding Judge instructed the Jury, that “if the amount for which this action is brought was advanced by the plaintiffs to Jones, at the request of the defendant, then there is an end of the matter, and the recovery must be for the plaintiffs.” I did not understand the counsel to deny that this is sound law, although it is excepted to. I know that he would not peril so good a professional reputation as he enjoys by so rash a denial. That a consignor is liable to his factor for an advance made upon a consignment of cotton, at his request, whether made to him or to a third person on his account, is too plain a proposition to require even a reference. But he objected to this charge, because not warranted by the evidence. If that be so, as we have frequently ruled, it is error. Clearly it is not so. What is the evidence ? Byrne [50]*50bought the cotton from Jones, and paid for it, except $1078.50, and notified Doughty & Beall of the purchase, giving them special instructions about it, when it should be received. Jones, because of the non-payment of this balance, retained the cotton at the depot at Covington, for some time, and finally shipped it to Doughty & Beall, in his own name; determining, as he said, to retain the control over it until he was paid. It was received by Doughty & Beall, and by them and by Byrne, from the beginning, until it was shipped and sold at New York, and an account of the sale rendered to Mm, recognized and treated as cotton belonging to Byrne. Upon Jones’ demand upon Byrne for this balance, he declined paying, saying that he had not the money, and that Doughty & Beall ought to pay it, for they had refused to advance farther funds. In the month of June, 1851, Beall, one of the firm of Doughty & Beall, called upon Byrne for a settlement, and Jones testified to what transpired at the interview. At the time of this interview, Jones had not been paid, and the difficulty in the way of a settlement grew out of that fact. Jones says that Beall proposed to Byrne to pay it by a draft upon Doughty & Beall, and drew a draft for him to sign, which he refused to do, saying, “Beall could pay him (Jones) the money, and they could have their settlement afterwards.” The witness proceeds to say that some contention arose, and Beall said, “it would make no difference, he would charge the amount of the draft against Byrne.” Thereupon he drew a draft for the amount, on his house in Augusta, which Jones says he took, and got the money. He testifies also, to what occurred at a subsequent interview, and says that Beall demanded the draft of Mm, witness, and that from his recollection of the facts of that interview, he (the witness,) was to retain the draft and thus get the money.
Another witness, Murrell, testifies, that he was present at the interview between Beall and Byrne, when the draft was drawn, and that Byrne told Beall that if he would pay Jones the balance of $1078.50, due on the cotton, he would settle with him. Here then, by two unimpeached witnesses, a request [51]*51to advance this money was plainly proven. Was this evidence enough to warrant the instruction ? The counsel, however, to sustain his objection to this charge, reliesupon the testimony of another witness, Hunter. He testifies that he was present at an interview, about the same time, between Beall and Byrne, when an attempt at a settlement was made; that the difficulty seemed to grow out of losses on cotton; that Byrne told Beall that he had no objection to his settling with Jones for his cotton, and that he would have nothing to do with the Jones cotton, and Beall might settle with him for it. Beall told Byrne that he had paid Jones for his cotton, and Byrne replied that he had no objection to his doing so. Byrne refused to settle with Beall on account of the Jones cotton. Upon this evidence the assumption is made, that the charge was not warranted by the evidence. The fact is, that it is not in the least in conflict with the evidence of Jones and Murrell, which established the request to make the advance, because upon cross-examination, Hunter testifies that the interview which he witnessed was the last interview between the parties. At the first interview, Jones and Murrell prove that the request was made, and that in pmsuance of that request, Beall did in fact, then and there, draw upon his house for the money, and hand the draft to Jones; and more, Hunter swears, that at the interview that he witnessed, Beall stated that he had paid to Jones the balance on his cotton. The liability of Byrne was fixed by the request to Beall to advance, and by his promise to settle with him for it. He could not escape from this liability by a subsequent renunciation of it. Neither the law — nor the faith of merchants — nor morality, will allow a man to assume an obligation, and escape from it by a subsequent repudiation. But concede that Hunter's evidence is in conflict with that of Jones and Murrell, is the Court forbid to charge upon the law of a case because there is conflict of evidence? I know of no such rule. It is his duty to leave the facts to the Jury, as Judge Starke did here, instructing them that if there was a request, they should find for the plaintiff. They did find that [52]*52the request was made, for they rendered a verdict for the plaintiffs below.
[2.] The next instruction is as impregnable as the first. It is in the following words: “And although the defendant may not have requested the advancement to be made to Jones, still you will find for the plaintiffs, if the defendant has treated the transaction as his own, by recognizing it as his — if he has by his assent had the benefit of the advance, he is liable for the amount.” I understand his honor to say in this charge, that if the -principal recognizes an advancement made by his agent, he is bound to refund it, and that treating the transaction as his own is a recognition. And farther, if he receives the benefit of the advance, he is to be considered as assenting to it, and is liable.
[8.] An agent has a right to charge his principal with all advances made 'by him in the regular course of his employment. The agent has a lien on goods in his hands for advances, and in addition thereto, the principal is personally liable therefor; provided always, that such advances are made in good faith, and without -negligence, and are necessary to protect and promote the interest of his principal in the subject-matter of the agency. (See these doctrines discussed in Brown, Shipley & Co. vs. P. A. Clayton, in the 12th Vol. of Geo. Rep. not yet published.) A request to advance is not always necessary to be proven, nor a promise to refund. A request may be implied from the nature and regular course of the business in which the agent is employed, and in that case the law creates a liability to pay. In this case, the request to advance may be fairly implied from the nature of the business, and from its regular course. But the charge now being considered, does not go upon the ground of a request, express or implied; but upon the ground of recognition. The presiding Judge uses the word recognize. In its connection here, it has no meaning, I apprehend, different from that of ratify. Recognition, confirmation, adoption, and ratification, are used indifferently in the books, as having substantially the same legal import. Now, in relation to this doctrine, I say that to bind the prin[53]*53cipal, there is no necessity for a positive or direct confirmation on his part, of the act of the agent, but it may arise by implication, from the acts or proceedings of the principal in pais. 3 Chitty on Com. and Manuf. 197, 198. 1 Livermore on Agency, 45. Story on Agency, §253.
[4.] And for this purpose the acts and conduct of the principal are construed liberally in favor of the agent. Slight circumstances and small matters, will sometimes suffice to raise the presumption of ratification. Story on Agency, §253, notes 2 and 3. Authority to do the act, is presumed from subsequent acts of assent and acquiescence. This is the general proposition, and really covers the charge of the Court. Paley on Agency, by Dunlap, 171, and note O. Livermore, Pr. and Ag. vol. 1, p. 44, et seq. Dunlap’s Paley on Ag. 4, 114. Story on Agency, §§253 to 260. The effect of such ratification is not only to bind the principal to third persons, but to subject him to the same obligations to the agent as if he had been expressly employed to do the act. Ibid. But one act from which acquiescence may be presumed, is that act specified by Judge Starke, to wit, treating the transaction as his own. As for example — if a factor purchase goods contrary to orders, and the principal refuses to accept the contract, but having received the goods, afterwards sells them on his own account, that would ratify the purchase. He acts upon the transaction, treats it as his own. Story on Agency, §259. Cornwall vs. Wilson, 1 Vesey, 509. 1 Livermore, Ag. 395, 396. 4 Bing. 722. Paley on Agency, by Lloyd, 28, 29, 31. 6 Wheat. 240. 5 Hill’s N. Y. B. 137. Another act from which ratification may be presumed is that also specified by the Judge, to wit, receiving the benefit of the transaction. Dunlap’s Paley, 171, note. 9 Cranch, 153. 4 Mason, 296. 1 Adol. and Ellis, 526. This charge is made one of the grounds for a new trial, and may he considered as disposed of.
[5.] The Corn’t was requested to instruct the Jury, that in order to bind the defendant below, his recognition of the transaction must have been after the money was advanced; which was declined, and thereupon exception taken. There are sev[54]*54oral reasons why the Court should not have given this instruction. In the first place, to bind the defendant, Byrne, it was not necessary that the recognition should be after the money was paid. The very idea of recognition is that it must be after the transaction which it adopts. A recognition cannot pre-. cede the fact recognized. The Court had already charged the Jury as to what would amount to a recognition of the transaction. And what was the transaction ? It was the advance made by Doughty & Beall on the Jones cotton. In the eye of the law, that advance ivas made when they agreed to pay it, and drew a draft for the amount and delivered it to Jones. If that transaction was recognized before the money was in fact paid, the defendant was bound by it. Again, an isolated instruction in accordance with this request, might have misled the Jury, by inducing them to believe that the plaintiffs’ case depended upon that alone. The Court was justified, moreover, for not giving this instruction, because he had before charged correctly the law of recognition as applicable to the ease.
In the rule, a now trial is asked, upon the ground that the Jury found contrary to the instructions of the Court, and it being refused, that ground is assigned for error. It is not of course to be understood that the plaintiff in error complains that the Jury disregarded any instruction other than that which is in his favor. He must, therefore, refer to the following charge, given on the trial, at his instance: “You are farther instructed, that although you may believe from the evidence, that Byrne gave direction and controlled the cotton, yet if you believe from the evidence that he did not request the plaintiff to advance it for him, but expressed his dissent to the payment of it on his account by the plaintiffs before they had given Jones a draft for the same, you must find for the defendant.” This charge was decidedly in favor of the plaintiff in error, and not easily reconciled with instructions previously given. If there was error on the trial of this cause, it was in giving it. The defendant below, however, had the full benefit of it. He has no reason to complain that the Jury found against it, for one all sufficient reason, and that is, that the [55]*55facts upon wbicb the law of the instruction rested, wore left to be found by the Jury; and rendering a verdict against the defendant, the legal presumption is, that they were unable to regard that law because the testimony was against the defendant. A new trial is asked also, because the Jury found without, and contrary to evidence. This ground, I conclude, was inserted pro forma. A Jury who would not find as the Jury did in this case, upon the same evidence, ought to be branded as incurably stupid, or rovoltingly corrupt.-
Let the judgment be affirmed.