FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
July 19, 2011 PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
JERRY LEE BUSTOS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 10-1253 A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (D.C. No. 1:08-CV-00153-LTB-MEH)
Paul J. Kyed (Buck S. Beltzer, Christopher L. Larson, and J. Kevin Bridston with him on the briefs), Holland & Hart, LLP, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff- Appellant.
Steven D. Zansberg (Thomas B. Kelley with him on the briefs), Levine Sullivan Koch & Schulz, L.L.P., Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before MURPHY, GORSUCH, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
GORSUCH, Circuit Judge.
Can you win damages in a defamation suit for being called a member of the
Aryan Brotherhood prison gang on cable television when, as it happens, you have merely conspired with the Brotherhood in a criminal enterprise? The answer is
no. While the statement may cause you a world of trouble, while it may not be
precisely true, it is substantially true. And that is enough to call an end to this
litigation as a matter of law.
Jerry Lee Bustos is a longtime inmate at the federal supermax facility at
Florence, Colorado. Back in 1998, he was chatting with a few acquaintances on
the prison yard when another inmate — who seemed to be walking along minding
his own business — punched Mr. Bustos in the back of the head. Mr. Bustos
wasn’t one to back down from an unprovoked attack and the pair quickly squared
off as other residents of Florence looked on. After a few minutes, baton-toting
prison guards stepped in, but by then Mr. Bustos had caught a few good punches
and was no better for the wear.
Unfortunately for Mr. Bustos, the entire episode was captured by a prison
surveillance camera. And worse, A&E Television Networks got a hold of the
footage and featured it on its national cable television show, Gangland: Aryan
Brotherhood. The program paired images of Mr. Bustos with a stentorian narrator
who described the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang, its white-supremacist views,
and its violent history.
Mr. Bustos complains that this in-all-ways-unsolicited television
appearance has caused him an acre of difficulty. He says the program’s
suggestion that he is a member of the Aryan Brotherhood has devastated his
-2- popularity around the jail. The Brotherhood, it turns out, did not appreciate his
publicly appearing as a member without their invitation. And other gangs have
also apparently become leery that Mr. Bustos might be a clandestine member of
the Brotherhood. So now, Mr. Bustos complains, he has received death threats
and for his own safety can’t be transferred to a less restrictive form of custody.
Despite his best efforts, he just can’t convince his fellow prisoners that he’s not
actually a member of the Aryan Brotherhood.
Frustrated by all this, Mr. Bustos brought a defamation suit against A&E
under Colorado law. The district court agreed that the show effectively called
him a member of the Aryan Brotherhood, and that the statement was defamatory,
but it entered summary judgment against Mr. Bustos all the same. This because,
the court found, the statement was substantially true — and a substantially true
statement isn’t actionable in defamation. It is this result Mr. Bustos now appeals.
A statement is defamatory if it “tends [] to harm the reputation of another
[so] as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons
from associating or dealing with him.” Burns v. McGraw-Hill Broad., Co., 659
P.2d 1351, 1357 (Colo. 1983), citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 559 (1976)
(“RST”). Before us, the parties take it for granted that A&E called Mr. Bustos a
member of the Aryan Brotherhood and that this statement is defamatory. But to
concede that a statement is defamatory is just to say it hurts. It says nothing
about the truth of the matter. In fact, long ago English criminal law took the view
-3- that the truth was not only not a defense to a defamation charge but an
aggravating circumstance — so that it was actually (if remarkably to
contemporary ears) said, “the greater the truth the greater the libel.” See
Laurence H. Eldredge, The Law of Defamation § 64 (1978). Truth was no
defense to a criminal defamation charge because the law cared less about the
niceties of personal reputations and free speech than with keeping a lid on public
violence and civil unrest. Id. Even truthful defamation demanded punishment
because of its tendency, in the Star Chamber’s estimation, to “incite[]. . . quarrels
and breach of the peace, and [to] be the cause of shedding of blood, and of great
inconvenience.” De Libellis Famosis Case, 77 Eng. Rep. 250, 251 (Star Chamber
1606). Still, this only tells at most half the story. For its part, English tort law
took a very different turn, denying compensation to a party truthfully defamed. It
did so on the theory that if the statement is true, the plaintiff hadn’t suffered any
injury — or at least not any injury he didn’t well deserve. 3 William Blackstone,
Commentaries *124-25. So, in a twist worthy of an award from the
Circumlocution Office, the truth could spare a defendant of liability in civil court
only to condemn him to prison in a criminal court across the way.
Sensibly, American courts took their cue from the tort side of the English
common law. See Rodney A. Smolla, Law of Defamation § 5:3 (2d ed. 2010). So
a defendant who truthfully calls the plaintiff a member of the Aryan Brotherhood
doesn’t suffer any liability, no matter how much the statement may have defamed
-4- or hurt the plaintiff’s reputation in the public’s estimation. Neither does it matter
if the defendant doesn’t know the truth of the matter when he makes the
defamatory statement. So long as what he says turns out to be true, he is free
from liability; the truth, whenever discovered, serves as a complete defense. See
RST § 581A, cmt. h; W. Page Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on Torts § 116, at 840-
41 (5th ed. 1984). In American law, defamation is not about compensating for
damage done to a false reputation by the publication of hidden facts. It’s about
protecting a good reputation honestly earned.
This defense has, in comparatively recent years, taken on a constitutional
patina, becoming not just a feature of the common law but a First Amendment
imperative. See New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964). It has also
undergone a partial transmogrification. Where truth was once strictly a defense,
now the plaintiff must shoulder the burden in his case-in-chief of proving the
falsity of a challenged statement if he is a public figure or the statement involves
a matter of public concern. See Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475
U.S. 767, 775 (1986). In its enthusiasm, Colorado has taken all this a step
further, apparently requiring the plaintiff in these circumstances to show the
falsity of a defamatory statement by “clear and convincing evidence.” See
Smiley’s Too, Inc., v. Denver Post Corp., 935 P.2d 39, 41 (Colo. App. 1996).
Because no one disputes that our case involves a matter of public concern,
it falls to Mr. Bustos to carry this exacting burden. But what exactly does Mr.
-5- Bustos have to do to show that the statement he challenges is “false”? Under
Colorado law, much as elsewhere, it is not enough for the plaintiff to show that
the defendant got some innocuous detail wrong; the plaintiff must show that the
challenged defamatory statement is not just false but material. See Gomba v.
McLaughlin, 504 P.2d 337, 338-39 (Colo. 1972). A report that the defendant
committed 35 burglaries when he actually committed 34 isn’t enough to warrant
relief. See Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Anderson, 746 F.2d 1563, 1568 n.6 (D.C. Cir.
1984), overruled on other grounds, 477 U.S. 242 (1986). Neither is a report that
mistakenly says that the plaintiff stabbed a man in Cheyenne, Wyoming when he
really stabbed a man from Cheyenne, Wyoming. Gomba, 504 P.2d at 338-39.
Unless a statement contains a material falsehood it simply is not actionable. See
Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 517 (1991) (“Minor
inaccuracies do not amount to falsity so long as the substance, the gist, the sting,
of the libelous charge be justified.” (internal quotation omitted)).
But to say that the misstatement must be material only raises questions of
its own — material to whom? And for what purpose? The answer to these
questions takes us back to and can be found in the interest the American
defamation tort is intended to protect — the plaintiff’s public reputation. Because
this is the particular purpose the defamation tort is aimed at, we assess the
materiality of a misstatement by comparing the damage it has done to the
plaintiff’s public reputation to the damage the truth would have caused. See
-6- Gomba, 504 P.2d at 338; Colo. Jury Inst. Civ. 22:13 (defining falsity); Wade v.
Olinger Life Ins. Co., 560 P.2d 446, 452 n.7 (Colo. 1977) (explaining persuasive
authority of Colorado jury instructions). To qualify as material the alleged
misstatement must be likely to cause reasonable people to think “significantly less
favorably” about the plaintiff than they would if they knew the truth; a
misstatement is not actionable if the comparative harm to the plaintiff’s
reputation is real but only modest. Colo. Jury Inst. Civ. 22:13; see also Pope v.
Chronicle Pub. Co., 95 F.3d 607, 613 (7th Cir. 1996) (publication “must make the
plaintiff significantly worse off than a completely or literally truthful publication
would have”). Neither do we measure this comparative impact from the
viewpoint of prison gang members — or for that matter from the viewpoint of any
similarly insular group whose reactions may be different than the mainstream of
contemporary society. Instead, the relevant inquiry is what a reasonable member
of the (law abiding) contemporary community would make of the challenged
statement. See Colo. Jury Inst. Civ. 22:13; see also Burns, 659 P.2d at 1357;
Tonnessen v. Denver Publishing Co., 5 P.3d 959, 963 (Colo. App. 2000)
(requiring that a statement “prejudice the plaintiff in the eyes of a substantial and
respectable minority of the community”); RST § 559, cmt. e, illus. 3.
By requiring a significant impact on the plaintiff’s public reputation when
compared to the truth, the material falsehood requirement works as a screen
against trivial claims. See Gomba, 504 P.2d at 236. And this requirement is
-7- hardly unique to defamation law; the plaintiff or prosecution in many tort and
criminal contexts — fraud and perjury are two obvious examples — must also
prove not just a falsehood but a material falsehood as part of its case-in-chief.
See RST § 538, cmt. e (an allegedly fraudulent misrepresentation is material if “a
reasonable man would have regarded the fact misrepresented to be important in
determining his course of action”); Model Penal Code § 241.1 (1962) (in perjury
proceedings a “[f]alsification is material . . . if it could have affected the course
or outcome of the proceeding”). After all, without such a limitation, every error
in detail — no matter how slight or irrelevant in the scheme of things — could
lead to not just protracted civil proceedings but also criminal liability. And while
the law is often demanding, rarely is it so punctilious.
Some have suggested that this same essential screening function might be
better served by an “incremental harm” rule. See, e.g., Kevin L. Kite,
Incremental Identities: Libel-Proof Plaintiffs, Substantial Truth, and the Future of
the Incremental Harm Doctrine, 73 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 529, 562-63 (1998). As it is
typically described, an incremental harm rule seeks to compare the allegedly false
statements about the plaintiff in a particular publication with unchallenged (or
true) statements found in the same publication. It then permits recovery only if
the false statements do some harm over and above the damage caused by the true
ones. Id. at 543-43. But this alternative hasn’t been adopted by the Colorado
-8- Supreme Court (to date, at least) and it’s open to criticism for being
simultaneously both too narrow and too broad.
Too narrow because incremental harm depends on what happens to be
contained in the same publication. Inexplicably, a defendant may lose the defense
simply because he didn’t publish as many bad facts about the plaintiff as he could
have. But even more troubling is the doctrine’s breadth. If an article calls
Benedict Arnold a thief and a traitor, the “incremental harm” done by the first
statement might be nothing compared to the unassailable truth of the second
(entirely unrelated) statement, and this would leave Mr. Arnold to recover nothing
for the patently false and defamatory accusation that he’s a thief. See Liberty
Lobby, 746 F.2d at 1568. In this way, an incremental harm rule assumes that an
individual’s reputation is “a monolith which stands or falls in its entirety.” Id.
And common experience suggests this premise is a doubtful one — a liar and a
thief, after all, may still be a good family man — and saying otherwise may still
do material damage to his public reputation. Id. Taken to its logical conclusion,
moreover, incremental harm analysis suggests that individuals with really bad
reputations in one area may be “libel proof” in all areas, free game for the
publication of even the most outrageous and damaging lies. Call Benedict Arnold
whatever you like; his public reputation is already so soured by his treason that
no incremental harm could be done to it. See id. at 1569 (calling the libel-proof
plaintiff a “bad idea”).
-9- The material falsehood requirement that Colorado does recognize serves the
same screening function as incremental harm while avoiding these hidden
complications. Both doctrines compare the harm of a lie with the harm of the
truth. But the material falsehood requirement allows us to consider true facts
wherever and whenever discovered, doing away with incremental harm’s
seemingly arbitrary fixation on what happens to have been included in the same
publication. At the same time, the material falsehood requirement narrows our
comparison to statements on the same subject matter, making the task more
amenable to judicial determination and the outcome more predictable to potential
litigants. The incremental harm (or libel-proof plaintiff) analysis asks courts to
compare harms flowing from statements on radically different matters that may
even be incommensurable — which is worse, a perjurer or an inside trader? a
liar or a cheat? By contrast, the material falsehood analysis focuses judicial
attention on the comparatively narrow question whether the particular challenged
statement is true or false on its own terms — a task that falls well within the
traditional (if human and imperfect) truth-finding function of juries and judges.
See RST § 581A, cmt. f; Liberty Lobby, 746 F.2d at 1568 n.6. *
* The only case we have found in Colorado discussing the incremental harm doctrine, by an intermediate court, seems to require nothing more than this. See Tonnessen, 5 P.3d at 965-66. That case involved a newspaper reporting statements on the courthouse steps that were essentially identical to testimony that had just been given inside. Under the doctrine of fair report, the newspaper was immune for publication of the statements made inside the courtroom. Id. at (continued...)
- 10 - To be sure, the questions whether a statement is defamatory and whether it
contains a material falsehood sometimes overlap. What’s the difference between
saying that the plaintiff sucker-punched an elderly man on St. Patrick’s Day,
when the truth is that he bashed the elderly man with a club on a different day in
March? If the plaintiff complained only about the misstatement of the date of the
attack, he would lose for two reasons: nothing about the date is defamatory and
in any event the error has no apparent material significance. But sometimes the
material falsehood requirement does distinct and important work. If the same
plaintiff complained about the statement that he had sucker-punched the old man,
the statement is surely a defamatory one. Yet the plaintiff still might not recover
because the statement could be found substantially true — the report might have
been wrong about how he went about beating the old man, but it isn’t at all
obvious that the difference is one that matters for purposes of the plaintiff’s
public reputation.
* (...continued) 964-65. But theoretically it could have been liable for reporting the exact same statements made on the steps outside. Tonnessen avoided this absurdity by recognizing a “limited application of the incremental harm doctrine,” holding that the newspaper could not be liable for the “two separate repetitions of an identical accusation.” Id. at 966. Given the facts of that case, we can’t say whether this was actually an application of the incremental harm doctrine or just a logical extension of the doctrine of fair report. But, notably, Tonnessen stops well short of incremental harm’s suggestion that judges and juries should compare the defamatory harm of disjoint and unrelated statements. See id. at 965 (“[T]he fact that an individual has done one bad thing does not necessarily mean the individual has done another entirely separate bad act.”).
- 11 - Unsurprisingly, deciding the materiality of a falsehood often requires a
jury. Whether a particular misstatement is likely to injure the plaintiff’s
reputation in the mind of a reasonable member of the community is often best
decided by reasonable members of the community. But like nearly any other
element of a tort this one is amenable to resolution at summary judgment when,
viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant, the answer is
beyond cavil. See Anderson v. Cramlet, 789 F.2d 840, 842-43 (10th Cir. 1986).
And our review of the undisputed facts in this case persuades us that it is such a
case — that no reasonable juror could find A&E’s defamatory statement was
materially false, let alone do so clearly and convincingly as Colorado law
requires.
We don’t doubt that the public thinks worse of Aryan Brotherhood prison
gang members than standard-issue prisoners. But that only means A&E’s
statement — its indication that Mr. Bustos is a member of the Aryan Brotherhood
— is defamatory or hurtful to his public reputation. We must still compare
A&E’s statement against the truth of the matter. And on that score the facts
reveal that, while Mr. Bustos isn’t formally a member of the Brotherhood, he
surely did affiliate with the organization. In the A&E footage, Mr. Bustos is seen
chatting with two Aryan Brotherhood members and a member of yet another gang
up until the moment he gets punched. And his relationship with the Brotherhood
hasn’t been limited to rec yard chats. In a conspiracy ultimately detected and
- 12 - disrupted by prison officials, Mr. Bustos agreed to receive balloons filled with
heroin from a prison visitor; insert them into his body; and then pass them along
to three prison gangs, including the Aryan Brotherhood. When things went awry,
Mr. Bustos found himself — balloons and all — locked in solitary confinement.
After this delay upset certain intended recipients, Mr. Bustos sent a handwritten
apology to an Aryan Brotherhood leader. The note — which refers to the leader
repeatedly as “bro” — explains the situation and promises the balloons will soon
be on their way. It concludes by sending Mr. Bustos’s “respect” and asking the
Aryan Brotherhood leader to “give my regards” to still three other Brotherhood
members.
Comparing the challenged defamatory statement (membership in the Aryan
Brotherhood) to the truth (conspiring with and aiding and abetting the Aryan
Brotherhood), we cannot see how any juror could find the difference to be a
material one — that is, likely to cause a reasonable member of the general public
to think significantly less favorably of Mr. Bustos. The difference or delta
between the defamatory statement and the truth might cause some modicum of
additional injury to his reputation, that we don’t deny, but it is not one a juror
could find likely to be significant to a reasonable person. Tellingly, Mr. Bustos
points to nothing in the record he has developed through the entire discovery
phase of this case suggesting that his standing in the public eye would be
- 13 - improved at all by more careful explication of the true particulars of his
involvement with the Brotherhood.
Notably, too, this court and others have found similar and arguably greater
factual discrepancies immaterial as a matter of law. For example, this court has
held it immaterial that the plaintiff was wrongly labeled a “kidnapper” when he
was actually convicted of violating a custody order. Anderson, 789 F.2d at 843-
45. Others have held immaterial statements that a judge “ordered” the parties to
settle when in fact the judge only “recommended” a settlement — and that a
person was “fired” when in truth he’d voluntarily resigned under less than
favorable circumstances. See Tex. Monthly, Inc. v. Transamerican Natural Gas
Corp., 7. S.W.3d 801 (Tex. App. 1999); Picard v. Brennan, 307 A.2d 833 (Me.
1973). Still other courts have rejected a complaint by a father who had allegedly
left his children at home alone at night when the facts showed him an unreliable
caretaker in other respects — and said it didn’t matter whether a plaintiff had
committed perjury or merely given evasive testimony. See Haynes v. Alfred A.
Knopf, Inc., 8 F.3d 1222, 1226-29 (7th Cir. 1993); Riley v. Harr, 292 F.3d 282,
295-98 (1st Cir. 2002). We can hardly see how the falsity of A&E’s statement
could be considered any more material than these and the other discrepancies
courts have held immaterial as a matter of law.
Perhaps most pointedly of all, the Sixth Circuit rejected a defamation suit
brought by James (brother of Terry) Nichols against movie maker Michael Moore.
- 14 - In the movie, Moore reported that James Nichols was “arrested in connection”
with the Oklahoma City bombing. Actually, Nichols was arrested for an
unrelated explosives offense and was considered only a material witness in
connection with the Oklahoma City bombing. See Nichols v. Moore, 477 F.3d
396, 398, 401 (6th Cir. 2007). The Sixth Circuit recognized that there’s some
difference between being a suspected participant in a heinous bombing and being
a material witness in the investigation. But, the court held, the distinction to the
respectable community member wasn’t significant enough to make the
misstatement actionable. By comparison, of course, Mr. Bustos isn’t just
someone who was a material witness to the Aryan Brotherhood’s criminal
designs. He has personally participated in the Brotherhood’s unlawful activities,
making him even more obviously associated with the reviled group than the
plaintiff in Nichols.
Mr. Bustos protests that calling him a member of the Aryan Brotherhood
has a special sting given that he’s Hispanic. He reminds us that the Aryan
Brotherhood is a white-supremacist organization, and argues that falsely
associating him with the group suggests that he’s someone who has “renounc[ed]
his Hispanic heritage.” But even granting all this to Mr. Bustos for argument’s
sake, the truth is that he did intentionally aid and abet the Brotherhood. And
having willingly helped the Brothers flout prison security measures as part of a
criminal conspiracy, it’s a few years too late to take a principled stand against
- 15 - their agenda. To the extent reasonable persons would find the views and practices
of the Brotherhood abhorrent — and surely they would — they would also be
appalled that Mr. Bustos has given that group his aid and comfort, risking
administrative and criminal sanction to help their cause.
Of course, this isn’t to say that no one makes a distinction between the
Aryan Brotherhood’s criminal accessories and its full-fledged members; it’s
almost certain, for example, that the Brotherhood does. But, as we have
explained, defamation doesn’t vindicate factual mistakes of consequence only to
such insular groups. And the harms Mr. Bustos alleges as a result of these
misunderstandings come down to an increased risk of violence and disruption of
the existing prison order — allegations unrelated to any damage done to Mr.
Bustos’s public reputation. Inciting prisoners to violence might have been cause
to indict A&E for defamation at one time under English criminal law, but it’s not
actionable under contemporary American law.
Mr. Bustos replies that there is still at least one way in which the difference
between being called a member and an accessory matters, one more material
distinction we haven’t yet considered. A&E’s program took great pains to inform
the viewing public of the Brotherhood’s so-called “blood in, blood out” rule —
the principle that one must commit a homicide or an attempted homicide to be
inducted as a full-fledged member. This, Mr. Bustos says, makes the difference
between being a member and an accessory a material one, because the respectable
- 16 - public would surely think worse of him if he murdered. But this line of attack,
however promising on first glance, runs headlong into the truth. Whether A&E
knew it at the time, after discovery we all know now that Mr. Bustos has at least
one brutal gang-related attempted homicide in his past. So in this respect the
difference between truth and falsity is not just immaterial — it doesn’t exist.
There is no falsity, let alone a material one, when it comes to A&E’s challenged
implication that Mr. Bustos has at least attempted murder. He has.
Of course, A&E tries to pile on, spending much of its brief dwelling on Mr.
Bustos’s ties to another gang (the Mexikanemi, or Texas Mexican Mafia) and his
lengthy record of violent behavior in and out of prison — including convictions
for burglary, robbery, and escape. The point of all this, A&E says, is that any
further harm to Mr. Bustos’s public reputation is impossible; he is libel-proof, at
least when it comes to matters of violent crimes and prison gang membership.
But we have already explained our reluctance to venture down this path. Instead
of attempting a far-ranging incremental harm or libel-proof plaintiff analysis —
instead of trying to compare the “badness” of A&E’s Aryan Brotherhood
statement with the “badness” of Mr. Bustos’s life story viewed in full — we hold
only that the narrow and particular defamatory statement Mr. Bustos chose to
challenge (being labeled a member of the Aryan Brotherhood) is itself
substantially true as a matter of law.
- 17 - Mr. Bustos’s defamation claim is dismissed and the judgment is affirmed.
Mr. Bustos’s motion to strike portions of A&E’s answer brief is denied as moot.
The redacted briefs filed on March 18 and 21, 2011 are ordered unsealed.
- 18 -