Burch, Dan Dale

541 S.W.3d 816

Opinion

Hervey, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which Keller, P.J., Keasler, Alcala, and Newell, JJ., joined.

The court of appeals held that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Dan Dale Burch's motion for new trial. The issue in this case is whether the court of appeals erred. Burch argued on appeal that the trial court should have granted the new-trial motion due to his counsel's erroneous advice that the judge could place him on deferred-adjudication community supervision. Burch also argued that, if he had known that the trial court could not place him on deferred-adjudication community supervision, but a jury could have recommended "straight" community supervision, he would have asked a jury to sentence him. 1 We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Burch's new-trial motion and that the court of appeals was wrong to conclude otherwise.

BACKGROUND

Trial 2

On January 27, 2014, Burch was indicted for sexual assault. He pled not guilty and opted for a jury to assess his guilt. The jury convicted him, and Burch was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment. He was not fined. After the jury found Burch guilty, he elected to have the judge decide his punishment. At the punishment hearing, defense counsel stated in his opening argument that Burch was "probation eligible." Burch presented two witnesses, his brother and sister, both of whom testified that he would be a good candidate for probation. At the conclusion of evidence, defense counsel asked the judge to place Burch on deferred-adjudication probation. The prosecutor conceded that Burch "may be a successful probationer" but argued that the evidence did not warrant probation. The judge said that he was "not going to give you probation, but I am not going to give you 20 years. I am going to give you seven years in prison."

Motion for New Trial

Burch filed a timely motion for new trial in part arguing that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his lawyer erroneously advised him that he was eligible for deferred-adjudication probation *819 from the judge. 3 Based on that advice, Burch contended, he elected to have the judge assess his punishment, when in fact the judge was prohibited by law from granting deferred-adjudication probation. 4 Burch attached an affidavit from his lawyer confirming that counsel thought that the judge could grant deferred-adjudication probation. Defense counsel also stated, however, that he advised Burch to go to the judge for punishment for multiple reasons:

My reasoning was based on my understanding of article 42.12 § 5 and 10 years' experience that juries tended to access [ sic ] greater time when sentencing on sexual assault cases than judges typically do, along with the fact the jury would also have heard evidence of a prior arrest for a sexual assault of a minor that was later dismissed in the sentencing phase. Lastly, I had factored in that the judge would take into consideration that the District Attorney's office through A.D.A. Tiana Stanford had offered [Burch] a deferred adjudication on a lesser charge of Unlawful Restraint.

Burch attached to the motion his own affidavit confirming the allegations and swearing that, had he known that he would not be eligible for deferred-adjudication probation from the judge, he would have elected to go to the jury for punishment. He also attached affidavits from both of his punishment witnesses (i.e., his brother and sister), who stated that defense counsel told them that Burch was eligible for deferred-adjudication probation. The trial court denied the motion without a hearing. 5

Court of Appeals

Burch appealed and argued that the trial court should have granted the new-trial motion because his attorney was prejudicially ineffective. The State conceded that counsel provided erroneous advice but argued that Burch had not shown that a jury would have given him a different sentence. The court of appeals cited the standard we used in Riley -that Burch had to show that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different had his lawyer advised him correctly-and concluded that the outcome would have been different "in one respect" because "the jury, not the trial court, would have assessed" the sentence, and the jury would have been able to recommend to the judge that Burch be placed on "straight" probation. Burch , 2016 WL 4483087 , at *6 ; Riley v. State , 378 S.W.3d 453 , 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). According to the appellate court, given "the circumstances under which" the victim was assaulted, as well as the fact that Burch had never previously been convicted or charged with any crime, was gainfully employed, supported his child, and had relatives testify that he would be a good candidate for deferred, it concluded that Burch "was deprived of a meaningful opportunity by not having a factfinder who could consider placing him" on probation. Burch , 2016 WL 4483087 , at *6.

*820 Petition for Discretionary Review

Both parties filed petitions for discretionary review. We denied Burch's petition, but we granted the State's.

APPLICABLE LAW

Motions for New Trial

An appellate court reviews a trial court's denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion, reversing only if no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court's ruling. Riley , 378 S.W.3d at 457 ; Freeman v. State , 340 S.W.3d 717 , 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). This is a deferential standard of review that requires appellate courts to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling. Riley , 378 S.W.3d at 457 ; Charles v. State , 146 S.W.3d 204 , 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, an appellate court must not substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court, and it must uphold the trial court's ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Riley , 378 S.W.3d at 457 ; Webb v. State , 232 S.W.3d 109 , 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court's ruling is within the "zone of reasonable disagreement" when there are two reasonable views of the evidence. Riley , 378 S.W.3d at 457 .

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

To obtain relief for ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his counsel's performance was deficient and that there is a "reasonable probability"-one sufficient to undermine confidence in the result-that the outcome would have been different but for his counsel's deficient performance. Id. at 458 . The prejudice prong, as it relates to the incorrect advice of counsel on probation eligibility, requires a showing that: (1) the defendant was initially eligible for probation; (2) counsel's advice was not given as a part of a valid trial strategy; (3) the defendant's election of the assessor of punishment was based upon his attorney's erroneous advice; and (4) the results of the proceeding would have been different had his attorney correctly informed him of the law. Id. ; State v. Recer , 815 S.W.2d 730 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

ARGUMENTS

The State argues that, under Riley , an appellate court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and that the court of appeals did not do that here. According to the State, since the trial court denied the motion for new trial, it implicitly found that Burch's affidavits in support of that motion were not credible. The court of appeals, the State continues, therefore erred to reject those findings. The State also contends that Burch has not proven that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.

Burch responds that the court of appeals was correct that the trial court abused its discretion. According to Burch, this is because no reasonable view of the record supported the trial court's ruling. He argues that he met his burden under Riley because he has shown that his decision to go to the judge for punishment was solely due to his counsel's erroneous advice and that, had he been properly advised, there is a reasonable probability that he would have asked a jury to sentence him because it could have considered recommending "straight" probation.

ANALYSIS

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Burch's *821 new-trial motion because the record reasonably supports its ruling and that the court of appeals erred when it concluded otherwise.

Because our analysis turns on two decisions from this Court, we review them now. In Recer , as in this case, the defendant argued that her trial counsel was ineffective because he did not inform her that the trial judge was precluded from granting probation. Recer , 815 S.W.2d at 731 . She contended that, if she had been properly informed, she would not have waived a jury for the punishment phase. Id. This Court concluded that, while counsel gave the defendant erroneous advice, she had not shown that she was prejudiced because the record did not reflect that she "went to the trial judge for sentencing solely because of" that advice. Id. at 732 . Instead, it showed that her punishment decision was also based on other factors, and as a result, the record did not reflect "that the decision to have the judge assess punishment was not a valid tactical strategy[.]" Id.

In Riley , the defendant elected to have the jury assess punishment based on counsel's erroneous advice that the jury could recommend probation. Riley , 378 S.W.3d at 455-56 . He later filed a motion for new trial alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, stating that, had counsel given him proper advice, he would have elected for the trial court to assess his punishment. Id. at 456 . The trial court denied the new-trial motion. Id. The court of appeals reversed, id. , but this Court reversed the lower appellate court. Id. at 460 . We said that the court of appeals had "overstate[d] the case" when it found that the affidavits were sufficient to "conclusively" show that the results of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 459 . Since the trial judge had denied the new-trial motion, the appellate court was required to "assume that the trial judge implicitly found that there was no reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have been different." Id. In particular, the trial court "did not have to accept [the defendant's] claim that he would have changed his plea had he received correct advice[.]" Id. And, even if the court did accept that assertion, the defendant still had not proved that "correct advice would have changed the result of the proceeding." Id.

The State is correct that the court of appeals failed to follow Riley , and failed to give proper deference to the trial court's denial of Burch's motion for new trial. As the State notes, a trial court's denial of a new-trial motion requires an appellate court to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and to imply findings and conclusions in favor of that ruling if none are issued. Id. Under Riley , this means assuming that the trial judge disbelieved Burch's affidavit, as well as those of his siblings. Id. If those affidavits are not believed, then Burch cannot establish that, but for counsel's erroneous advice, he would not have elected to go to the judge for punishment. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the motion for new trial and that the court of appeals's conclusion to the contrary was error. 6

CONCLUSION

The court of appeals misapplied the proper standard of review for motions for *822 new trial. Because the record reasonably supports the trial court's denial of Burch's new-trial motion, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Keller, P.J., filed a concurring opinion.

Keel, J., filed a concurring opinion in which Richardson, Yeary, and Walker, JJ., joined.

I join the Court's opinion but write separately to set out an additional reason for rejecting appellant's claim: Because the trial court believed that it could place appellant on community supervision and acted on that belief, appellant received the consideration of community supervision that he had sought. Appellant knew that the trial court did not have to place him on community supervision and that he was taking a risk that the trial court would not do so. By statute, the trial court had no power to place appellant on community supervision, but the trial court thought it could do so and considered that option accordingly. The trial court decided not to place him on community supervision, but Appellant got what his attorney told him he would get: the trial court's consideration of community supervision.

So, Appellant's attorney gave incorrect advice about whether the trial court could consider community supervision, but the trial court acted in accord with that advice by considering appellant for community supervision. The touchstone for prejudice is whether the attorney's deficient performance caused the result of the proceeding to be "unreliable" or "fundamentally unfair." 1 When the trial court's actions are in accord with defense counsel's advice, and the expectations arising from that advice are not otherwise violated, that advice, however inaccurate, does not cause the proceedings to be unreliable or fundamentally unfair.

I join the Court's opinion.

Keel, J., filed a concurring opinion in which Richardson, Yeary, and Walker, JJ., joined.

Appellant was eligible for probation from a jury. He was not eligible for probation from a judge. His attorney advised him otherwise, and he waived his right to jury punishment. Appellant claims that he would not have done so if his attorney had correctly advised him about his probation eligibility. If that is true, Appellant has demonstrated deficient performance and prejudice, i.e., ineffective assistance of counsel. Under such circumstances, Appellant would be entitled to a new punishment hearing.

But viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, *823 the motion for new trial was properly denied because the trial court did not have to believe that Appellant would have waived a jury punishment hearing even if his attorney had correctly advised him about probation eligibility. Thus, I agree with the majority opinion's outcome. But I cannot join its reasoning because it addresses Appellant's ineffective assistance claim by evaluating prejudice in terms of the outcome of a jury punishment hearing that was not had instead of in terms of the impact that the attorney's bad advice had on Appellant's decision to waive a jury for punishment. That analysis misconstrues applicable U.S. Supreme Court precedent and is unnecessary to the opinion's result.

Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel generally must meet a two-part test: deficient performance and prejudice. Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52 , 59, 106 S.Ct. 366 , 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985) ; Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 , 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Deficient performance is not at issue here. The question is how to measure prejudice when the attorney incorrectly advised Appellant that he was eligible for probation from the trial court. The answer is that prejudice must be measured in light of the deficient performance.

For example, deficient performance at trial will lead to a prejudice inquiry that focuses on whether the outcome of the proceeding would have been more favorable but for the deficient performance. See, e.g. , Strickland , 466 U.S. at 699-700 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 (prejudice from allegedly deficient performance in failing to present evidence at punishment hearing was analyzed in terms of its effect on the punishment hearing). But the prejudice inquiry for bad advice about whether to forego a proceeding "focuses on a defendant's decisionmaking [.]" Lee v. United States , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 1958 , 1966, 198 L.Ed.2d 476 (2017). It does not depend on the outcome of the proceeding that was not had nor even the fairness of the proceeding that was had. Instead, the focus is on "the fairness and regularity of the processes that preceded it, which caused the defendant to lose benefits he would have received in the ordinary course but for counsel's ineffective assistance." Lafler v. Cooper , 566 U.S. 156 , 169, 132 S.Ct. 1376 , 182 L.Ed.2d 398 (2012).

The right to effective assistance of counsel "applies to pretrial critical stages that are part of the whole course of a criminal proceeding, a proceeding in which defendants cannot be presumed to make critical decisions without counsel's advice." Id. at 165 , 132 S.Ct. 1376 . Bad advice that causes a defendant to give up a proceeding to which he had a right amounts to ineffective assistance of counsel because the waiver of the proceeding is the prejudice. See, e.g. , Lee , 137 S.Ct. at 1965 (waiver of jury trial); Lafler , 566 U.S. at 165 , 132 S.Ct. 1376 (rejection of plea agreement); Roe v. Flores-Ortega , 528 U.S. 470 , 484, 120 S.Ct. 1029 , 145 L.Ed.2d 985 (2000) (waiver of appeal); Hill , 474 U.S. at 59 , 106 S.Ct. 366 (waiver of jury trial).

The likely success of the forfeited proceeding is relevant only insofar as it informs the evaluation of the defendant's decision-making. Thus, a defendant facing a high risk of conviction will seldom demonstrate prejudice in accepting a plea bargain that offers him a better outcome than would be likely after trial. Lee , 137 S.Ct. at 1966 .

But that is not because the prejudice inquiry in this context looks to the probability of a conviction for its own sake. It is instead because defendants obviously *824 weigh their prospects at trial in deciding whether to accept a plea.

Id. Similarly, the possible merits of a forfeited appeal "may give weight to the contention that the defendant would have appealed," but the failure to establish those merits "will not foreclose the possibility that he can satisfy the prejudice requirement where there are other substantial reasons to believe that he would have appealed." Flores-Ortega , 528 U.S. at 486 , 120 S.Ct. 1029 (citing Rodriquez v. United States , 395 U.S. 327 , 330, 89 S.Ct. 1715 , 23 L.Ed.2d 340 (1969) ).

The correct measure of prejudice for this case is whether Appellant would have elected the jury for punishment if his attorney had correctly advised him that he was ineligible for probation from the trial court. Since the majority opinion instead endorses measuring prejudice by the outcome of a jury punishment hearing that was never had, I concur in the result only.

1 In the past, "community supervision" was referred to as probation. For purposes of readability, we will refer to community supervision as probation in this opinion. Also, because we discuss two different types of probation, we briefly explain them now.

Under deferred-adjudication probation, a defendant is placed on probation without being found guilty. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, § 5. On the other hand, a person can also be placed on "straight" probation, but only after he is found guilty and is sentenced. Id. art. 42.12, §§ 3 & 4. This difference can be seen in the way the State revokes a defendant's probation. If a defendant violates a condition of his deferred-adjudication probation, the State files a motion to adjudicate in which it asks the judge to find the defendant guilty and to sentence him. However, if a defendant violates a condition of his "straight" probation, the State files a motion to revoke that probation and asks the judge to execute the defendant's sentence that has already been handed down.

2 We discuss only the facts germane to the punishment-phase claim at hand. The court of appeals discussed more of the facts of this case. Burch v. State , No. 09-14-00361-CR, 2016 WL 4483087 , at *1-2 (Tex. App.-Beaumont Aug. 24, 2016) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

3 Burch also alleged that a new trial should be granted in the interest of justice and that he was entitled to a new guilt-phase trial because his trial counsel was ineffective. However, this appeal concerns only Burch's claim that he is entitled to a new punishment trial because of his counsel's erroneous probation advice.

4 A defendant who pleads not guilty at trial, and then is found guilty, cannot be placed on deferred. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, § 5(a).

5 The record shows that everyone was operating under the mistaken belief that the judge could withhold a finding of guilt and place Burch on deferred-adjudication probation.

6 We also note that, under Recer , a defendant is not entitled to relief if his punishment decision is based on other factors, and the record reflects that the punishment decision was a valid strategy. That is the case here. In his affidavit, counsel says that the decision to go to the judge for punishment was based on more than simply Burch's eligibility for probation. It was also because juries "tend[ ] to [assess] greater time when sentencing on sexual assault cases than judges typically do"; a jury would have "heard evidence of a prior arrest for a sexual assault of a minor that was later dismissed in the sentencing phase"; and the judge would "take into consideration" that the prosecutor had offered Burch "deferred adjudication on a lesser charge of Unlawful Restraint."

1 Lockhart v. Fretwell , 506 U.S. 364 , 369-70, 113 S.Ct. 838 , 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993) ("Thus, an analysis focusing solely on mere outcome determination, without attention to whether the result of the proceeding was fundamentally unfair or unreliable, is defective. To set aside a conviction or sentence solely because the outcome would have been different but for counsel's error may grant the defendant a windfall to which the law does not entitle him.").