Ronan, J.
The defendant in the first case has appealed from a final decree permanently enjoining it from using a certain parcel of land for the dumping of garbage, ashes or other household refuse unless such use is approved by the board of aldermen and authorized by the board of health, but allowing it to fill in its land in any manner which is permitted by the zoning ordinance and which will not, in the judgment of the board of health, make it a menace to health or property. The defendant in the first case as the [277]*277petitioner in the second case appealed from a judgment dismissing its petition for a writ of certiorari seeking to quash the action of the board of health revoking a permit to use as a dump the same premises mentioned in the bill in equity.
The city of Medford adopted a zoning ordinance in 1925 dividing the city into six districts. The C. & H. Co. purchased between 1928 and 1935 a large area of marsh land between Riverside Avenue and Mystic Valley Parkway in said Medford. This land has since the enactment of the zoning ordinance been located in a heavy industrial district where the buildings and land by virtue of § 9 of this ordinance may, subject to § 19, be used for any purpose except for dwellings or for thirty-nine specific industries like abattoirs, stock yards, rendering works, glue factories, tanneries and for use injurious to the safety and welfare of the neighborhood “because of any excessive nuisance qualities.” No permit for the use of land in this district for a junk yard, sand or gravel pit and for various other uses can be issued by the building commissioner until the application is approved by the board of aldermen. § 19. This last section of the ordinance was amended on January 24, 1935, so as to include “dumps, private or public,” among the uses for which the approval of the board of aldermen is required. A public hearing before the board of aldermen upon the application for a use of land for any of the purposes mentioned in § 19 is provided by § 20. The board may prescribe the conditions and terms upon which a permit is to be issued, which may be changed from time to time, and no permit is to be granted that would result in substantial injury.
The board of health of Medford adopted a regulation prohibiting dumping without a permit from it, and subsequently, an ordinance was enacted on December 20, 1938, giving to this board power to make rules and regulations for the control of all dumping of refuse and of all places used for the dumping of refuse, and requiring a permit from the board. The board on November 24, 1939, granted to the defendant in the first case, hereinafter called the defendant, a permit to dump on the parcel of land in question. The board of aldermen on February 6,1945, requested the board of health [278]*278to rescind this permit until the defendant had complied with the provisions of the zoning ordinance, which was in effect a request to revoke the permit because the defendant had not secured a permit from the building commissioner approved by the board of aldermen. The permit was revoked by the board of health on February 16, 1945, without any previous notice to the defendant and without a hearing, solely on the ground that the defendant was using its land for a dump without having obtained this approval of the board of aldermen and without determining whether such use of the land constituted a nuisance or a menace to health or property. The board of aldermen has never approved the granting of any permit by the building commissioner for the use of the land as a dump; the commissioner has not issued any permit; and the defendant has never applied for any permit from him.
The judge found that the defendant’s premises are low, marshy land, not now adaptable for ordinary use, that they are fit for a dump, and that dumping will make them more rentable for general land purposes and will increase their value. He also found that the defendant is conducting dumping on its land as a business, and that it has entered into a contract with the city of Somerville to dump house refuse collections on the land. The use made of the defendant’s premises prior to the filing of the bill is fully described by the testimony. Oral evidence and also photographs indicated that rubbish and refuse, ashes, cans, garbage, paper bags and papers were deposited upon the defendant’s land, together with coal slag, which is a good solid filling and was used to cover over the material that had been dumped. The city of Medford appointed a person to supervise the dumping and to see that all fires were out at four o’clock in the afternoon. The board of health on February 2, 1945, notified the defendant that, unless a portable water pipe line was installed within ten days, its permit would be cancelled, and requested that all dumping be done by the reclamation or ditch method thereby eliminating fires. This portable water pipe line was never installed.
[279]*279The defendant contends that a zoning ordinance that requires it to secure a permit from the building commissioner, the granting of which must first be approved by the board of aldermen, in order to fill its land, which must be filled before it can be put to any valuable use, is an arbitrary and unreasonable interference with its rights. The Legislature by virtue of art. 60 of the Amendments to the Constitution of Massachusetts has enacted legislation authorizing cities and towns to make zoning ordinances and by-laws “for the purpose of promoting the health, safety, convenience, morals or welfare of . . . [¡their] inhabitants,” G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 40, § 25, as appearing in St. 1933, c. 269, § 1, and they may for the aforesaid purposes by ordinance or by-law regulate the use of vacant land. A landowner, even though he may be deprived by these local enactments of a use of his land that would be more profitable to him, has no just ground of complaint unless he shows that the provisions of these ordinances or by-laws as applied to him and his property are plainly arbitrary and unreasonable and have no rational relation to any of the purposes mentioned in the statute or to any of the purposes for which the police power may be legitimately exercised. Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 272 U. S. 365. Nectow v. Cambridge, 277 U. S. 183, 188. Wilbur v. Newton, 302 Mass. 38. Simon v. Needham, 311 Mass. 560. Pittsfield v. Oleksak, 313 Mass. 553. Foster v. Mayor of Beverly, 315 Mass. 567. Burlington v. Dunn, 318 Mass. 216.
The defendant has not been absolutely prohibited from filling its land. The city has gone no farther than to forbid it to fill the land by using it as a public or private dump unless it has secured a permit from the building commissioner that has been approved by the board of aldermen and also a permit from the board of health. It is open to the defendant to fill in the land in any manner it sees fit, other than by means of a public or private dump. It cannot use its land for the deposit of refuse collected from dwellings without a permit from the board of health. The nature of refuse of this character would seem to be a matter of common knowledge. The detrimental effect upon the in[280]*280habitants of a city, their properties and the public welfare from the maintenance, of a dump for the deposit of such refuse would also seem to be clear.
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Ronan, J.
The defendant in the first case has appealed from a final decree permanently enjoining it from using a certain parcel of land for the dumping of garbage, ashes or other household refuse unless such use is approved by the board of aldermen and authorized by the board of health, but allowing it to fill in its land in any manner which is permitted by the zoning ordinance and which will not, in the judgment of the board of health, make it a menace to health or property. The defendant in the first case as the [277]*277petitioner in the second case appealed from a judgment dismissing its petition for a writ of certiorari seeking to quash the action of the board of health revoking a permit to use as a dump the same premises mentioned in the bill in equity.
The city of Medford adopted a zoning ordinance in 1925 dividing the city into six districts. The C. & H. Co. purchased between 1928 and 1935 a large area of marsh land between Riverside Avenue and Mystic Valley Parkway in said Medford. This land has since the enactment of the zoning ordinance been located in a heavy industrial district where the buildings and land by virtue of § 9 of this ordinance may, subject to § 19, be used for any purpose except for dwellings or for thirty-nine specific industries like abattoirs, stock yards, rendering works, glue factories, tanneries and for use injurious to the safety and welfare of the neighborhood “because of any excessive nuisance qualities.” No permit for the use of land in this district for a junk yard, sand or gravel pit and for various other uses can be issued by the building commissioner until the application is approved by the board of aldermen. § 19. This last section of the ordinance was amended on January 24, 1935, so as to include “dumps, private or public,” among the uses for which the approval of the board of aldermen is required. A public hearing before the board of aldermen upon the application for a use of land for any of the purposes mentioned in § 19 is provided by § 20. The board may prescribe the conditions and terms upon which a permit is to be issued, which may be changed from time to time, and no permit is to be granted that would result in substantial injury.
The board of health of Medford adopted a regulation prohibiting dumping without a permit from it, and subsequently, an ordinance was enacted on December 20, 1938, giving to this board power to make rules and regulations for the control of all dumping of refuse and of all places used for the dumping of refuse, and requiring a permit from the board. The board on November 24, 1939, granted to the defendant in the first case, hereinafter called the defendant, a permit to dump on the parcel of land in question. The board of aldermen on February 6,1945, requested the board of health [278]*278to rescind this permit until the defendant had complied with the provisions of the zoning ordinance, which was in effect a request to revoke the permit because the defendant had not secured a permit from the building commissioner approved by the board of aldermen. The permit was revoked by the board of health on February 16, 1945, without any previous notice to the defendant and without a hearing, solely on the ground that the defendant was using its land for a dump without having obtained this approval of the board of aldermen and without determining whether such use of the land constituted a nuisance or a menace to health or property. The board of aldermen has never approved the granting of any permit by the building commissioner for the use of the land as a dump; the commissioner has not issued any permit; and the defendant has never applied for any permit from him.
The judge found that the defendant’s premises are low, marshy land, not now adaptable for ordinary use, that they are fit for a dump, and that dumping will make them more rentable for general land purposes and will increase their value. He also found that the defendant is conducting dumping on its land as a business, and that it has entered into a contract with the city of Somerville to dump house refuse collections on the land. The use made of the defendant’s premises prior to the filing of the bill is fully described by the testimony. Oral evidence and also photographs indicated that rubbish and refuse, ashes, cans, garbage, paper bags and papers were deposited upon the defendant’s land, together with coal slag, which is a good solid filling and was used to cover over the material that had been dumped. The city of Medford appointed a person to supervise the dumping and to see that all fires were out at four o’clock in the afternoon. The board of health on February 2, 1945, notified the defendant that, unless a portable water pipe line was installed within ten days, its permit would be cancelled, and requested that all dumping be done by the reclamation or ditch method thereby eliminating fires. This portable water pipe line was never installed.
[279]*279The defendant contends that a zoning ordinance that requires it to secure a permit from the building commissioner, the granting of which must first be approved by the board of aldermen, in order to fill its land, which must be filled before it can be put to any valuable use, is an arbitrary and unreasonable interference with its rights. The Legislature by virtue of art. 60 of the Amendments to the Constitution of Massachusetts has enacted legislation authorizing cities and towns to make zoning ordinances and by-laws “for the purpose of promoting the health, safety, convenience, morals or welfare of . . . [¡their] inhabitants,” G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 40, § 25, as appearing in St. 1933, c. 269, § 1, and they may for the aforesaid purposes by ordinance or by-law regulate the use of vacant land. A landowner, even though he may be deprived by these local enactments of a use of his land that would be more profitable to him, has no just ground of complaint unless he shows that the provisions of these ordinances or by-laws as applied to him and his property are plainly arbitrary and unreasonable and have no rational relation to any of the purposes mentioned in the statute or to any of the purposes for which the police power may be legitimately exercised. Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. 272 U. S. 365. Nectow v. Cambridge, 277 U. S. 183, 188. Wilbur v. Newton, 302 Mass. 38. Simon v. Needham, 311 Mass. 560. Pittsfield v. Oleksak, 313 Mass. 553. Foster v. Mayor of Beverly, 315 Mass. 567. Burlington v. Dunn, 318 Mass. 216.
The defendant has not been absolutely prohibited from filling its land. The city has gone no farther than to forbid it to fill the land by using it as a public or private dump unless it has secured a permit from the building commissioner that has been approved by the board of aldermen and also a permit from the board of health. It is open to the defendant to fill in the land in any manner it sees fit, other than by means of a public or private dump. It cannot use its land for the deposit of refuse collected from dwellings without a permit from the board of health. The nature of refuse of this character would seem to be a matter of common knowledge. The detrimental effect upon the in[280]*280habitants of a city, their properties and the public welfare from the maintenance, of a dump for the deposit of such refuse would also seem to be clear. The use of land for the purpose of dumping refuse from dwellings is a use that, if not a nuisance, has such harmful tendencies that unless guarded against a nuisance is likely to result. The characteristics of dumps and the effects that are likely to result from their maintenance appear from our own decisions. Johnson v. Somerville, 195 Mass. 370. Saperstein v. Everett, 265 Mass. 195. Gosselin v. Northbridge, 296 Mass. 351. Maynard v. Carey Construction Co. 302 Mass. 530. Even if we lay aside considerations affecting the public health, as did the board of health in revoking the defendant’s permit, we cannot disregard the nature of the material dumped, the probability of odors from burning material, the inconvenience from smoke and the danger of fire. Indeed, it would seem that the mere prevention of fire would justify the ordinance requiring the approval of the board of aider-men for the issuance of a permit by the building commissioner for use of this vacant land as the site of a dump. Salem v. Maynes, 123 Mass. 372. Newton v. Belger, 143 Mass. 598. Commonwealth v. Hayden, 211 Mass. 296. Storer v. Downey, 215 Mass. 273. Commonwealth v. Badger, 243 Mass. 137. Selectmen of Saugus v. Mathey, 305 Mass. 184. Thomas Cusack Co. v. Chicago, 242 U. S. 526, 529. We see nothing in the application of the zoning ordinance to the defendant’s property, restricting the use of its property for a private or public dump for the deposit of material of the nature shown by this record, that unreasonably or arbitrarily interferes with the defendant’s rights. The ordinance goes no farther than the protection of the common welfare requires.
The defendant contends that the city had no authority to adopt a zoning ordinance requiring approval of the board of aldermen before a permit may be issued by the building commissioner to use land for a private or public dump, because the grant of such a power would interfere with the power possessed by the board of appeals by virtue of G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 40, § 30, as amended. See St. 1945, c. 167. [281]*281The city, doubtless, could pass an ordinance providing for the granting of an exception by the board of appeals in reference to dumps, and a permit by the board of appeals would authorize the use of the land for this purpose. Lambert v. Board of Appeals of Lowell, 295 Mass. 224. The city, however, was not bound to deal with the subject matter in such a manner. The zoning statutes, G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 40, §§ 25-30A, inclusive, do not in terms forbid the reservation by the legislative branch of the city of the power to approve permits for dumps or for any of the other objectionable uses designated in § 19 of the zoning ordinance. The general plan of this ordinance is to prohibit these objectionable uses and to provide for a limitation of this prohibition by the granting of a permit by the building commissioner which has been approved by the board of aldermen. The city in regulating the use of the defendant’s land exercises a power specifically delegated to it by the Legislature by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 40, § 25, as appearing in St. 1933, c. 269, § 1. This particular power does not spring from art. 60 of the Amendments to the Constitution of Massachusetts but is a part of the police power of the Commonwealth which has been conferred upon the city. Burlington v. Dunn, 318 Mass. 216. The city had the right to safeguard the public interest by requiring the approval of the board of aldermen before a permit should be issued for a dump, and the exercise of this power does not invade the province of the board of appeals or that of the board of health. Commonwealth v. Parks, 155 Mass. 531, 533. Commonwealth v. Cutter, 156 Mass. 52. Commonwealth v. Hubley, 172 Mass. 58, 59.
The defendant has not applied to the building commissioner for a permit, and it will be time enough to decide what remedy it may have in the case of a refusal by the aldermen to approve the application for a permit.
The granting or withholding of approval of a permit by the board of aldermen is not made dependent upon the untrammeled discretion of the board. The principles for guiding the board and the standards to be observed by the board are adequately stated in the ordinance with as much [282]*282certainty as the nature of the subject matter reasonably permits. Guinan v. Famous Players-Lasky Corp. 267 Mass. 501, 515. General Outdoor Advertising Co. Inc. v. Department of Public Works, 289 Mass. 149, 192. Lexington v. Govenar, 295 Mass. 31. Commonwealth v. Hudson, 315 Mass. 335, 341, 342. Federal Radio Commission v. Nelson Brothers Bond & Mortgage Co. 289 U. S. 266, 285. Bowles v. Willingham, 321 U. S. 503, 514, 515.
The ordinance of December 20, 1938, granting the board of health power to make rules and regulations for the control of all dumping of refuse and for the control of all places used for dumping of refuse did not leave the board of aider-men without power under § 19 of the zoning ordinance to approve permits. Such a permit is necessary for the location or establishment of a dump. A permit from the board of health is required for the operation or maintenance of the dump. A citizen sometimes requires two permits to do a certain act or to make a particular use of his property. Commonwealth v. Ellis, 158 Mass. 555. Commonwealth v. McGann, 213 Mass. 213. Marchesi v. Selectmen of Winchester, 312 Mass. 28.
The judge found that a comparatively small portion of the land has been casually and sporadically filled, and that such filling as was done prior to the amendment of the zoning ordinance on January 24, 1935, so as to include dumps, was not in fact or in law a prior existing nonconforming use. A careful examination of the testimony covering a period of a quarter of a century with reference to the times when materials, ranging from broken bricks from an old brick factory which was located in the vicinity and ashes to mud and peat excavated for the construction of the new Wellington Bridge in 1934 and 1935, were deposited on some portion of this lot of one hundred eighty-eight thousand square feet, together with other evidence tending to indicate that this land was not used for a dump until after 1935, does not demonstrate that the judge was plainly wrong in his finding that the land was not then utilized for a nonconforming use. On an appeal in equity findings made by a judge upon oral evidence cannot be reversed unless [283]*283they are shown to be plainly wrong. Lowell Bar Association v. Loeb, 315 Mass. 176. Silbert v. Kerstein, 318 Mass. 476. A finding permissible on the testimony is that the potentialities present in 1935 had in later years and prior to the filing of the bill developed into a full fledged dump. See Lexington v. Bean, 272 Mass. 547; Marblehead v. Rosenthal, 316 Mass. 124; Burlington v. Dunn, 318 Mass. 216. Compare Cochran v. Roemer, 287 Mass. 500; Building Commissioner of Medford v. McGrath, 312 Mass. 461.
The fact that the city of Medford is dumping refuse upon the defendant’s land without any permit does not bar relief on this bill in equity. The fact that some one else is violating the ordinance furnishes no excuse or justification for a violation by the defendant. Morley v. Police Commissioner of Boston, 261 Mass. 269, 280. The bill is brought to enforce the zoning ordinance for the public welfare, Lincoln v. Giles, 317 Mass. 185, 187, and the building inspector who is charged with the enforcement of this ordinance is not estopped by the alleged action of the city or its officials, nor is the city itself. Brookline v. Whidden, 229 Mass. 485, 492, 493. Building Commissioner of Brookline v. McManus, 263 Mass. 270, 274. A city should comply with its ordinances. “It may rightly be expected to set an example of obedience to law.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 315 Mass. 335, 343. The defendant is not remediless if it really objects to dumping by the city. It has not filed any counterclaim or taken any other steps to protect its property. Kelley v. Board of Health of Peabody, 248 Mass. 165, 169. Suburban Land Co. Inc. v. Billerica, 314 Mass. 184, 194.
The defendant objects to the form of the decree on the ground that it is unable to understand what it is restrained from doing and especially whether it is restrained from permitting the dumping of ashes from dwellings. Before discussing that subject, it is necessary to point out that the building commissioner, who is the sole plaintiff, has no authority to enforce the regulations of the board of health, Mayor of Cambridge v. Dean, 300 Mass. 174, and bills for injunctions to enforce zoning ordinances are usually and properly brought in the name of the municipality. Worces[284]*284ter Board of Health v. Tupper, 210 Mass. 378. Lexington v. Bean, 272 Mass. 547. This suit has been fully and fairly tried. It appears that the defendant is using its land for a dump without any permit from the building commissioner and in the absence of a permit from the board of health. If the bill is amended by substituting the city as a party plaintiff for the building commissioner, the city can enforce the zoning ordinance and the regulation of the board of health. The suit is one where such an amendment may well be allowed as is hereinafter provided. The case is considered on the assumption that such an amendment will be made. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 125. Thayer Academy v. Assessors of Braintree, 232 Mass. 402. Bauer v. Mitchell, 247 Mass. 522. New England Foundation Co. Inc. v. Elliott & Watrous, Inc. 306 Mass. 177. Tompkins v. Sullivan, 313 Mass. 459.
We do not agree with the defendant that the violation of the health regulation is not in issue because the permit was revoked solely in compliance with the request of the board of aldermen. The defendant, as hereinafter appears in dealing with the petition for a writ of certiorari, has no just ground to quash the revocation of that permit. The bill alleges and the evidence proves that the defendant was maintaining a dump without a permit from the board of health. That is one of the matters involved in the present controversy and should now be settled.
A final decree should be as definite and certain as the circumstances allow in order that a defendant may know what conduct is prohibited and not be subjected to contempt proceedings that might possibly arise out of any ambiguity in the decree. MacCormac v. Flynn, 313 Mass. 547, 550. Carroll v. Hinchley, 316 Mass. 724, 731. J. I. Case Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 321 U. S. 332, 341.
The first paragraph of the final decree enjoined the defendant from using its land “for the purpose of dumping garbage, ashes or other household refuse, unless such use shall have received the approval of the board of aldermen and the authorization of the board of health,” and the second paragraph provided that nothing in the first para[285]*285graph should be construed as preventing the defendant from making deposits on or filling in its land in any manner permitted by the zoning ordinance or in any manner that will not in the judgment of the board of health make it a menace to health or property. The defendant, in so far as the present suit is concerned, is not to be restrained from making any use of its land that is not forbidden by §§ 19 and 20 of the zoning ordinance and § 19 of the regulations of the board of health. The relief granted should be measured by the ordinance and the regulation. As to the first paragraph, it should be noted that the land cannot be used for a dump without a permit from the building commissioner and that, other than conditions that might be at- ’ tached to this permit, the control over the dump is to be exercised by the board of health, and this includes the nature of the material dumped upon the land and the manner in which the work is done. The regulation of the board of health, § 19, establishing a form for granting approval for the use of land as a dump permits the “depositing or dumping of house dirt, rubbish and waste material . . . provided that no decomposing or offensive matter shall be dumped.” Rubbish in this regulation is synonymous with refuse, and like the term refuse should be construed to include ashes produced in dwellings. Vandine, petitioner, 6 Pick. 187. Haley v. Boston, 191 Mass. 291, 293, 294. The dumping of garbage is prohibited by the said regulation in its present form.
The plaintiff is given leave, if so advised, within thirty days after the date of the rescript, to apply to the Superior Court for an amendment to his bill substituting the city as plaintiff. If such amendment is not made, a final decree is to be entered enjoining the defendant from using its land as a private or public dump without a permit from the plaintiff. If such amendment is made, the final decree is to be modified by striking out all of that portion of the first paragraph after the words “within the city of Med-ford” and by substituting therefor the following: “as a private or public dump without a permit from the building commissioner, the issuance of which has been approved by [286]*286the board of aldermen; or as a dumping ground for any decomposing or offensive matter; or for the dumping of house dirt, rubbish and waste material without a permit from the board of health.” The second paragraph of that decree is to be struck out.
So ordered.
The petitioner's appeal from the judgment dismissing its petition for a writ of certiorari requires little discussion in view of what has already been said. The petitioner had no permit from the building commissioner, and without it cannot use its land as a site for a dump. In these circumstances, a permit from the board' of health would not authorize the petitioner to maintain the dump. That permit did not authorize it to violate the zoning ordinance. Commonwealth v. Fenton, 139 Mass. 195. Commonwealth v. Ellis, 158 Mass. 555. Milton v. Donnelly, 306 Mass. 451. Lincoln v. Giles, 317 Mass. 185. At the time of its revocation without notice to the petitioner or a hearing the permit was inoperative although outstanding and for aught that appears in the record it might never become operative. A zoning ordinance, in one instance at least, is to be considered superior to a health regulation. The authority of a board of health to assign certain places for the exercise of an offensive trade or employment must yield to the provisions of the statutes and ordinances pertaining to zoning. G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 111, § 143, as appearing in St. 1933, c. 269, § 2. Lincoln v. Murphy, 314 Mass. 16. The writ does not issue as matter of right but rests in sound judicial discretion. It is the general rule, where, as here, there is no showing of substantial injury or manifest injustice, that certiorari will not issue. Boston v. White Fuel Corp. 294 Mass. 258. Mullholland v. State Racing Commission, 295 Mass. 286. Walsh v. District Court of Springfield, 297 Mass. 472. The revocation of the permit results in no hardship to the petitioner unless and until it has complied with the zoning ordinance. See Vorenberg v. Bunnell, 257 Mass. 399, 408; Jenney v. Hynes, 282 Mass. 182, 194; Brackett v. Board of Appeal of Boston, 311 Mass, 52, 57.
Judgment affirmed.