BACON, Judge.
This appeal is brought by plaintiff from a jury verdict and judgment thereon in a medical malpractice case. The sole issue for us to decide is whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury concerning circumstantial evidence.
' The record reflects that in May of 1973 plaintiff was a 35-year-old married man with three children. Plaintiff had been experiencing for several weeks what he thought was possibly a kidney infection. His symptoms were a “foul smelling odor to the urine and a burning sensation after sex.” Plaintiff consulted with defendant Reynolds who discovered plaintiff’s bladder would not empty completely because of an obstruction where the bladder empties into the urethra.
Defendant Reynolds recommended plaintiff have surgery to remove the obstruction. The surgery to be performed was a transur-ethral resection (TUR). Simply stated the TUR involved introducing an instrument into plaintiff’s penis through the urethra to the point where the urethra connects with the bladder and then “chipping” or cutting away the tissue to enlarge the opening from the bladder to the urethra.
On May 22, 1973, the day before the surgery was to be performed on plaintiff, defendant Reynolds visited plaintiff in the latter’s hospital room. Defendant at this time introduced defendant Freie as a resident in the hospital who assisted defendant Reynolds. It is undisputed plaintiff was not told defendant Freie would do part of the surgery.
On May 23, 1973, defendants Reynolds and Freie performed the TUR on plaintiff with defendant Freie removing 50 to 70 percent of the tissue that was removed. It [1232]*1232is further undisputed that during the hour-long surgery defendant Reynolds left the operating room on at least two different occasions for coffee, which the defendant surgeons testified was an accepted common practice by most surgeons.
Admittedly defendant Reynolds left the room at least twice but the length of his absences is somewhat unclear. By deposition his absence was said to be a total of 30 minutes but at trial it was stated to be a total of 10 to 15 minutes.
The evidence is undisputed that during one of defendant Reynolds’ absences, defendant Freie testified he encountered a hemorrhaging problem, and he sent for defendant Reynolds’ assistance. Defendant Reynolds assisted Freie and again left the operating room to return later and complete the surgery.
Three days after the operation a catheter in plaintiff was removed and plaintiff was unable to control the flow of urine from his body. Defendants explained to plaintiff that this problem was not uncommon after a TUR and it should resolve itself by the time plaintiff was released from the hospital. During the remainder of plaintiff’s stay in the hospital, plaintiff would “wet” his bed and upon standing would loose the urine in his bladder without being able to control the flow. Plaintiff then used tissue or towels in his underwear to retain his urine leakage any time he got out of bed.
Several days after surgery plaintiff was released to go home with assurances from defendants the problem would resolve itself. Defendants explained to plaintiff that in proceeding through the urethra to the bladder where the cutting was done, it was necessary to pass through what is called the sphincter muscle. The sphincter muscle is just outward from the bladder and circles the urethra. The sphincter muscle is nature’s “on and off” muscle and closes on the urethra to seal it, thus controlling the flow of urine from the bladder. Defendants explained to plaintiff that during a TUR and subsequent catherization, the sphincter muscle is sometimes stretched and occasionally it takes up to six weeks before a person totally regains control of his “on and off” muscle.
After several weeks at home plaintiff continued to experience incontinence. Plaintiff employed the use of towels, baby diapers and other paraphernalia in his undershorts to contain his constant leakage.
Thereafter, because of the continuous exposure to urine, plaintiff broke out in a rash, similar to that which young babies experience. Plaintiff then suffered numerous problems in his employment because of his uncontrollable urination which soaked his clothing. He then used a “Cunningham clamp,” which is a clamping device used on the male organ to check the leakage. Experiencing problems with the “Cunningham clamp,” plaintiff ultimately consulted another doctor on July 30, 1973. This doctor performed a cystoscopic examination upon plaintiff. A cystoscopic examination is simply entering the penis through the urethra to visually inspect the bladder. The cysto-scoping doctor reported in his finding that there was a “resection” or cut appearing to go “distal” to the verumontanum. The ver-umontanum or “vera” is between the sphincter muscle and the bladder and is used as a landmark to work to or from when performing a TUR. If one travels into the body from the verumontanum he is said to go “proximal” and if one travels outward from the verumontanum he is said to be going “distal” to the verumontanum. The tissue to be removed in plaintiff’s TUR was undisputedly to be inward or proximal from the verumontanum. The cystoscoping doctor reported that a resection (cut) appeared to go distal to the vera at about 10 o’clock, that is, on the patient’s right. There was nothing obstructive. The sphincter was “at least partially intact.”
On September 5, 1973 plaintiff consulted his cousin Dr. Buie in Texas who practiced with a Dr. Mallard. Doctors Buie and Mallard were urologists and they also cysto-scoped plaintiff. Doctors Buie and Mallard testified they found plaintiff had a “defect” in the sphincter muscle at the same location the other cystoscoping doctor reported a “resection.” The two Texas doctors testi[1233]*1233fied the defect in plaintiff’s sphincter muscle appeared to be the same size and shape as that made by a “resectoscope,” which is the cutting tool used in performing a TUR.
During this time plaintiff’s inability to control his flow of urine presented additional problems. Plaintiff was fired from his job in Oklahoma and moved back to Texas. Plaintiff also began to experience marital problems. The testimony showed that when plaintiff attempted to engage in intercourse with his wife his lack of “control” caused him, for the lack of a better explanation, to urinate in an untimely manner. Plaintiff experienced considerable emotional problems as a result and subsequently was unable to obtain an erection.
Eventually plaintiff was referred to a doctor in Miami, Florida, who had obtained substantial success with patients suffering from incontinence due to a damaged or defective sphincter muscle. The Miami doctor used a procedure of injecting Teflon in liquid form into the damaged area of the sphincter muscle to build up the defect to enable the muscle to form a water tight seal thus holding the urine in the bladder and stopping the leakage.
Plaintiff subsequently visited the Miami doctor and underwent surgery for the Teflon injections on three occasions prior to trial. Normally one or two injections will “dry up” the patient, testified the Miami doctor. Plaintiff, whose incontinence had not subsided at time of trial, testified he was going to go to Miami for his fourth Teflon injection.
The foregoing fairly represents plaintiff’s proof. The case was submitted to a jury which returned a verdict for defendants.
Plaintiff now appeals and argues under one proposition of error which reads as follows:
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BACON, Judge.
This appeal is brought by plaintiff from a jury verdict and judgment thereon in a medical malpractice case. The sole issue for us to decide is whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury concerning circumstantial evidence.
' The record reflects that in May of 1973 plaintiff was a 35-year-old married man with three children. Plaintiff had been experiencing for several weeks what he thought was possibly a kidney infection. His symptoms were a “foul smelling odor to the urine and a burning sensation after sex.” Plaintiff consulted with defendant Reynolds who discovered plaintiff’s bladder would not empty completely because of an obstruction where the bladder empties into the urethra.
Defendant Reynolds recommended plaintiff have surgery to remove the obstruction. The surgery to be performed was a transur-ethral resection (TUR). Simply stated the TUR involved introducing an instrument into plaintiff’s penis through the urethra to the point where the urethra connects with the bladder and then “chipping” or cutting away the tissue to enlarge the opening from the bladder to the urethra.
On May 22, 1973, the day before the surgery was to be performed on plaintiff, defendant Reynolds visited plaintiff in the latter’s hospital room. Defendant at this time introduced defendant Freie as a resident in the hospital who assisted defendant Reynolds. It is undisputed plaintiff was not told defendant Freie would do part of the surgery.
On May 23, 1973, defendants Reynolds and Freie performed the TUR on plaintiff with defendant Freie removing 50 to 70 percent of the tissue that was removed. It [1232]*1232is further undisputed that during the hour-long surgery defendant Reynolds left the operating room on at least two different occasions for coffee, which the defendant surgeons testified was an accepted common practice by most surgeons.
Admittedly defendant Reynolds left the room at least twice but the length of his absences is somewhat unclear. By deposition his absence was said to be a total of 30 minutes but at trial it was stated to be a total of 10 to 15 minutes.
The evidence is undisputed that during one of defendant Reynolds’ absences, defendant Freie testified he encountered a hemorrhaging problem, and he sent for defendant Reynolds’ assistance. Defendant Reynolds assisted Freie and again left the operating room to return later and complete the surgery.
Three days after the operation a catheter in plaintiff was removed and plaintiff was unable to control the flow of urine from his body. Defendants explained to plaintiff that this problem was not uncommon after a TUR and it should resolve itself by the time plaintiff was released from the hospital. During the remainder of plaintiff’s stay in the hospital, plaintiff would “wet” his bed and upon standing would loose the urine in his bladder without being able to control the flow. Plaintiff then used tissue or towels in his underwear to retain his urine leakage any time he got out of bed.
Several days after surgery plaintiff was released to go home with assurances from defendants the problem would resolve itself. Defendants explained to plaintiff that in proceeding through the urethra to the bladder where the cutting was done, it was necessary to pass through what is called the sphincter muscle. The sphincter muscle is just outward from the bladder and circles the urethra. The sphincter muscle is nature’s “on and off” muscle and closes on the urethra to seal it, thus controlling the flow of urine from the bladder. Defendants explained to plaintiff that during a TUR and subsequent catherization, the sphincter muscle is sometimes stretched and occasionally it takes up to six weeks before a person totally regains control of his “on and off” muscle.
After several weeks at home plaintiff continued to experience incontinence. Plaintiff employed the use of towels, baby diapers and other paraphernalia in his undershorts to contain his constant leakage.
Thereafter, because of the continuous exposure to urine, plaintiff broke out in a rash, similar to that which young babies experience. Plaintiff then suffered numerous problems in his employment because of his uncontrollable urination which soaked his clothing. He then used a “Cunningham clamp,” which is a clamping device used on the male organ to check the leakage. Experiencing problems with the “Cunningham clamp,” plaintiff ultimately consulted another doctor on July 30, 1973. This doctor performed a cystoscopic examination upon plaintiff. A cystoscopic examination is simply entering the penis through the urethra to visually inspect the bladder. The cysto-scoping doctor reported in his finding that there was a “resection” or cut appearing to go “distal” to the verumontanum. The ver-umontanum or “vera” is between the sphincter muscle and the bladder and is used as a landmark to work to or from when performing a TUR. If one travels into the body from the verumontanum he is said to go “proximal” and if one travels outward from the verumontanum he is said to be going “distal” to the verumontanum. The tissue to be removed in plaintiff’s TUR was undisputedly to be inward or proximal from the verumontanum. The cystoscoping doctor reported that a resection (cut) appeared to go distal to the vera at about 10 o’clock, that is, on the patient’s right. There was nothing obstructive. The sphincter was “at least partially intact.”
On September 5, 1973 plaintiff consulted his cousin Dr. Buie in Texas who practiced with a Dr. Mallard. Doctors Buie and Mallard were urologists and they also cysto-scoped plaintiff. Doctors Buie and Mallard testified they found plaintiff had a “defect” in the sphincter muscle at the same location the other cystoscoping doctor reported a “resection.” The two Texas doctors testi[1233]*1233fied the defect in plaintiff’s sphincter muscle appeared to be the same size and shape as that made by a “resectoscope,” which is the cutting tool used in performing a TUR.
During this time plaintiff’s inability to control his flow of urine presented additional problems. Plaintiff was fired from his job in Oklahoma and moved back to Texas. Plaintiff also began to experience marital problems. The testimony showed that when plaintiff attempted to engage in intercourse with his wife his lack of “control” caused him, for the lack of a better explanation, to urinate in an untimely manner. Plaintiff experienced considerable emotional problems as a result and subsequently was unable to obtain an erection.
Eventually plaintiff was referred to a doctor in Miami, Florida, who had obtained substantial success with patients suffering from incontinence due to a damaged or defective sphincter muscle. The Miami doctor used a procedure of injecting Teflon in liquid form into the damaged area of the sphincter muscle to build up the defect to enable the muscle to form a water tight seal thus holding the urine in the bladder and stopping the leakage.
Plaintiff subsequently visited the Miami doctor and underwent surgery for the Teflon injections on three occasions prior to trial. Normally one or two injections will “dry up” the patient, testified the Miami doctor. Plaintiff, whose incontinence had not subsided at time of trial, testified he was going to go to Miami for his fourth Teflon injection.
The foregoing fairly represents plaintiff’s proof. The case was submitted to a jury which returned a verdict for defendants.
Plaintiff now appeals and argues under one proposition of error which reads as follows:
“The trial court erred in refusing to give plaintiff’s requested instruction on the effect and force of circumstantial evidence.”
In this regard plaintiff argues his “hope for recovery lay in his ability to show that his sphincter muscle was cut as a result of defendants’ cutting distal to the vera, close to the sphincter muscle, when defendants admitted that there was no reason to cut distal to the vera.”
Plaintiff argues he was at a substantial disadvantage to provide direct evidence defendants cut the sphincter muscle because defendants are the only persons possessed of this direct knowledge. Thus, argues plaintiff, he must rely upon circumstantial evidence and therefore he was entitled to an instruction as to the effect and force of circumstantial evidence.
Defendants’ position is, because plaintiff had some direct evidence (Doctors Buie’s and Mallard’s testimony) or because plaintiff’s case was not based solely on circumstantial evidence, that the trial court did not err in refusing to give the requested instruction on circumstantial evidence.1 Defendants rely upon Chase v. Watson, Okl., 294 P.2d 801 (1956) where the court said in syllabus two:
“When the plaintiff’s case does not rest entirely on circumstantial evidence, and although there was some in it, it was not essentially necessary for the court to give special instructions on circumstantial evidence; and with a general charge given [1234]*1234to the jury to reach its conclusions from all the facts and circumstances appearing in evidence, there is no cause for the plaintiff to complain of a failure of the court to give special instructions on circumstantial evidence.”
As we view this case, we think the parties are talking about two different things in their briefs. We think there are three vital issues involved in this lawsuit, to wit: (a) was plaintiff’s sphincter muscle damaged; (b) if so, did defendants damage the sphincter muscle; and (c) if defendants caused the damage, were they negligent in so doing.
Certainly before plaintiff is entitled to recover in the present case he is going to have to prove the above three elements by a preponderance of the evidence. This of course can be by direct or circumstantial evidence.
It seems to us that to interpret Chase v. Watson, supra, as strictly as defendants do in the present case would be to place upon the case an interpretation not intended by the court. Under defendants’ interpretation of Chase, it would never be error for a trial court to refuse an instruction on circumstantial evidence if there was any direct evidence in the case. We think in Chase the court did not intend such a result, particularly where the most vital parts of a case or a defense are provable only by circumstantial evidence. We think in Chase the court simply was holding that where a party is not relying entirely upon circumstantial evidence but instead relies primarily upon direct evidence, it is not error for the trial court to decline to instruct specifically upon circumstantial evidence where the instructions, given in substance, cover the requested instruction. Further, the opinion in Chase does not apprise the reader of the contents of all the instructions given and requested.
Defendants use Chase to bolster their argument that plaintiff was not entitled to an instruction on circumstantial evidence by contending that because plaintiff had direct testimony through Doctors Buie and Mallard to the effect the sphincter muscle was damaged, this would preclude plaintiff from obtaining an instruction that plaintiff could prove circumstantially defendants damaged the muscle and were negligent in so doing. However, inasmuch as plaintiff could prove only circumstantially defendants damaged the muscle and were negligent in so doing, we think the trial court erred in refusing to so instruct.
Defendants reason in the present case, because the trial court stated as in Chase that the jury was instructed to reach its conclusions “from all the facts and circumstances appearing in evidence,” this would suffice in lieu of a specific instruction on circumstantial evidence. We disagree with defendants’ reasoning. This instruction simply tells the jury the party must prove his case by a preponderance of the evidence and the jury is to consider all the facts and circumstances of the case. This does not tell the jury the preponderance of the evidence could be established by circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences deducible therefrom. Pacific Ins. Co. v. Frank, Okl., 452 P.2d 794 (1969). In Pacific Insurance, the court, through Justice Berry, more accurately addressed the problem than did the court in Chase v. Watson, supra. In Pacific Insurance, the court reversed the trial court for not giving an instruction relating to circumstantial evidence where the defendant insurance company was trying to prove arson was committed by the plaintiff. There the court said:
“In Chase v. Watson, Okl., 294 P.2d 801, error was urged for refusal of three requested instructions which contained reference to circumstantial evidence plaintiffs assertedly relied upon to show fraud and misrepresentation. Denying this contention, we pointed out the instructions given included the substance of those requested. And, since plaintiffs’ case did not rest entirely upon circumstantial evidence, it was unnecessary for the trial court to give special instructions in this regard.
“The two decisions last cited are persuasive of two principles. First, where a requested instruction expounds a pertinent legal principle not fully covered by the instructions given, the trial court should embody this in a proper instruc[1235]*1235tion for the jury’s consideration. Second, under Chase, supra, it would appear where a litigant relies entirely upon circumstantial evidence in support of the cause .of action or defense, the trial court must give a special instruction in this regard.
“The defense of arson was provable by circumstantial evidence. Indeed, it is highly unlikely such defense could be supported otherwise in most cases. The circumstantial evidence offered by defendant, if properly submitted for consideration and believed by the jury, would have been sufficient to sustain the defense presented. The trial court’s instruction (No. 4) merely stated arson was a defense if the jury found plaintiff burned, or procured burning of the store; but if arson was involved and defendant failed to prove plaintiff committed or procured commission of arson by preponderance of evidence they should find for plaintiff on this question. The jury neither was advised, nor had means of knowing, this defense was provable by circumstantial evidence which properly should be considered, or that a preponderance of evidence could be established by circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences deducible therefrom.
“It is the trial court’s duty to instruct the jury properly upon issues formed by the pleadings and evidence. Defendant’s pleadings and supporting evidence presented the theory of defense. This matter further was called to the court’s attention by a tendered instruction which was refused. Failure to instruct the jury, both as to the theory of defense and the permissible means of proving same, was sufficiently prejudicial to defendant’s case as to have prevented a full and fair consideration of the issue.”
Applying the foregoing to the present case, it seems clear plaintiff had to prove by a preponderance of the evidence defendants damaged the muscle and that it was negligence for them to do so. As the court stated in Pacific Insurance, supra, the jury was neither advised nor had means of knowing that this was provable by circumstantial evidence or that a preponderance of evidence could be established by circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences deducible therefrom.
We find under these circumstances that the trial court’s refusal to instruct on the effect and force of circumstantial evidence was sufficiently prejudicial to plaintiff’s case as to have prevented a full and fair trial of the issues of this case. The case is reversed and remanded to the trial court with directions to grant a new trial.
NEPTUNE, J., concurs.