Buchanan v. Gandhi

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: May 11, 2023
• Docket: 2:22-cv-01482
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 John Clark Buchanan, II, No. CV-22-01482-PHX-SMB

10 Plaintiff, ORDER

11 v.

12 Randhir Gandhi, et al.,

13 Defendants. 14 15 Before the Court are multiple motions. Plaintiff John Clark Buchanan II filed his 16 original Complaint on September 1, 2022. (Doc. 1.) Defendants Randhir Gandhi and 17 Select Portfolio Services Inc. (“SPS”) filed a Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”) the original 18 Complaint on September 22, 2022. (Doc. 10.) During the pendency of these motions, 19 Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint on October 17, 2022. (Doc. 13). Plaintiff’s 20 original Complaint and all relating responsive motions are therefore inoperative and 21 rendered moot. As such, Defendants Gandhi and SPS’ MTD Plaintiff’s original 22 Complaint is denied as moot. (Doc. 10.) 23 However, the Court grants in part Plaintiff’s “Motion to Extend Time from 24 November 30 for Service & Response to 60 Days Additional, Storms Took Out 14 Trees 25 Up to 3 Feet at Base Blocking Plaintiff’s Driveway, Due to Complexities to Get Rule 4 26 Waivers Served in Different States, Power Outages, Internet Failures, and Medical 27 Procedures to be Done to Plaintiff Buchanan” (Doc. 15) for the reasons discussed herein. 28 But the Court denies the following pending motions by Plaintiff for the reasons discussed 1 below: (1) “Motion to Strike All Answers and Pleadings of Defendants” (Doc. 14); and 2 (2) “Motion, Letter of Request to Allow Amended Complaint to All Defendants and New 3 Summons Sent to Plaintiff to Perfect and Re-do Rule 4 Process Objection to all pages of 4 Buchalter Motions & Oppositions, et al.” (Doc. 18.) 5 Finally, the Court grants Defendants Gandhi and SPS’ MTD Plaintiff’s First 6 Amended Complaint (Doc. 25), as well as Defendants Buchalter, a Professional 7 Corporation (“Buchalter”), Buzzi L. Shindler, and Stephen F. Best’s MTD Plaintiff’s 8 First Amended Complaint (Doc. 26) for the foregoing reasons. 9 I. BACKGROUND 10 On July 26, 2005, Plaintiff and Bank of America, N.A. (“BANA”) executed a 11 Promissory Note titled “Bank of America Equity Maximizer Agreement and Disclosure 12 Statement” (“Loan Agreement”), which detailed Plaintiff’s $150,000 credit line to 13 purchase the property in question. (See Docs. 25 at 2–3.) Plaintiff agreed to pay the total 14 of all credit advances and the costs and expenses that secured his credit line. (Docs. 9 at 15 3; 9-1 at 2.) The Promissory Note was secured by a Deed of Trust. (See Doc. 25-1 at 2– 16 9.) The Deed of Trust was signed by Plaintiff and Theresa Buchanan. (Doc. 25 at 3.) 17 On August 15, 2005, the Deed was recorded in the Pinal County Recorder’s Office as 18 Instrument No. 2005-104177. (Id.) 19 BANA executed a Notice of Substitution of Trustee on August 10, 2016, naming 20 Quality Loan Service Corporation as the Substitute Trustee under the Deed of Trust. (Id.; 21 Doc. 25-1 at 11.) BANA recorded the Notice of Substitution of Trustee with the Pinal 22 County Recorder’s office. (Id.) On December 27, 2019, BANA assigned all interests in 23 the property to the beneficiary through its servicing agent, Defendant Select Portfolio 24 Servicing, Inc. (“SPS”). (Docs. 25 at 3; 25-1 at 13.) 25 Plaintiff made timely payments under the Loan Agreement and corresponding 26 Deed of Trust for nearly eleven years, ceased making regular and timely payments in 27 2016, and stopped making payments entirely in 2017. (See Doc. 25 at 3.) But 28 specifically, Plaintiff’s Complaint asserts that: 1 Beginning in 2005 and continuing until June, 2016 the plaintiff made timely payments to Bank of America; on time and never missing a 2 payment; until Bank of America several times on a recorded line said, (via 3 their Bank of America Agents) “Stop making payments”. On a recorded line. In January of 2017 it was agreed by Bank of America Agents and I to 4 pay $300 per month during bankruptcy direct to them for HELCO; this 5 lasted until approximately October of 2017, then BANK OF AMERICA agents said approximately 7 times in multiple recorded conversations to 6 stop making payments. So John-Clark: Buchanan II stopped making 7 payments. Plaintiff Buchanan requested payment to stop from BOA in writing and never received anything. 8 (Doc. 13 at 13 ¶ 15.2.) 9 In 2019 SPS informed Plaintiff that he was in default of the Loan Agreement. 10 (Doc. 25 at 4.) On July 31, 2019 a Notice of Trustee’s Sale of the Property was recorded 11 with the Pinal County Recorder. (See id.; Doc. 25-1 at 15–17.) The Trustee’s Sale was 12 continued until September 6, 2022. (Docs. 25 at 4; 25-1 at 19–21.) Plaintiff received 13 notice on June 21, 2022 that the Trustee’s Sale was scheduled for September 6, 2022. 14 (Docs. 13 at 14 ¶ 15.4; 25 at 4.) The Trustee’s Sale occurred on September 6 and title 15 reverted back to the Beneficiary, MEB Loan Trust IV. (Docs. 25 at 4; 25-1 at 25-1 at 23– 16 26.) MEB Loan Trust IV’s deed conveying title was recorded in the office of the Pinal 17 County Recorder. (Id.) 18 Before the Court now, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint seeks 25.5 million in 19 damages for non-judicial wrongful foreclosure. (Doc. 13 at 2.) Plaintiff alleges the 20 following causes of action: (1) wrongful disclosure; (2) violation of the Fair Debt 21 Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”); (3) violation of the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”); 22 (4) Breach of Contract; (5) violation of the federal trust and lien laws; (6) slander of title; 23 (7) slander of credit; (8) infliction of emotional distress. (Doc. 13 at 18–19.) Defendants 24 filed motions to dismiss all claims. 25 II. LEGAL STANDARD 26 Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require complaints to possess “a 27 short and plain statement of the claim showing that [plaintiff] is entitled to relief.” Fed. 28 R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Rule 8 also “demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant- 1 unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 2 “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 3 statements, do not suffice.” Id. A complaint must also contain factual allegations that 4 sufficiently support “a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 678 (quoting 5 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Plausible claims are those in 6 which a court can reasonably believe the defendants committed the alleged conduct. Id. 7 “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief [is] . . . a context- 8 specific task that requires the [trial] court to draw on its judicial experience and common 9 sense.” Id. at 679. 10 On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a pro se plaintiff’s pleadings are 11 construed liberally. Thompson v. Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir. 2002). Pro se 12 plaintiffs, although subject to less stringent pleading standards, still may not support a 13 cause of action with conclusory and vague allegations. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. 14 of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982); see also Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 15 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001) (the Court is not “required to accept as true allegations 16 that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences”). 17 If essential elements of a claim were not pled, a Court’s liberal interpretation of the 18 pleadings cannot cure the deficiencies. Ivey, 673 F.2d at 988. 19 III. DISCUSSION 20 A. Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend and Mail First Amended Complaint and 21 Summons 22 Plaintiff filed his Amended Complaint on October 17, 2022. Seven days later, 23 Plaintiff filed a “Motion, Letter of Request to Allow Amended Complaint to All 24 Defendants and New Summons Sent to Plaintiff to Perfect and Re-Do Rule 4 Process; 25 Objection to All Pages of Buchalter Motions & Oppositions, et al.” (See Doc. 18.) 26 Defendants Gandhi, SPS, Buchalter, Shindler, and Best filed a Response. (Doc. 24.) 27 Plaintiff requests: (1) Leave to mail out his Amended Complaint and new summons; (2) 28 the Court’s assistance with Rule 4 process; and (3) leave to Amend Complaint to add 1 Defendants Buchalter, Shindler, and Best. (Doc. 18 at 2.) 2 Plaintiff has already filed his Amended Complaint in which Defendants 3 acknowledge receiving electronic receipt. (Doc. 24 at 3.) Plaintiff’s request to deliver 4 service by mail is therefore moot. Plaintiff also seeks assistance with Rule 4 summons 5 service of process. However, Defendants Gandhi and SPS have already provided 6 Plaintiff with an executed Rule 4 Waiver. (See id.) Furthermore, Defendants attest that 7 they are willing to providing a revised Rule 4 waiver for Buchalter, Shindler, and Best. 8 (Id.) Regarding any objections Plaintiff has to Defendants’ Rule 4 waiver omitting the 9 case number and judge’s name, Defendants submit willingness to amend upon Plaintiff’s 10 request. (Id.) Still, the Court finds this request moot as it will dismiss Plaintiff’s First 11 Amended Complaint without prejudice for the reasons discussed below. 12 Lastly, Plaintiff seeks leave to amend his original Complaint to add Defendants 13 Buchalter, Shindler, and Best. However, Plaintiff already filed his Amended Complaint 14 with these exact changes seven days prior to filing this Motion. Defendants request the 15 Court dismiss Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint with leave to amend to satisfy Local 16 Rule of Civil Procedure 15.1. Specifically, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s First 17 Amended Complaint does not attach a copy of the proposed amended pleading as an 18 exhibit and lacks a highlighted copy of the First Amended Complaint’s modifications. 19 (See id.; Doc. 24 at 4.) Defendants are correct that Plaintiff did not satisfy the filing 20 requirements of Local Rule 15.1. Nevertheless, considering Plaintiff is pro se, no parties’ 21 substantive rights are affected by the error, and because Defendants have filed motions to 22 dismiss the First Amended Complaint, the Court will not dismiss the First Amended 23 Complaint on these grounds. See Pro. Programs Grp. v. Dep’t of Com., 29 F.3d 1349, 24 1353 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he district court has broad discretion to depart from the strict 25 terms of the local rules where it makes sense to do so and substantial rights are not at 26 stake.”) The Court therefore finds Plaintiffs’ Motion moot and rejects Defendants’ 27 arguments seeking dismissal of the First Amended Complaint. 28 1 B. Plaintiff’s Motion for Extension of Time 2 On October 17, 2022—the same day the First Amended Complaint was filed— 3 Plaintiff filed a Motion to extend his time to serve the First Amended Complaint and 4 submit any responsive pleadings regarding the Complaint. (Doc. 15.) Plaintiff alleged 5 needing the extension because: (1) there are numerous Defendants without counsel; (2) 6 Plaintiff has been ordered by the Court to serve all Defendants; (3) Plaintiff is proceeding 7 pro se; (4) Plaintiff is seeking legal advice; (5) the lawsuit presents complex issues under 8 federal law; (6) Plaintiff has been served with over one hundred pages to respond to by 9 Defendants; (7) a storm knocked a three-foot tree across Plaintiff’s driveway; and (8) 10 Plaintiff needs additional for discovery with BANA. (Id. at 2.) 11 Defendants Gandhi, SPS, Buchalter, Shindler, and Best filed a Response. (Doc. 12 22.) Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s Motion is disingenuous because Plaintiff has 13 demonstrated a capability of filing eight separate pleadings with the Court between 14 October 17, 2022 and October 28, 2022. (Id. at 2–3.) Therefore, Defendants argue 15 Plaintiff’s request for additional time to file responsive pleadings to the original 16 Complaint should be denied because Plaintiff has failed to show a good faith basis for the 17 extension, and the Motion is moot because Plaintiff has completed service of his original 18 Complaint. (Id. at 4–6.) Regarding the original Complaint, the Court agrees this Motion 19 is moot. However, Plaintiff filed his Motion for an Extension of Time immediately after 20 filing the First Amended Complaint on October 17, 2022. Because the First Amended 21 Complaint rendered the original Complaint inoperative, and because Plaintiff is 22 proceeding pro se, the Court liberally construes this Motion to encompass the First 23 Amended Complaint and its responsive pleadings. Thompson, 295 F.3d at 895. 24 Plaintiff has already served the First Amended Complaint, and the Court will be 25 dismissing the Complaint below, so any request for an extension in that regard is moot. 26 However, the Court finds good cause to grant Plaintiff’s Motion relating to filing 27 responsive pleadings to the First Amended Complaint. Plaintiff’s Response to 28 Defendants’ MTD was only thirteen days late, and Plaintiff filed this Motion in advance 1 of his untimely filing. (See Docs. 15; 32.) The Court will therefore grant this Motion 2 regarding Plaintiff’s untimely Response (Doc. 34) relating to Defendants’ MTD the First 3 Amended Complaint. To the extent Plaintiff is requesting additional time for 4 discovery—which it is unclear to the Court—that request is premature as the Court has 5 yet to issue a case management order. Plaintiff has thus failed to demonstrate good cause 6 to obtain expedited discovery at this time. The Motion is denied in this regard. See 7 Yokohama Tire Corp. v. Dealers Tire Supply, Inc., 202 F.R.D. 612, 614 (D. Ariz. 2001.) 8 C. Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike 9 On the same day Plaintiff filed the First Amended Complaint, he also filed a 10 “Motion to Strike All Answers and Pleadings of Defendants.” (Doc. 14.) Plaintiff makes 11 five assertions: (1) Plaintiff has abided by the Court’s previous Orders (see Docs. 7; 8); 12 (2) Defendants have not filed a notice of appearance of counsel; (3) unlicensed attorneys 13 may not represent a corporation in federal court; (4) Defendants’ Rule 4 waiver fails to 14 include the case number and judge’s name; and (5) Defendants’ emailed objections to 15 Plaintiff do not match those he was mailed. (Doc. 14.) Plaintiff’s Motion is nonsensical 16 and has no factual or legal support. Defendants’ obligation to notice their appearance is 17 satisfied by filing their MTD. See Benny v. Pipes, 799 F.2d 489, 492 (9th Cir. 1986), 18 amended by 807 F.2d 1514 (9th Cir. 1987); see also Candrian v. RS Indus. Inc., No. CIV 19 13-088-TUC-CKJ, 2013 WL 6147223, at *5 (D. Ariz. Nov. 22, 2013). Plaintiff has no 20 evidence that Buzzi L. Shindler or Stephen F. Best are not licensed attorneys. Nor has 21 Plaintiff provided any evidence to support the last two allegations. Plaintiff must stop 22 making allegations he cannot support. The Court accordingly denies Plaintiff’s Motion 23 as moot. 24 D. Defendants Buchalter, Shindler, and Best’s MTD Plaintiff’s First 25 Amended Complaint 26 Defendants Buchalter, Shindler, and Best move to dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended 27 Complaint for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 26 at 6.) Defendants argue that despite 28 Plaintiff filing his First Amended Complaint to add Defendants, Plaintiff alleges no 1 causes of action or misconduct by Defendants. (Id.) Moreover, Defendants argue it is 2 impossible for Plaintiff’s alleged causes of actions to apply to them because: (1) 3 Defendants never met or had dealings with Plaintiff prior to this lawsuit; (2) Defendants 4 were not involved when Plaintiff executed the Loan Agreement, when the Deed of Trust 5 was secured, or the Trustees’ sale’s execution; (3) the First Amended Complaint 6 exclusively relies on allegations that occurred before the filing of the original Complaint; 7 (5) the First Amended Complaint raises no factual allegations occurring after Defendants 8 Gandhi and SPS’ original MTD; and (6) none of Plaintiff’s allegations are attributed to 9 Buchalter, Shindler, or Best. (Id. at 6–7.) 10 Plaintiff’s Response was untimely under L.R. Civ. P. 7.2(c), but as discussed 11 above, the Court grants Plaintiff’s Motion for Extended Time for this pleading. In his 12 Response, Plaintiff references receiving harassing phone calls, paperwork on holidays 13 and weekends, no one taking his calls regarding his mortgage, letters being delivered to 14 his family members, unspecified entities refusing to discuss his alleged debt, and 15 fraudulent recorded sales notices to his property—all of which occurred before Buchalter, 16 Shindler, and Best became involved by representing Defendants Gandhi and SPS. (See 17 Doc. 32 at 9.) 18 The Court agrees that Plaintiff’s Response fails to allege any cause of action or 19 misconduct by Defendants Buchalter, Shindler, and Best. Defendants’ only involvement 20 in this lawsuit occurred after the filing of Plaintiff’s original Complaint when they 21 became legal counsel for Defendants Gandhi and SPS. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint 22 makes no factual allegations regarding Defendants Buchalter, Shindler, Best, or the post- 23 original Complaint timeframe. (See Doc. 13.) As a result, none of Plaintiff’s factual 24 allegations apply to these Defendants. The Court therefore grants Defendants’ MTD for 25 failure to state a claim without prejudice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); see also Ashcroft, 26 556 U.S. at 678–79. 27 28 1 E. Defendants Gandhi and SPS’ MTD Plaintiff’s First Amended 2 Complaint 3 Defendants Gandhi and SPS filed a MTD Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint. 4 (Doc. 25.) Defendants note that Plaintiff has not substantively amended his Complaint to 5 address pleading deficiencies raised in Defendants’ MTD the original Complaint— 6 Plaintiff only amended the Complaint to name counsel-of-record as Defendants. (Id. at 7 6–7.) Therefore, Defendants again bring a MTD for failure to state a claim. (Id. at 7.) 8 1. Wrongful Foreclosure 9 Plaintiff first alleges that “[t]he foreclosing party did not have standing to execute 10 the power of sale clause in the deed of trust, and therefore the non-judicial foreclosure is 11 void.” (Doc. 13 at 18.) Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to cite which specific 12 Defendant(s) he is alleging committed this cause of action. (Doc. 25 at 7.) The Court 13 agrees. (See Doc. 13.) Regarding Plaintiff’s standing concern, Defendants presume 14 Plaintiff’s claim and legal arguments are as follows: (1) “the attorney unlawfully singed 15 the notice of default on behalf of the trustee” and does not have a license to practice law; 16 (2) that the foreclosing party lacked legal authority to execute the power of sale clause in 17 the deed of trust; (3) “multiple companies together” conspired and collude to seize 18 Plaintiff’s land; and (4) Plaintiff never owed any debt under the Loan Agreement. (See 19 Doc. 13 at 6–8 ¶¶ 8.2, 8.5, 8.17, 8.22.) 20 When alleging that an attorney unlawfully signed the notice of default without a 21 license to practice law, Plaintiff does not allege which attorney he is referring to. (Doc. 22 13 at 6.) To state a claim for which relief may be granted, Plaintiff must allege which 23 Defendant committed the wrongdoing. The Court also rejects Plaintiff’s claim that no 24 attorney in the United States has a license to practice law. Plaintiff cites to Schware as 25 legal authority, but that case does not stand for this nonsensical proposition. See Schware 26 v. Bd. of Bar Exam’rs of State of N.M., 353 U.S. 232 (1957). 27 Plaintiff also argues that the foreclosing party lacked standing to execute the 28 power of sale in the deed of trust. Along with failing to identify which Defendant(s) the 1 allegation is referring to, Plaintiff fails to support this allegation with any legal support. 2 With nothing more than this vague conclusory allegation, Plaintiff has failed to state a 3 claim. Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. Furthermore, Plaintiff fails to state a claim for his 4 conspiracy allegation. Plaintiff does not state which Defendants are involved, does not 5 offer any factual allegations of support, evidence, or identification of such conduct, and 6 does not allege the elements of conspiracy. Without more than a vague conclusory 7 statement, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for this allegation. Id. 8 Lastly, Plaintiff makes a conclusory allegation that he never owed any debt under 9 the Loan Agreement. This is insufficient to state a claim. First, Plaintiff admits to 10 receiving a loan of $150,000 under coercion of unidentified BANA agents, but then 11 proceeds to allege he was never provided a loan, and that the debt is zero. (See Doc. 13 12 at 10 ¶¶ 13.2–13.3.) Plaintiff continues to contradict himself by admitting to making 13 timely loan payments to BANA from early 2005–June 2016. (Id. ¶ 15.2.) Furthermore, 14 as Defendants note, Plaintiff acknowledged the Loan Agreement and his debt owed to 15 BANA when he executed the Deed of Trust. (See Docs. 25 at 9; 25-1 at 2–9.) For these 16 reasons, the Court does not find Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations that he owes no debt to 17 BANA plausible on its face. Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for wrongful 18 foreclosure. See Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. 19 2. Violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 20 Plaintiff next alleges that “the defendant violated one or more of the provisions 21 contained in 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692a-1692.” (Doc. 13 at 18.) The Court agrees with 22 Defendants that the First Amended Complaint sheds little light on what specific claims 23 Plaintiff is bringing under the FDCPA, or what specific provisions any allegations are 24 being brought under. (See Doc. 13.) Plaintiff only appears to argue that unspecified 25 Defendants violated the FDCPA by not being licensed in Arizona to be legal debt 26 collectors, and were therefore engaging in “false, deceptive, and harassing debt collection 27 tactics.” (Id. at 16 ¶¶ 19.2–19.3, 19.8–19.9.) 28 Plaintiff fails to specify which Defendants he is referring to. To the extent 1 Plaintiff was referring to Defendants Gandhi and SPS, Defendants argue that they 2 maintain an active and valid Collection Agency License with the State of Arizona— 3 License #0951556. (Doc. 25 at 10.) Plaintiff’s remaining conclusory allegations about 4 false, deceptive, and harassing debt collection tactics are unsupported by specific facts, 5 evidence, or any identified Defendants. Plaintiff has therefore failed to state a claim 6 under the FDCPA. See Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. 7 3. Violation of the Truth in Lending Act 8 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant-attorneys McCarthy and Goulding violated the 9 Truth in Lending Act, Regulation Z, 12 C.F.F. § 226.23. (Doc. 13 at 4 ¶ 3.1.) However, 10 Defendants are correct that the TILA, Regulation Z, Section 226.23 imposes no 11 requirements upon lenders or their attorneys, it simply confers a right to rescind specific 12 transactions. (See Doc. 25 at 11.) Thus, Plaintiff has failed to state a valid cause of 13 action under the TILA. See Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. Plaintiff also argues that 14 Defendants violated the TILA because the United States Supreme Court has held lawyers 15 are not licensed to practice law in this country. (Doc. 13 at 4 ¶ 3.4.) Plaintiff again cites 16 to Schware which as previously discussed, does not support this premise. Furthermore, 17 Plaintiff fails to cite how an attorneys’ alleged lack of licensure implicates the TILA. 18 Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff failed to cite a claim under the TILA. See Ivey, 19 673 F.2d at 268. 20 4. Breach of Contract 21 Plaintiff’s next allegation is that “the defendant is in breach of contract, as the 22 original debt was zero because the Plaintiff’s financial asset was exchanged for FED’S 23 promissory notes in an even exchange of 10X face VALUE of note.” (Doc. 13. at 18.) 24 Plaintiff fails to identify which Defendant(s) the cause of action is against, or what 25 contract or provisions this action pertains to. (See id. at 18–19.) Defendants contend that 26 this cause of action presumably relates to the Loan Agreement, and the Court agrees. 27 (See Doc. 13 at 10 ¶ 13.1–13.2.) Although Plaintiff alleges that he was coerced by 28 unidentified BANA agents to enter into the Loan Agreement, and that Plaintiff was never 1 provided a loan, BANA is not a named Defendant in this action. (Id.) In turn, 2 Defendants argue that if Plaintiff’s cause of action is indeed referring to the Loan 3 Agreement, then this action is barred by Arizona’s six-year statute of limitations period 4 because the Loan Agreement was executed seventeen years ago. See A.R.S. § 12-548; 5 (see also Doc. 25 at 13.) Additionally, Defendants argue Plaintiff admits to making 6 timely loan payments to BANA for years under the terms of the Loan Agreement, 7 rending his allegations of having zero contractual debt implausible. (Doc. 25 at 13.) 8 Ultimately, the Court cannot identify any specific factual allegations where the 9 named Defendants are alleged to have breached a contract with Plaintiff. (See Doc. 13). 10 Plaintiff has also failed to allege factual allegations that would make the cause of action 11 plausible. Plaintiff has thus failed to state a claim for breach of contract. See Ashcroft, 12 556 U.S. at 678. 13 5. Violation of the Federal Trust and Lien Laws 14 Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he defendant violated the Federal Trust and Lien Laws when 15 Veronica Eisert signed on behalf of the trustee, QUALITY LOAN SERVICE 16 CORPORATION; without legal authorization.” (Doc. 13 at 19.) Plaintiff amended this 17 section to specifically reference Defendant Eisert. Defendants argue this cause of action 18 pertains to Eisert, not them. (Doc. 25 at 14.) The Court agrees. The Court also finds that 19 Plaintiff has failed to allege or cite to what “Federal Trust and Lien Laws” were violated. 20 For these reasons, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim under Count Five against 21 Defendants Gandhi and SPS. See Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. 22 6. Slander of Title 23 In Count Six, Plaintiff alleges that “defendants have caused to be recorded various 24 documents . . . including a Notice of Trustee Sale which has impaired the plaintiff’s title 25 which constitutes slander of title. Plaintiff cannot get a loan or funding with myriad of 26 fictitious and fraudulently concocted documents being recorded against plaintiff.” (Doc. 27 13 at 19.) In Arizona, the required elements of slander of title are: (1) the uttering and 28 publication of slanderous words by the defendant, (2) the falsity of the words, (3) malice, 1 and (4) special damages. Snyder v. HSBC Bank, USA, N.A., 913 F. Supp. 2d 755, 770 (D. 2 Ariz. 2012). Plaintiff fails to allege which Defendant(s) made the alleged slander, what 3 the alleged slander was, how it was false, or any alleged malice by Defendant(s). The 4 Court cannot liberally interpret Plaintiff’s Complaint to satisfy these elements when the 5 necessary allegations are absent. Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. Plaintiff has therefore failed to 6 state a claim for slander of title. 7 7. Slander of Credit 8 Plaintiff next alleges that “the actions and inactions of the defendants have 9 impaired their credit. By filing recorded documents with false information concerning 10 payments not made; when they were made.” (Doc. 13 at 19.) Plaintiff also alleges that 11 Defendant SPS transmitted false adverse information about Plaintiff to various credit 12 reporting agencies, therefore impairing his credit. (Id. at 14 ¶ 15.5.) Defendants counter 13 that Arizona does not recognize a cause of action entitled “slander of credit,” and 14 Plaintiff has provided no legal authority to the contrary. See Snyder, 913 F. Supp. 2d at 15 778. 16 However, Defendants cite that if there were such a cause of action in Arizona, the 17 elements would be: (1) the defendant made a false defamatory statement about plaintiff, (2) the 18 defendant published the statement to a third party, and (3) defendant knew 19 the statement was false, acted in reckless disregard of whether the statement was true or false, or negligently failed to ascertain the truth or falsity of the 20 statement. 21 Id. (quoting Farrell v. Hitchin’ Post Trailer Ranch, 2011 WL 6057930, at *2 (Ariz. Ct. 22 App. Dec. 6, 2011). Plaintiff does not allege what false and misleading information SPS 23 published, every party or entity the publication was made to, why the publication was 24 false, any evidence or acts of malice or knowledge of falsity on behalf of SPS, or the 25 specific damage that resulted to Plaintiff’s credit as a direct result of Defendant’s alleged 26 slander. Id. For these reasons, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for slander of credit. 27 Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. 28 1 8. Intentional and/or Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress 2 Lastly, Plaintiff alleges that unspecified Defendants intentionally or negligently 3 sent up to 30 letters a day and 70 a week to Plaintiff and his family, made harassing 4 phone calls, and taped or stapled papers to his home. (Doc. 13 at 19.) Plaintiff further 5 alleges that these actions caused him to develop diabetes, and as evidence of his received 6 communications has attached an exhibit of numerous letters scattered on a table. (Id. at 7 19; 38–40.) 8 To prove a claim of intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress 9 Plaintiff must demonstrate that: “(1) the conduct by defendant was ‘extreme’ and 10 ‘outrageous’; (2) the defendant either intended to cause emotional distress or recklessly 11 disregarded the near certainty that such distress would result from his conduct; and (3) 12 severe emotional distress actually resulted from the defendant’s conduct.” Bodett v. 13 CoxCom, Inc., 366 F.3d 736, 746 (9th Cir. 2004). The Court agrees with Defendants that 14 the elements of this claim are not alleged. (See Doc. 25 at 17–18.) Plaintiff does not 15 allege which Defendants this claim is against, which Defendants are responsible for 16 which conduct, what the context or contents of the calls, letters, and papers were, why 17 such communications caused Plaintiff emotional distress, or that Defendants acted with 18 intent or recklessness. (See Doc. 13.) Therefore, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for 19 intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. Ivey, 673 F.2d at 268. 20 IV. LEAVE TO AMEND 21 “[A] district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the 22 pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by 23 the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) 24 (cleaned up). Plaintiff’s amended complaint must address the deficiencies identified 25 above and should follow the form detailed in Rule 7.1 of the Local Rules of Civil 26 Procedure. Within thirty (30) days from the date of entry of this Order, Plaintiff may 27 submit an amended complaint. Plaintiff must clearly designate on the face of the 28 document that it is the “Second Amended Complaint.” The amended complaint must be 1 retyped or rewritten in its entirety and may not incorporate any part of the original 2 Complaint by reference. 3 The Court draws attention to the District of Arizona’s Federal Court Advice Only 4 Clinic, Federal Court Advice Only Clinic - Phoenix | District of Arizona | United States 5 District Court (uscourts.gov). The Court also notes the E-Pro Se program which assists 6 litigants with creating a complaint form, Welcome - eProSe (uscourts.gov). Lastly, the 7 Court advises Plaintiff that certain resources for self-represented parties, including a 8 handbook and the Local Rules, are available on the Court’s website, 9 www.azd.uscourts.gov, by following the link “For Those Proceeding Without an 10 Attorney.” 11 V. CONCLUSION 12 Accordingly, 13 IT IS ORDERED denying Plaintiff’s “Motion, Letter of Request to Allow 14 Amended Complaint to All Defendants and New Summons Sent to Plaintiff to Perfect 15 and Re-do Rule 4 Process Objection to all pages of Buchalter Motions & Oppositions, et 16 al.” as moot. (Doc. 18.) 17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Plaintiff’s “Motion to Extend Time from 18 November 30 for Service & Response to 60 Days Additional, Storms Took Out 14 Trees 19 Up to 3 Feet at Base Blocking Plaintiff’s Driveway, Due to Complexities to Get Rule 4 20 Waivers Served in Different States, Power Outages, Internet Failures, and Medical 21 Procedures to be Done to Plaintiff Buchanan” in part to cure Plaintiff’s untimely 22 responsive pleading (Doc. 32) to Defendants’ MTD the First Amended Complaint. 23 Furthermore, the Court denies Plaintiff’s Motion as moot for every other request. (Doc. 24 15.) 25 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Plaintiff’s “Motion to Strike All Answers 26 and Pleadings of Defendants” as moot. (Doc. 14.) 27 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED dismissing Defendants’ MTD Plaintiff’s original 28 Complaint as moot. (Doc. 10.) 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Defendants Gandhi, SPS, Buchalter, 2|| Shindler, and Bests’ MTD Plaintiff's First Amended Complaint without prejudice. (Docs. 25; 26.) 4 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Plaintiff leave to file a Second Amended 5 || Complaint within thirty (30) days from the date of entry of this Order. 6 Dated this 10th day of May, 2023. 7 ———> g Sas > fonorable Susan M. Brnovich = 10 United States District Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

-16-