EEVE.BE1B1. .District Judge,
(after stating the facts.) Upon these facts we are clearly of opinion that the defendants could not maintain lludr defense upon either ground taken by them In respect, to the contention that the note in suit, is void because of illegality in the consideration, it mast be answered that the facts fall far short of establishing it. Ext,ended reference is made by counsel for ihe
plaintiffs in error to various acts of congress enacted for the purpose of protecting the Lidian tribes anil their la mis from a great, variety of wrongful aggressions, ami where penalties are imposed upon transgressors, for ihe purpose of allowing- the general policy of legislaiIon in regard to the Indians: and special reference is stride to sections 2113, 2127, 2138, and 2147 of the Kevised fltatntes, a id to Ihe set of July 4, 1884, which, it is said, prohibit the intro-, duet; on of estíle into the territory of the Cherokees, for the purpose of grsurg ihem there, without the consent of the Cherokee nation or of the inte!ior department of the United Slates. Wo do nofc deem it, necessary to determine whether those acts rendered (he business carried on by these parties, without (lie consent of tlie Indiana or of the United States, so far unlawful as to invalidate their coni ¡ve hi made with other parties for means to prosecute it, where such other parties knew of the intended use of such means, and actually promoted it, because, assaniing that to be so, we think this defense must fail for other reasons.
it is argued for the defendant in error that whether or not the legislation, token together, does in fact prohibit the introduction of cattle, (which is denied,) the bringing them into the territory for [226]*226such, purpose being lawful in some instances, a party dealing with persons so employed might properly suppose that such conditions existed, and that he was not bound to suppose that they were acting in violation of law. This proposition would seem to be a valid one when applied to the protection of a party who had no knowledge that the facts making the business lawful did not exist. There being here no evidence that the hank which discounted the original note had knowledge that the borrower intended to use the proceeds in a business which in its circumstances was unlawful, that note was not invalid in its hands. It is very doubtful whether, assuming that the business was malum prohibitum, the mere knowledge that the proceeds of the note were intended to be used therein would render the note discounted void, if the bank did not co-operate in the use of the money. Sortwell v. Hughes, 1 Curt. 244; Webster v. Munger, 8 Gray, 587. But here the business connected with the giving of the first note and the use of the money realized thereon had transpired. The giving of the new note to raise money to pay off the earlier one did not promote the illegal .business, assuming it to have been, such, bat was a transaction quite distinct from it. The new note, therefore, was not void by reason of any illegality in the first note. Armstrong v. Toler, 11 Wheat. 258; McBlair v. Gibbes, 17 How. 236; Brooks v. Martin, 2 Wall. 70; Planters' Bank v. Union Bank, 16 Wall. 483.
• In Brooks v. Martin the parties had been engaged as partners in buying and dealing in bounty land warrants, in violation of a statute prohibiting such dealings, the policy of which was to prevent soldiers to whom the warrants were issued from becoming the victims of speculators. The defendant, who had become possessed of a large sum of money in the prosecution of the forbidden business, resisted the action of his partner for an accounting on the ground of illegality in the cause of action; but the court refused to sustain the defense, and held that as the illegal object had been already accomplished, and the recovery of his share by the plaintiff would not aid in accomplishing any object in violation of law, the defendant should be compelled to account to the plaintiff.
In Planters' Bank v. Union Bank the defendant had sold Confederate bonds which had been sent to it by the plaintiff for that purpose, and in accounts rendered had charged itself with the proceeds. In a suit brought to recover therefor the defendant set up the illegality of selling the bonds as a defense. The court held that the defense did not avail; that while it would have been a good defense to a purchaser of the bond in a suit for the price thereof, or perhaps to the defendants in a suit by the plaintiff to recover damages for a failure to sell as directed, yet that whatever mischief there was in the transaction had already been done, and there was nothing in public policy to be affected by the action of the court in granting or withholding redress on other grounds.
But, further, there being nothing to show that the Drovers5 National Bank knew anything about the first note, or the use that was intended to he made of‘ the proceeds of the new one, it would he contrary to elementary principles controlling the transaction in [227]*227which the bank was engaged to cany forward into it the consequences of a fault previously committed by the makers of the note, and visit them upon tha bank, an entirely innocent party. It needs no extended reasoning to repel a result so manifestly unjust
Then,, as to the question arising upon the law in regard to the rate of interest, and its consequences. The plaintiffs in error contend that the note represents a Tennessee contract, and is therefore void, because in contravention of the usury law of that state. It was held in the court below to be an .Illinois contract, and therefore good for the principal, though void as to interest, under the law of Illinois, which inflicts only that penalty upon a usurious contract. We have no doubt that the view taken by the circuit judge was correct.
It appears that when the note for §25,000 was transmitted to Campbell at Chicago if was the expectation, of the makers that it would be used there, either upon a taking by Campbell and am advance by him to them, or, through his indorsement to a third party, presumably a bank, upon a taking by such third party, and its advancement to them, by placing its proceeds to their credit, dhie latter was the course taken, and it sufficiently appears that that disposition of the note was confirmed by the makers. Without considering how the matter would aland if Campbell had himself taken the note as holder, and advanced the money, the discounting of the note by the bank there made it an Illinois contract. It first became a contract when discounted. The obligation of the makers was not until them imposed. Kb suit could have maintained upon it by Campbell. He war. si. mere agent for the makers in effecting a loam upon it, and delivering the notes as evidence of their obligation to the bank. Orr v. Lacy, 4 McLean, 243. The contract was therefore made in Chicago, and it was payable there. It follows that it was an Illinois con if ant. fiee authorities cited below opon the same question in, reference to the note in suit.
TMs, however, is only' Important as it tends to show wbaf the understanding oX the parties presumably was in gyving the new notes. That one of the new notes which is now in. suit bears date at IManldln, Tena. That circumstance, in the absence of all other indications, either In the note or In the extrinsic facts, would render it a Tennessee contract. But that is usually one of the least controlling rireuui star cos to be attended to in ascertaining by what law a written contract Is governed.
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EEVE.BE1B1. .District Judge,
(after stating the facts.) Upon these facts we are clearly of opinion that the defendants could not maintain lludr defense upon either ground taken by them In respect, to the contention that the note in suit, is void because of illegality in the consideration, it mast be answered that the facts fall far short of establishing it. Ext,ended reference is made by counsel for ihe
plaintiffs in error to various acts of congress enacted for the purpose of protecting the Lidian tribes anil their la mis from a great, variety of wrongful aggressions, ami where penalties are imposed upon transgressors, for ihe purpose of allowing- the general policy of legislaiIon in regard to the Indians: and special reference is stride to sections 2113, 2127, 2138, and 2147 of the Kevised fltatntes, a id to Ihe set of July 4, 1884, which, it is said, prohibit the intro-, duet; on of estíle into the territory of the Cherokees, for the purpose of grsurg ihem there, without the consent of the Cherokee nation or of the inte!ior department of the United Slates. Wo do nofc deem it, necessary to determine whether those acts rendered (he business carried on by these parties, without (lie consent of tlie Indiana or of the United States, so far unlawful as to invalidate their coni ¡ve hi made with other parties for means to prosecute it, where such other parties knew of the intended use of such means, and actually promoted it, because, assaniing that to be so, we think this defense must fail for other reasons.
it is argued for the defendant in error that whether or not the legislation, token together, does in fact prohibit the introduction of cattle, (which is denied,) the bringing them into the territory for [226]*226such, purpose being lawful in some instances, a party dealing with persons so employed might properly suppose that such conditions existed, and that he was not bound to suppose that they were acting in violation of law. This proposition would seem to be a valid one when applied to the protection of a party who had no knowledge that the facts making the business lawful did not exist. There being here no evidence that the hank which discounted the original note had knowledge that the borrower intended to use the proceeds in a business which in its circumstances was unlawful, that note was not invalid in its hands. It is very doubtful whether, assuming that the business was malum prohibitum, the mere knowledge that the proceeds of the note were intended to be used therein would render the note discounted void, if the bank did not co-operate in the use of the money. Sortwell v. Hughes, 1 Curt. 244; Webster v. Munger, 8 Gray, 587. But here the business connected with the giving of the first note and the use of the money realized thereon had transpired. The giving of the new note to raise money to pay off the earlier one did not promote the illegal .business, assuming it to have been, such, bat was a transaction quite distinct from it. The new note, therefore, was not void by reason of any illegality in the first note. Armstrong v. Toler, 11 Wheat. 258; McBlair v. Gibbes, 17 How. 236; Brooks v. Martin, 2 Wall. 70; Planters' Bank v. Union Bank, 16 Wall. 483.
• In Brooks v. Martin the parties had been engaged as partners in buying and dealing in bounty land warrants, in violation of a statute prohibiting such dealings, the policy of which was to prevent soldiers to whom the warrants were issued from becoming the victims of speculators. The defendant, who had become possessed of a large sum of money in the prosecution of the forbidden business, resisted the action of his partner for an accounting on the ground of illegality in the cause of action; but the court refused to sustain the defense, and held that as the illegal object had been already accomplished, and the recovery of his share by the plaintiff would not aid in accomplishing any object in violation of law, the defendant should be compelled to account to the plaintiff.
In Planters' Bank v. Union Bank the defendant had sold Confederate bonds which had been sent to it by the plaintiff for that purpose, and in accounts rendered had charged itself with the proceeds. In a suit brought to recover therefor the defendant set up the illegality of selling the bonds as a defense. The court held that the defense did not avail; that while it would have been a good defense to a purchaser of the bond in a suit for the price thereof, or perhaps to the defendants in a suit by the plaintiff to recover damages for a failure to sell as directed, yet that whatever mischief there was in the transaction had already been done, and there was nothing in public policy to be affected by the action of the court in granting or withholding redress on other grounds.
But, further, there being nothing to show that the Drovers5 National Bank knew anything about the first note, or the use that was intended to he made of‘ the proceeds of the new one, it would he contrary to elementary principles controlling the transaction in [227]*227which the bank was engaged to cany forward into it the consequences of a fault previously committed by the makers of the note, and visit them upon tha bank, an entirely innocent party. It needs no extended reasoning to repel a result so manifestly unjust
Then,, as to the question arising upon the law in regard to the rate of interest, and its consequences. The plaintiffs in error contend that the note represents a Tennessee contract, and is therefore void, because in contravention of the usury law of that state. It was held in the court below to be an .Illinois contract, and therefore good for the principal, though void as to interest, under the law of Illinois, which inflicts only that penalty upon a usurious contract. We have no doubt that the view taken by the circuit judge was correct.
It appears that when the note for §25,000 was transmitted to Campbell at Chicago if was the expectation, of the makers that it would be used there, either upon a taking by Campbell and am advance by him to them, or, through his indorsement to a third party, presumably a bank, upon a taking by such third party, and its advancement to them, by placing its proceeds to their credit, dhie latter was the course taken, and it sufficiently appears that that disposition of the note was confirmed by the makers. Without considering how the matter would aland if Campbell had himself taken the note as holder, and advanced the money, the discounting of the note by the bank there made it an Illinois contract. It first became a contract when discounted. The obligation of the makers was not until them imposed. Kb suit could have maintained upon it by Campbell. He war. si. mere agent for the makers in effecting a loam upon it, and delivering the notes as evidence of their obligation to the bank. Orr v. Lacy, 4 McLean, 243. The contract was therefore made in Chicago, and it was payable there. It follows that it was an Illinois con if ant. fiee authorities cited below opon the same question in, reference to the note in suit.
TMs, however, is only' Important as it tends to show wbaf the understanding oX the parties presumably was in gyving the new notes. That one of the new notes which is now in. suit bears date at IManldln, Tena. That circumstance, in the absence of all other indications, either In the note or In the extrinsic facts, would render it a Tennessee contract. But that is usually one of the least controlling rireuui star cos to be attended to in ascertaining by what law a written contract Is governed. In this case the makers intended the note should be used in Chicago for the purpose of satisfying their unpaid obligations in the hands of a bank there. Their transmission of it by mail to Chicago, to be employed for thsil, purpose by one who was to act for them in accomplishing what they had in view,- — that Is, the meeting of their primary obligation on che original nolle,- — was the equivalent of a inanual taking by them of the note to that place, and there delivering; It. Pattison v. Mills, 1 Dow & C. 363, per Lord Lyndhurst; Millikon v. Pratt, 125 Mass. 574. The obligation of this note, upon the facts disclosed by the record, was „ created when the Drovers’ National Bank discounted it. The contract was then made, and in minóla. [228]*228By its express terms it was made payable there. Thus the obligation was not only formed, but was also to be solved, in that state. These are two circumstances always very controlling. There is not, in our opinion, room for doubt that the law of Illinois applies to the solution of all questions pertaining to the nature and effect of the obligation. Cook v. Moffat, 5 How. 295; Coghlan v. Railroad Co., 142 U. S. 101, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 150; Hall v. Cordell, 142 U. S. 116, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 154; Story, Confl. Laws, § 280 et seq.
In Cook v. Moffat, suit was brought on promissory notes which had been dated and signed at Baltimore, where the maker resided, and sent by mail to his agent in Hew York, and there delivered to the payee in payment for goods purchased in Hew York. The defendant claimed that the notes were Maryland contracts, and that he had been discharged from liability on the notes by a Maryland court under the insolvent laws of that state. The court, however, did not sustain the defendant’s premises, but held, on the contrary, that the notes constituted Hew York contracts, and were therefore beyond the jurisdiction of the courts of Maryland; saying that, “although the notes purport to have been made at Baltimore, they -were delivered at Hew York in payment of goods purchased there, and of course were payable there, and governed by the laws of that place.”
In Coghlan v. Railroad Co., bonds of a railroad company doing business in South Carolina had been issued, purporting to have been executed at Charleston, in that state, and made payable in London. A question arose upon the rate of interest the bonds would bear after their maturity. In order to determine this question it was necessary to ascertain by what law the nature and effect of the obligation of the bonds was to be fixed. It was held that the bonds were English contracts, and that the English law in regard to interest governed the rate. Mr. Justice Harlan, in delivering the opinion of the court, said: “It is contended that the principal sum agreed to be paid should bear interest at the rate of seven per cent., fixed by the laws of South Carolina. The only basis for this contention is the mere fact that the bonds purport to have been made in that state. But that fact is not conclusive. All the terms of the contract must be examined, in connection with the attendant circumstances, to ascertain what law was in the view of the parties when the contract was executed.”
The case of Lennig v. Ralston, 23 Pa. St. 137, falls within a recognized exception to the rule. It was there held that a purchaser for value,- who in good faith had relied upon the appearances given to the paper, no fact being exhibited to show the contrary, was entitled to be protected in dealing with it upon the assumption that the law of the place was as indicated by those appearances.
It is hardly necessary to add that the fact that this case was tried in Tennessee in no wise changes the result. In whatever forum the case is tried, the rights of the parties must be adjudicated according to the lex loci contractus, which in this case covers as'well the making, as the satisfaction, of the debt. Green[229]*229wood v. Curtis, 6 Mass. 358; McIntyre r. Parks, 3 Metc. (Mass.) 207. Coghlan v. Railroad Co., supra, was like this in that respect. No error being found in the record, the judgment must be affirmed.