Burnett, J., delivered the opinion of the Court—Terry, C. J., concurring.
The first objection urged against the title of the plaintiff is, that the certificate of acknowledgment endorsed upon the mortgage is fatally defective. The acknowledgment was in this form:
State of Calieornia, ) County of San Francisc.
On this twenty-seventh day of July, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and fifty, personally appeared before me, a notary public in and for said county, Joseph W. Finley, known to me to be the person described in, and who executed the same freely and voluntarily, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. In testimony, etc.
The statute requires the certificate to be substantially in the form given in the eighth section, and the only question to determine is, whether this certificate is a substantial compliance with the statute. The seventh section provides that the certificate “ shall state the fact of acknowledgment.”
The certificate in this case, simply states, that the person was known to the officer to be the person who executed the mortgage, freely and voluntarily, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. The officer states Ms knowledge of the manner in which the instrument was executed, but does not state “ the fact of acknowledgment.” The officer is bound to know the identity of the person, but is not expected to know anything as to the manner of its execution. It is “the fact of acknowledgment” that forever afterwards binds the party. Although a man may not execute the instrument freely, in point of fact, yet if he make the acknowledgment properly, he is afterwards estopped to deny it, as against subsequent innocent parties. The object of the statute was to make the acknowledgment of the party operate as an estoppel, and for that reason, requires the fact of acknowledgment to be stated in the certificate.
But, conceding that the certificate was defective, and that the record of the mortgage was not notice to the defendants, the plaintiffs insist that they are not innocent purchasers for value. The defendants proved that the consideration for the deed of re-conveyance was “the non-payment” of two-thirds of the purchase-money. Finley had paid one of the three notes given for these and other lots; and failing to pay the other two, the vend[467]*467ors took from him a deed of re-conveyance. It is insisted by the plaintiff that the proof does not show that the two notes Avere delivered to Finley. But we think the evidence shows this substantially.
Another ground urged by plaintiff against the title set up by defendants, is that one of the Sampsons, Buchanan, and Swezy, Avere present at the sheriff’s sale, and suffered the plaintiff to purchase in ignorance of the adverse claim, and, therefore, that the defendants cannot, in a Court of Equity, be allowed to set up their title.
The rule is well stated in the opinion of the Chancellor in the case of Wendell v. Yan Rensselaer,! Johns. Ch. Rep., 354: “There is no principle better established in this Court, nor one founded on more solid considerations of public utility than that which declares that if one man knowingly, though he does it passively, by looking on, suffers another to purchase and expend money on land, under an erroneous opinion of title, without making knoAvn his claim, he shall not afterwards be permitted to exercise his legal right against such person.”
In reference to this subject, Mb Justice Wood, in delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio, in the case of Buckingham and others v. Smith and Dille, 10 Ohio Rep., 298, uses this concise and forcible language :
“ The rule is, if one is silent when he should speak, that justice will compel him to silence when he would speak.”
But conceding that the conduct of Sampson Avould have estopped him from assorting his title as against the plaintiff, how far would the defendants be affected as subsequent purchasers in good faith, and for value. In reference to Swezy, his title liad been previously conveyed to others, and he was a stranger at the sale, and his conduct could bind no one but himself, if it could bind him. And as to Buchanan, he had jn-eviously, on the fourteenth of September, 1850, transferred his interest in the notes of Finley, and the lots for which they were given, by written agreement, to Ramirez, and, therefore, had no interest in the property.
When a party has an equity, and also actual possession of the property, a purchaser of the legal title is bound to take notice.
The law permits an equity to exist, but does not require or permit it to be recorded; and when the party holding the equity does all the law will permit him to do, his equity will be protected, and all who purchase of a grantor, out of possession, must take notice. This point is very fully considered, in my opinion, in the case of Bird v. Dennison, April, 1857 : " Possession under an equitable claim, infects the purchaser of the legal title, with notice of that equity.” 4 Monroe Ky. Rep., 196; 5 Johns. Ch. R., 33.
If, then, it be true that defendants, in contemplation of law, [468]*468had notice of plaintiff’s equity, they must be affected in the same way, and to the same extent, that Sampson would have been had he still retained his title. The conveyance from one of the Sampsons was executed after the plaintiff had possession, and therefore the purchasers took with notice of the plaintiffs equity.
There was no proof that. Ramirez, Covillaud, and both of the Sampsons, were present at the sale, and the conduct of the other Sampson could not affect them as to their own title. Even had it been shown, that Ramirez, Oovillaud, and one of the Sampsons, knew that the sale would take place, and failed to attend, their existing rights could not be prejudiced thereby. The defect in the certificate of acknowledgment endorsed upon the mortgage, was legally known to the plaintiff, and as no title had thereby passed from Finley, as against subsequent purchasers, all' parties claiming under the mortgage, were bound by the record of the deed of re-conveyance from Finley to his original grantors. It was not, then, incumbent upon those not present at the sale, to give any further notice to the plaintiff. A party having recorded his title in such a case, could not be required to know of, or attend any sale that might take place. If present at the sale, and he remains silent, and knowingly permits another to purchase under an erroneous impression as to the title he buys, then he would be culpable, and be held responsible accordingly.
So far, then, as regards the original purchase of the plaintiff, there is no proof that Ramirez, Covillaud, and one of the Sampsons were at all to blame. And as to the alleged conduct of the defendants, subsequent to the sale, in permitting plaintiff to expend money in making improvements upon the property without any known objection, there is not sufficient evidence to put them in the wrong. The plaintiff could only resist the title of defendants, so far as it is affected by their, own conduct, by showing actual fraud on their part, and entire innocence on his own. To prove fraud, the evidence should be strong and decisive. The fact that the defendants were residents of the place would no more show that they knew the plaintiff was ignorant of their claim, than the fact of the plaintiff’s residence would be proof that he knew
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Burnett, J., delivered the opinion of the Court—Terry, C. J., concurring.
The first objection urged against the title of the plaintiff is, that the certificate of acknowledgment endorsed upon the mortgage is fatally defective. The acknowledgment was in this form:
State of Calieornia, ) County of San Francisc.
On this twenty-seventh day of July, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and fifty, personally appeared before me, a notary public in and for said county, Joseph W. Finley, known to me to be the person described in, and who executed the same freely and voluntarily, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. In testimony, etc.
The statute requires the certificate to be substantially in the form given in the eighth section, and the only question to determine is, whether this certificate is a substantial compliance with the statute. The seventh section provides that the certificate “ shall state the fact of acknowledgment.”
The certificate in this case, simply states, that the person was known to the officer to be the person who executed the mortgage, freely and voluntarily, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. The officer states Ms knowledge of the manner in which the instrument was executed, but does not state “ the fact of acknowledgment.” The officer is bound to know the identity of the person, but is not expected to know anything as to the manner of its execution. It is “the fact of acknowledgment” that forever afterwards binds the party. Although a man may not execute the instrument freely, in point of fact, yet if he make the acknowledgment properly, he is afterwards estopped to deny it, as against subsequent innocent parties. The object of the statute was to make the acknowledgment of the party operate as an estoppel, and for that reason, requires the fact of acknowledgment to be stated in the certificate.
But, conceding that the certificate was defective, and that the record of the mortgage was not notice to the defendants, the plaintiffs insist that they are not innocent purchasers for value. The defendants proved that the consideration for the deed of re-conveyance was “the non-payment” of two-thirds of the purchase-money. Finley had paid one of the three notes given for these and other lots; and failing to pay the other two, the vend[467]*467ors took from him a deed of re-conveyance. It is insisted by the plaintiff that the proof does not show that the two notes Avere delivered to Finley. But we think the evidence shows this substantially.
Another ground urged by plaintiff against the title set up by defendants, is that one of the Sampsons, Buchanan, and Swezy, Avere present at the sheriff’s sale, and suffered the plaintiff to purchase in ignorance of the adverse claim, and, therefore, that the defendants cannot, in a Court of Equity, be allowed to set up their title.
The rule is well stated in the opinion of the Chancellor in the case of Wendell v. Yan Rensselaer,! Johns. Ch. Rep., 354: “There is no principle better established in this Court, nor one founded on more solid considerations of public utility than that which declares that if one man knowingly, though he does it passively, by looking on, suffers another to purchase and expend money on land, under an erroneous opinion of title, without making knoAvn his claim, he shall not afterwards be permitted to exercise his legal right against such person.”
In reference to this subject, Mb Justice Wood, in delivering the opinion of the Supreme Court of Ohio, in the case of Buckingham and others v. Smith and Dille, 10 Ohio Rep., 298, uses this concise and forcible language :
“ The rule is, if one is silent when he should speak, that justice will compel him to silence when he would speak.”
But conceding that the conduct of Sampson Avould have estopped him from assorting his title as against the plaintiff, how far would the defendants be affected as subsequent purchasers in good faith, and for value. In reference to Swezy, his title liad been previously conveyed to others, and he was a stranger at the sale, and his conduct could bind no one but himself, if it could bind him. And as to Buchanan, he had jn-eviously, on the fourteenth of September, 1850, transferred his interest in the notes of Finley, and the lots for which they were given, by written agreement, to Ramirez, and, therefore, had no interest in the property.
When a party has an equity, and also actual possession of the property, a purchaser of the legal title is bound to take notice.
The law permits an equity to exist, but does not require or permit it to be recorded; and when the party holding the equity does all the law will permit him to do, his equity will be protected, and all who purchase of a grantor, out of possession, must take notice. This point is very fully considered, in my opinion, in the case of Bird v. Dennison, April, 1857 : " Possession under an equitable claim, infects the purchaser of the legal title, with notice of that equity.” 4 Monroe Ky. Rep., 196; 5 Johns. Ch. R., 33.
If, then, it be true that defendants, in contemplation of law, [468]*468had notice of plaintiff’s equity, they must be affected in the same way, and to the same extent, that Sampson would have been had he still retained his title. The conveyance from one of the Sampsons was executed after the plaintiff had possession, and therefore the purchasers took with notice of the plaintiffs equity.
There was no proof that. Ramirez, Covillaud, and both of the Sampsons, were present at the sale, and the conduct of the other Sampson could not affect them as to their own title. Even had it been shown, that Ramirez, Oovillaud, and one of the Sampsons, knew that the sale would take place, and failed to attend, their existing rights could not be prejudiced thereby. The defect in the certificate of acknowledgment endorsed upon the mortgage, was legally known to the plaintiff, and as no title had thereby passed from Finley, as against subsequent purchasers, all' parties claiming under the mortgage, were bound by the record of the deed of re-conveyance from Finley to his original grantors. It was not, then, incumbent upon those not present at the sale, to give any further notice to the plaintiff. A party having recorded his title in such a case, could not be required to know of, or attend any sale that might take place. If present at the sale, and he remains silent, and knowingly permits another to purchase under an erroneous impression as to the title he buys, then he would be culpable, and be held responsible accordingly.
So far, then, as regards the original purchase of the plaintiff, there is no proof that Ramirez, Covillaud, and one of the Sampsons were at all to blame. And as to the alleged conduct of the defendants, subsequent to the sale, in permitting plaintiff to expend money in making improvements upon the property without any known objection, there is not sufficient evidence to put them in the wrong. The plaintiff could only resist the title of defendants, so far as it is affected by their, own conduct, by showing actual fraud on their part, and entire innocence on his own. To prove fraud, the evidence should be strong and decisive. The fact that the defendants were residents of the place would no more show that they knew the plaintiff was ignorant of their claim, than the fact of the plaintiff’s residence would be proof that he knew of the record of their deed. From the evidence, it would seem most probable, that both parties knew of the claims of each other, and both were doubtful as to the sufficiency of the certificate to the mortgage; and neither party was willing to go into an expensive lawsuit upon a doubtful title, until the property became valuable. The defendants having put their deed on record, the plaintiff was affected with notice, and he was himself negligent. If he could have shown any positive misconduct on the part of the defendants, or any actual concealment on their part, then there would have been some ground for redress. The improvements put upon the property, were not such as to [469]*469give notice that the party making them acted under the bona fide belief that he had an actual existing title.
The result of the view we have taken, is this: The defendants are not entitled to set up against the plaintiff any title they, or either of them, have derived from one of the Sampsons. And as there is certain proof that one of the Sampsons was present, though it is not shown which, yet it is shown, that the present defendants hold the same title that the one present did then hold; so the result is the same as if it were shown which of the two were present. The plaintiff is therefore entitled to whatever legal title was in one of the Sampsons, at the time of the sale.
The decree of the Court below is reversed, and that Court will render a decree in conformity with this opinion.