Bruton v. Gerber Products Co.

961 F. Supp. 2d 1062, 2013 WL 4833413, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 129241

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: September 6, 2013
• Docket: Case No.: 12-CV-02412-LHK
• Status: Published

Opinion

ORDER GRANTING-IN-PART AND DENYING-IN-PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

LUCY H. KOH, United States District Judge

Plaintiff Natalia Bruton (“Bruton”) brings this putative class action against Gerber Products Company (“Gerber”) and Nestlé U.S.A., Inc. (“Nestlé U.S.A.”) (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging that Defendants violated federal and state law by making false and misleading claims on their food labels. Defendants move to dismiss Bruton’s First Amended Complaint, ECF No. 28; Bruton opposes, ECF No. 34, and Defendants replied, ECF No. 36. Having considered the submissions of the parties, the parties’ oral arguments at the hearing on this motion, and the relevant law, the Court hereby GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Allegations

Gerber claims to be “the world’s most trusted name in baby food,” and reportedly controls between 70 and 80 percent of the baby food market in the United States. First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶ 8, ECF No. 26. Through the Gerber brand, Defendants produce, package, and sell retail food products intended to be consumed by infants and children under two years of age, such as puree baby food, snacks, yogurts, side dishes, and beverages for infants and young children. FAC ¶¶ 7, 9. Gerber organizes its products by “stages” including: “Birth+ ,” “Supported Sitter,” “Sitter,” “Crawler,” “Toddler,” and “Preschooler.” FAC ¶ 9. All of the Gerber product categories other than “Preschooler” describe children under two years of age. Id.

Bruton is a California consumer who is concerned about the nutritional content of the food that she purchases for her child’s consumption. FAC ¶ 107. At various times within the past four years, she purchased many of Defendants’ food products that are intended for children under the age of two. FAC ¶¶ 22, 108. Specifically, Bruton contends that she purchased the following products: (1) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Banana Plum Grape; (2) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Apples and Cherries; (3) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Vegetables — Carrots; (4) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Spoonable Smoothies — Mango; (5) Gerber Yogurt Blends Snack — Strawberry; (6) Graduates Lil’ Crunehies — Mild Cheddar; (7) Graduates Fruit Puffs— Peach; (8) Graduates Wagon Wheels — Apple Harvest; (9) Graduates for Toddlers Animal Crackers — Cinnamon Graham; and (10) Graduates for Toddlers Fruit Strips — Strawberry. FAC ¶ 110.

Before purchasing Defendants’ products for her child, Bruton allegedly read and relied on Defendants’ labels, which she contends are “misbranded.” FAC ¶¶ 10, 111. She also allegedly read and relied on Defendants’ “unlawful and deceptive misrepresentations at Defendants’ website, www.gerber.com.” FAC ¶ 111. At the point of sale, Bruton contends that she “did not know, and had no reason to know, that Defendants’ products were misbranded” and “would not have bought the products had she known the truth about them.” FAC ¶ 113. The types of unlawful and deceptive claims that Defendants allegedly made — and continue to make — on the Gerber products include: (a) nutrient content claims, such as “Excellent Source,” “Good Source,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and “No Added Sugar,” FAC ¶¶ 58-73; (b) “natural” claims, FAC ¶¶ 74-82; and (c) sugar-related claims, FAC ¶¶ 83-95.

1. Nutrient Content Claims

First, Bruton challenges Defendants’ use of “nutrient content claims,” which are claims about specific nutrients contained in a product that, pursuant to Section 403 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) (codified at 21 U.S.C. § 343(r)), must be made in accordance with federal regulations. FAC ¶ 51; see 21 U.S.C. § 343(r)(l)(A) (defining “nutrition levels and health-related claims” as pertaining to “a food intended for human consumption which is offered for sale and for which a claim is made in the label or labeling of the food which expressly or by implication ... characterizes the level of any nutrient”). California expressly adopted the requirements of Section 403 of the FDCA in Section 110670 of the Sherman Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Law (the “Sherman Law”). See Cal. Health & Safety Code § 110670 (“Any food is misbranded if its labeling does not conform with the requirements for nutrient content or health claims as set forth in Section 403(r) (21 U.S.C. Sec. 343(r)) of the federal act and the regulations adopted pursuant thereto.”).

Bruton alleges that Defendants make nutrient content claims on virtually all of their Gerber food products, despite the fact that the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) authorizes nutrient content claims on foods for adults that are not permitted for children under age two due to differing nutritional needs. See FAC ¶ 62 (alleging that the nutrient content claims on products intended to be consumed by young children are barred because their nutritional needs are different than those of adults, and therefore nutritional claims on infant and toddler food can be highly misleading); see 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(b)(3) (“Except for claims regarding [certain] vitamins and minerals ... no nutrient content claims may be made on food intended specifically for use by infants and children less than 2 years of age unless the claim is specifically provided for” by particular regulations).

Bruton specifically asserts that Defendants make misbranded nutrient content claims that fall into three categories: (a) “Excellent Source” and “Good Source” claims; (b) “As Healthy As Fresh” claims; and (c) “No Added Sugar” claims.

• “Excellent Source” and “Good Source” claims: Bruton contends that “[a]ll ... Gerber products” intended for children under two that claim to be an “Excellent Source” of Iron, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C, and also claim to be a “Good Source” of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, and Vitamins A, D, and E, “among other things,” are “misbranded within the meaning of the FDCA § 403(r)(l)(A) and 21 U.S.C. § 343(r)(l)(A) because their labeling includes unauthorized nutrient content claims.” FAC ¶ 60(a).

• “As Healthy As Fresh” claims: Bruton also asserts that Gerber food products intended for children under two years of age that claim to be “As Healthy As Fresh” are misbranded because they bear the nutrient content claim “healthy” as part of the statement despite the fact that federal regulations do not allow the claim for products specifically intended for children under two years of age. FAC ¶ 60(b).

• “No Added Sugar” claims: Bruton further alleges that Gerber food products that claim to have “No Added Sugar” or “No Added Refined Sugar” are misbranded because “[s]uch nutrient content claims may not be made on food products intended for children under two.” FAC ¶ 60(c).

2. Natural Claims

Second, Bruton asserts that Defendants misleadingly tout their products as being “made with 100% natural” ingredients when they contain artificial ingredients or added ingredients not normally expected to be in food. FAC ¶77. According to Bruton, “[a] reasonable consumer would expect that when Defendants label their products as being made with 100% natural ingredients, the product’s ingredients are ‘natural’ as defined by the federal government and its agencies.” FAC ¶ 80. In addition, Bruton contends that a reasonable consumer “would also expect products bearing such labels ... [to be] made with natural ingredients under the common use of the word ‘natural.’” Id. According to Bruton, “[a] reasonable consumer would understand that ‘natural’ products do not contain synthetic ingredients or ingredients not normally expected to be in food.” Id.

3. Sugar-Related Claims

Finally, Bruton alleges that many of Defendants’ products that are labeled with a “No Added Sugar” or similar sugar-related nutrient content claim contain disqualifying levels of calories that prohibit the claim from being made absent a mandated disclosure statement warning of the higher caloric level of the products and thus violate 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(c)(2). See FAC ¶ 83. Bruton asserts that, “[b]ecause consumers may reasonably be expected to regard terms that represent that the food contains ‘no added sugar’ or sweeteners as indicating a product which is low in calories or significantly reduced in calories, consumers are misled when foods that are not low-calorie as a matter of law are falsely represented.” FAC ¶ 90.

B. Putative Class Claims

Bruton now seeks to bring this putative class action, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3), on behalf of a nationwide class consisting of all persons who, within the last four years, “purchased any of Defendants’ food products intended specifically for use by infants and children less than 2 years of age.” FAC ¶ 118 (“Nationwide Class”). Bruton also seeks to represent a California subclass of “[a]ll persons in the state of California who purchased any of Defendants’ food products intended specifically for use by infants and children less than 2 years of age ... within the last four years.” Id. (“California Subclass”).

Bruton contends that, by manufacturing, advertising, distributing, and selling misbranded products, Defendants have violated California Health & Safety Code Sections 109885, 110390, 110395, 110398, 110660, 110665, 110670, 110705, 110760, 110765, and 110770. See FAC ¶¶ 97-103. In addition, Bruton asserts that Defendants have violated the standards set by 21 C.F.R. §§ 101.2, 101.13, 101.54, and 101.65, which have been adopted by reference into the Sherman Law. See FAC ¶¶ 104, 105. Consequently, Bruton’s First Amended Complaint alleges the following causes of action: (1) violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), California Business and Professions Code §§ 17200 et seq., for unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent business acts and practices (claims 1, 2, and 3); (2) violation of California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”), California Business and Professions Code §§ 17500 et seq., for misleading, deceptive, and untrue advertising (claims 4 and 5); (3) violation of the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), California Civil Code §§ 1750 et seq. (claim 6); (4) restitution based on unjust enrichment/quasi-contract (claim 7); (5) violation of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, California Civil Code §§ 1790 et seq. (claim 8); and (6) violation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2301 et seq. (claim 9).

C. Procedural History

Bruton filed a putative class action complaint against Defendants Gerber Products Company, Nestlé Holdings, Inc., and Nestlé USA, Inc. on May 11, 2012. ECF No. 1. On July 2, 2012, Bruton filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal of Defendant Nestlé Holdings, Inc. ECF No. 9. Defendants Gerber Products Company and Nestlé USA, Inc. then filed a Motion to Dismiss on August 31, 2012. ECF No. 18. Rather than responding to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Bruton filed an amended class action complaint on September 21, 2012. ECF No. 26.

Consequently, on October 5, 2012, Defendants withdrew their Motion to Dismiss the original complaint as moot, ECF No. 27, and filed a Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, (“Mot.”) ECF No. 28, which is currently before this Court. Defendants move to dismiss Bruton’s FAC on many different grounds, including: (1) lack of subject-matter jurisdiction as required by Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; (2) failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; and (3) failure to plead claims grounded in fraud with sufficient particularity, as required by Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. In addition, Defendants filed a Request for Judicial Notice in Support of the Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 29.¹ Bruton filed an opposition to the Motion to Dismiss, (“Opp’n”) ECF No. 34, to which Defendants filed a reply, (“Reply”) ECF No. 36. Bruton also filed four notices of new case law relevant to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF Nos. 37, 43, 50, 51, and Defendants filed two similar notices, ECF Nos. 40, 42. Following the hearing on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the parties submitted supplemental briefing focused primarily on the Ninth Circuit’s recent decision in Perez v. Nidek Co., 711 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir.2013). ECF Nos. 47, 48.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Rule 12(b)(1)

A defendant may move to dismiss an action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). A Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss tests whether a complaint alleges grounds for federal subject matter jurisdiction. A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction will be granted if the Complaint on its face fails to allege facts sufficient to establish subject matter jurisdiction. See Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n. 2 (9th Cir.2003). In considering a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the Court “is not restricted to the face of the pleadings, but may review any evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of jurisdiction.” McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir.1988). If the plaintiff lacks standing under Article III of the U.S. Constitution, then the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, and the case must be dismissed. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101-02, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998). Once a party has moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1), the opposing party bears the burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction. See Chandler v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 598 F.3d 1115, 1122 (9th Cir. 2010).

B. Rule 12(b)(6)

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a defendant may move to dismiss an action for failure to allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For purposes of ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court “acceptfs] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir.2008).

However, a court need not accept as true allegations contradicted by judicially noticeable facts, Shwarz v. United States, 234 F.3d 428, 435 (9th Cir.2000), and the “[C]ourt may look beyond the plaintiffs complaint to matters of public record” without converting the Rule 12(b)(6) motion into one for summary judgment, Shaw v. Hahn, 56 F.3d 1128, 1129 n. 1 (9th Cir.1995). Nor is the court required to “ ‘assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations.’ ” Fayer v. Vaughn, 649 F.3d 1061, 1064 (9th Cir.2011) (per curiam) (quoting W. Min. Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir.1981)). Mere “conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss.” Adams v. Johnson, 355 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir.2004); accord Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Furthermore, “a plaintiff may plead herself out of court” if she “plead[s] facts which establish that [s]he cannot prevail on h[er] ... claim.” Weisbuch v. Cnty. of LA., 119 F.3d 778, 783 n. 1 (9th Cir.1997) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

C. Rule 9(b)

Claims sounding in fraud or mistake are subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires that a plaintiff alleging fraud “must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); see Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.2009). To satisfy the heightened standard under Rule 9(b), the allegations must be “specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged to constitute the fraud charged so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Semegen v. Weidner, 780 F.2d 727, 731 (9th Cir.1985). Thus, claims sounding in fraud must allege “an account of the time, place, and specific content of the false representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentations.” Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir.2007) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiff must set forth what is false or misleading about a statement, and why it is false.” In re Glenfed, Inc. Sec. Litig., 42 F.3d 1541, 1548 (9th Cir.1994) (en banc), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Ronconi v. Larkin, 253 F.3d 423, 429 n. 6 (9th Cir.2001).

D. Leave to Amend

If the Court determines that the complaint should be dismissed, it must then decide whether to grant leave to amend. Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend “should be freely granted when justice so requires,” bearing in mind that “the underlying purpose of Rule 15 ... [is] to facilitate decision on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless, a court “may exercise its discretion to deny leave to amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party ..., [and] futility of amendment.’ ” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Seros., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 892-93 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962)) (alterations in original).

III. DISCUSSION

Despite the numerous assertions that Bruton makes in her 59-page complaint, Bruton contends that her case essentially has two facets: (1) that Defendants’ products are “misbranded,” and (2) that the labels are “deceptive.” Opp’n at 1. First, Bruton alleges that Defendants package, label, and market food products that do not comply with certain provisions of the Sherman Law, thereby “misbrand[ing]” their products. Bruton maintains that such actions are “unlawful and unfair,” and thus gives rise to claims for relief under the unlawful and unfair prongs of California’s UCL (claims 1 and 2) and the CLRA (claim 6).

Second, Bruton alleges that Defendants’ packaging and labels are misleading, deceptive, fraudulent, and unlawful. See id. Bruton contends that she reasonably relied on Defendants’ misrepresentations, and was thereby deceived, in deciding to purchase Defendants’ products. Id. Consequently, Bruton asserts that Defendants’ deceptive packaging and labels give rise to claims for relief due to violating the unfair and fraudulent prongs of the UCL (claims 2 and 3), engaging in misleading, deceptive, and untrue advertising in violation of the FAL (claims 4 and 5), and violating the CLRA (claim 6). Bruton also maintains that Defendants’ deceptive practices give rise to a claim for relief under the unlawful provision of the UCL (claim 1), by virtue of Defendants’ violations of the FAL and CLRA. See FAC ¶¶134, 135. In addition, Bruton brings claims for restitution based on unjust enrichment/quasi-contract (claim 7), violation of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, Cal. Civ.Code §§ 1790 et seq. (claim 8), and violation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2301 et seq.

Defendants challenge the viability of Bruton’s FAC on several different grounds, which the Court distills into four primary arguments: (1) failure to state a claim against Nestlé USA; (2) preemption by the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (“FDCA”) and invocation of the doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction; (3) lack of constitutional and statutory standing; and (4) failure to state viable causes of action for other, claim-specific reasons. The Court discusses each in turn.

A. Claims Against Nestlé USA

At the outset, Defendants contend that the claims against Nestlé USA should be dismissed with prejudice because Gerber and Nestlé USA are separate entities and the FAC concerns only Gerber products. See Mot. at 1; Reply at 2. Bruton argues that she sufficiently states a claim against Nestlé USA because, in the FAC’s first paragraph, she states that she is referring to Gerber and Nestlé USA collectively as “Defendants.” See Opp’n at 4 (citing to FAC at 1). Consequently, Bruton maintains that all of the FAC’s allegations include assertions against Nestlé USA.

Despite Bruton’s introductory reference to Gerber and Nestlé USA together as “Defendants,” the rest of the FAC lacks sufficient factual allegations from which the Court may infer more than a “sheer possibility” that Nestlé USA has acted unlawfully. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Importantly, only Gerber products are at issue in this case. Moreover, aside from the first paragraph, the FAC makes only two references to Nestlé USA throughout the entire complaint.

The first reference to Nestlé USA occurs in paragraph 25 of the FAC. In this paragraph, Bruton alleges that Defendant Nestle USA is a privately held Delaware corporation owned by Nestle Holdings, Inc. and that, “[d]uring the relevant period, Nestle USA played an active role in the labeling, marketing, and sales of Gerber products ... [which] included ... activities involving through [sic ] ‘Nestle Nutrition’ and ‘Nestle Nutrition USA.’ ” FAC ¶ 25 (emphasis added). However, the FAC does not set forth the relationship between Nestlé USA and Nestlé Nutrition, or explain why Nestlé USA should be held liable for Gerber’s misbranded products by virtue of Nestlé Nutrition’s activities.²

The FAC’s only other factual allegation specific to Nestlé USA is a reference to a warning letter from the FDA that concerns products not at issue in this case. See FAC ¶ 46; see also FAC, Ex. C (referring to Nestlé Juicy Juice products).³ Bruton also alleges that the FDA sent a warning letter to Nestlé on February 22, 2010, yet this letter was addressed to Nestlé Nutrition not Nestlé USA. See FAC ¶ 45; FAC, Ex. B. Therefore, based on the FAC, it does not appear that Bruton has pled sufficient facts to support a reasonable inference that Nestlé USA is liable for the violations alleged. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678,129 S.Ct. 1937.

In order to cure the deficiencies in the FAC, Bruton asserts new factual allegations regarding Nestlé USA in a footnote to her opposition. See Opp’n at 4 n.2. For example, Bruton contends that, for at least a portion of the class period, Nestlé USA operated and controlled the Gerber verybestbaby.com website. Id. Bruton’s new factual allegations do not cure the defects in the FAC because, “[i]n determining the propriety of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, a court may not look beyond the complaint to a plaintiffs moving papers, such as a memorandum in opposition to a motion to dismiss.” Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 1026 n. 2 (9th Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). Yet, because “facts raised for the first time in plaintiffs opposition papers should be considered by the court in determining whether to grant leave to amend or to dismiss the complaint with or without prejudice,” id, the Court takes note of these new allegations and finds that Bruton has set forth sufficient information to demonstrate that amendment may not be futile.

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s claims against Nestlé USA with leave to amend.

B. Preemption

Next, Defendants contend that the federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act preempts all of Bruton’s claims. See Mot. at 6. Pursuant to the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, “Congress has the power to preempt state law.” Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363, 372, 120 S.Ct. 2288, 147 L.Ed.2d 352 (2000) (citing U.S. Const, art. VI, cl. 2). “Federal preemption occurs when: (1) Congress enacts a statute that explicitly pre-empts state law; (2) state law actually conflicts with federal law; or (3) federal law occupies a legislative field to such an extent that it is reasonable to conclude that Congress left no room for state regulation in that field.” Chae v. SLM Corp., 593 F.3d 936, 941 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

When analyzing the scope of a preemption statute, a court’s analysis must “start with the assumption that the historic police powers of the States [are] not to be superseded by the Federal Act unless that was the clear and manifest purpose of Congress.” Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470, 485, 116 S.Ct. 2240, 135 L.Ed.2d 700 (1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). This approach is “consistent with both federalism concerns and the historic primacy of state regulation of matters of health and safety.” Id. Therefore, “[p]arties seeking to invalidate a state law based on preemption bear the considerable burden of overcoming the starting presumption that Congress does not intend to supplant state law.” Stengel v. Medtronic Inc., 704 F.3d 1224,1227 (9th Cir.2013) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Defendants argue that, to the extent that Bruton seeks to enforce labeling rules that are different from the FDA regulations, they are expressly preempted. See Mot. at 9. In addition, to the extent that Bruton seeks to enforce labeling rules that are identical to the FDA regulations, Defendants contend that Bruton’s claims are impliedly preempted because, pursuant to the FDCA, private litigants are prohibited from suing to enforce compliance with the FDA regulations. See Mot. at 6. For the reasons discussed herein, the Court is not persuaded that Defendants have overcome the “considerable burden” that “Congress d[id] not intend to supplant state law” in this area. Stengel, 704 F.3d at 1227.

1. Express Preemption

The FDCA, codified at 21 U.S.C. §§ 301 et seq., “gives the FDA the responsibility to protect the public health by ensuring that ‘foods are safe, wholesome, sanitary, and properly labeled.’ ” Lockwood v. Omagra Foods, Inc., 597 F.Supp.2d 1028, 1030 (N.D.Cal.2009) (quoting 21 U.S.C. § 393(b)(2)(A)). Section 331 expressly prohibits the misbranding of food in interstate commerce, 21 U.S.C. § 331(a)-(c), (k), while Section 343 sets forth conditions under which food is considered “misbranded,” 21 U.S.C. § 343. In general, a food is “misbranded” if its labeling is “false or misleading in any particular.” 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1).

In 1990, Congress amended the FDCA with the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 (“NLEA”) to include additional food labeling requirements. Nutritional Labeling and Education Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-535, 104 Stat. 2353 (1990); see also H.R. Rep. No. 101-538 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3336, 3337 (stating that the purpose behind the NLEA was “to clarify and to strengthen the Food and Drug Administration’s legal authority to require nutrition labeling on foods, and to establish the circumstances under which claims may be made about nutrients in foods”). Part of the NLEA’s purpose was also to “create uniform national standards regarding the labeling of food.” In re Farm Raised Salmon Cases, 42 Cal.4th 1077, 1086, 72 Cal.Rptr.3d 112, 175 P.3d 1170 (2008) (citing 136 Cong. Rec. 5840 (daily ed. July 30, 1990) (Remarks of Rep. Waxman)).

In furtherance of the NLEA’s aim of promoting uniform national labeling standards, the NLEA includes an explicit preemption provision which states, in part, that “no State ... may directly or indirectly establish ... any requirement ... made in the labeling of food that is not identical to ” certain FDA requirements, such as 21 U.S.C. § 343(r), which applies to nutrition levels and health-related claims. 21 U.S.C § 343-l(a)(5) (emphasis added). “‘Not identical to’ ... means that the State requirement directly or indirectly imposes obligations or contains provisions concerning the composition or labeling of food, or concerning a food container, that: (i) Are not imposed by or contained in the applicable provision ... or (ii) Differ from those specifically imposed by or contained in the applicable provision.... ” 21 C.F.R. § 100.1(c)(4).

The NLEA’s preemption provision does not, however, prohibit states from enacting food labeling requirements that are identical to the FDA requirements. In fact, the NLEA explicitly states that “[t]he [NLEA] shall not be construed to preempt any provision of State law, unless such provision is expressly preempted under [21 U.S.C § 343-1(a) ].” See § 6(c)(1), 104 Stat. at 2364.

Through the Sherman Law, California has expressly adopted the federal labeling requirements as its own. See Cal. Health & Safety Code § 110100 (“All food labeling regulations and any amendments to those regulations adopted pursuant to the federal act, in effect on January 1, 1993, or adopted on or after that date shall be the food labeling regulations of this state.”). California has also enacted a number of laws and regulations that adopt and incorporate specific enumerated federal food laws and regulations. See, e.g., Cal. Health & Safety Code § 110670 (“Any food is misbranded if its labeling does not conform with the requirements for nutrient content or health claims as set forth in ... (21 U.S.C. § 343(r))....”).

In this case, Defendants contend that the FDA has established requirements applicable to all of the alleged violations identified by Bruton, including the following: “nutrient content” claims, 21 U.S.C. § 848(r)(l)(A); the FDA’s “natural” policy, see 21 C.F.R. § 101.22; 58 Fed. Reg. at 2407; the “health” claims, see 21 C.F.R. § 101.14; and the “sugar-related” claims, see 21 C.F.R. § 101.60. According to Defendants, “there is no label element Plaintiff challenges that FDA regulation or policy does not address.” Mot. at 10. For her part, Bruton contends that she does not seek to impose labeling rules that differ from the FDA regulations. See Opp’n at 9. As both sides in this case assert that Bruton’s claims fall within the scope of the FDA’s requirements, the Court does not find that, for purposes of this Motion to Dismiss, the claims are subject to express preemption.⁴

2. Preemption and Private Rights of Action

Defendants also allege that all of Bruton’s claims are preempted because there is no private right of action to enforce FDA regulations. See Mot. at 6-9. Specifically, the FDCA provides that, in general, “proceedings for the enforcement, or to restrain violations, of [the FDCA] shall be by and in the name of the United States.” 21 U.S.C. § 337(a) (emphasis added); see Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Comm., 531 U.S. 341, 349 n. 4, 121 S.Ct. 1012, 148 L.Ed.2d 854 (2001) (noting, in the context of the medical device provisions of the FDCA that, due to 21 U.S.C. § 337(a), “[t]he FDCA leaves no doubt that it is the Federal Government rather than private litigants who are authorized to file suit for noncompliance with the [FDCA]”).

Bruton does not dispute that, under the FDCA, private litigants are expressly prohibited from suing to enforce compliance with the federal regulations. However, Bruton contends that she is not attempting to enforce the FDCA but rather to enforce California’s legal requirements, pursuant to the Sherman Law, which are identical to FDA regulations. See Opp’n at 8.

According to Defendants, Bruton’s claims are subject to implied preemption because they still amount to an attempt to privately enforce the FDCA. See Mot. at 8-9. In support of Defendants’ position that the Sherman Law cannot be used to enforce FDA regulations, Defendants rely heavily on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 679 F.3d 1170 (9th Cir.2012). In Pom Wonderful, the manufacturer of a pomegranate juice beverage sued Coca-Cola under the federal Lanham Act, alleging that Coca-Cola’s competing product, “Pomegranate Blueberry,” was false both in name and label because it consisted of 99.4% apple and grape juice. Id. at 1173-74. As in the instant case, the Pom Wonderful plaintiff also brought state-law claims under the Sherman Law, the UCL, and the FAL, alleging that those state laws incorporate the identical FDA labeling standards and prohibitions. Id. at 1174. The Pom Wonderful Court ultimately held that, based on the particular circumstances of the case, “the FDCA and its regulations bar pursuit of both the name and labeling aspects of [plaintiffs] Lanham Act claim.” Id. at 1176 (citing with approval PhotoMedex, Inc. v. Irwin, 601 F.3d 919, 922 (9th Cir.2010)).⁵ In so doing, the Court reasoned that allowing a plaintiff to sue under the Lanham Act to enforce the FDCA or its regulations would, “undermine[] Congress’s decision to limit enforcement of the FDCA to the federal government.” Pom . Wonderful LLC, 679 F.3d at 1176. In addition, the Court in Pom Wonderful stated that a plaintiff may not “maintain a Lanham Act claim that would require a court originally to interpret ambiguous FDA regulations, because rendering such an interpretation would usurp the FDA’s interpretive authority.” Id. Further, the Ninth Circuit held that, “[w]here the FDA has not concluded that particular conduct violates the FDCA, ... a Lanham Act claim may not be pursued if the claim would require litigating whether that conduct violates the FDCA.” Id. Defendants argue that the rationale underpinning the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Pom Wonderful applies with equal force to this case. Mot. at 7.

As this Court already discussed in Brazil v. Dole Food Co., 935 F.Supp.2d 947, 2013 WL 1209955 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 25, 2013), the Court is “not persuaded that Pom Wonderful stands for the sweeping proposition Defendants set forth.” Id. at *7. Importantly, in Pom Wonderful, the Ninth Circuit limited its ruling to the federal Lanham Act and explicitly declined to address whether plaintiffs state-law claims were also preempted. See Pom Wonderful, 679 F.3d at 1179 (vacating the summary judgment to the extent it ruled that plaintiff lacked statutory standing on its UCL and FAL claims and “remand[ing] so that the district court can rule on the state claims”). Consequently, the Ninth Circuit did not specifically address the impact of the FDCA on states’ historic power to protect its people against fraud and deception in the sale of food products. Nor did it grapple with the presumption that Corn gress did not intend to supplant state law. See Stengel, 704 F.3d at 1227-28. Thus, the Court finds that Pom Wonderful is distinguishable from this case. See also Delacruz v. Cytosport, Inc., No. 11-3532, 2012 WL 2563857, at *7 n. 3 (N.D.Cal. June 28, 2012) (“The Ninth Circuit’s preemption ruling [in Pom Wonderful] was limited to a finding that the FDCA preempted Pom’s claims under the Lanham Act.”); accord Khasin v. Hershey Co., No. 12-1862, 2012 WL 5471153, at *5 (N.D.Cal. Nov. 9, 2012); cf. Ivie v. Kraft Foods Global, Inc. (Ivie I), No. 12-2554, 2013 WL 685372, at *6-7 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 25, 2013) (construing Pom Wonderful as “dismissing] federal Lanham act claims implicitly on the basis of primary jurisdiction with the FDA,” and subsequently finding that “where FDA policy is clearly established with respect to what constitutes an unlawful or misleading label, the primary jurisdiction doctrine is inapplicable because there is little risk that the courts will undermine the FDA’s expertise.”).

Defendants also contend that the Ninth Circuit’s recent decision in Perez, 711 F.3d 1109, as well as Judge Watford’s concurrence in Stengel, 704 F.3d at 1234, require the dismissal of Bruton’s claims. See ECF No. 47, at 1. Specifically, Defendants assert that, based on these decisions, “the test to determine whether claims alleging a violation of the FDCA are preempted [is the following]: ‘The plaintiff must be suing for conduct that violates the FDCA (or else his claim is expressly preempted by § 360k(a)), but the plaintiff must not be suing because the conduct violates the FDCA (such a claim would be impliedly preempted under Buckman).’ ” Id. (citing Perez, 711 F.3d at 1120); see also id. (citing Judge Watford’s concurrence in Stengel, 704 F.3d at 1235, for the proposition that state-law claims that exist “solely by virtue” of federal enactments are preempted). Underlying Defendants’ arguments is an attempt to further expand the scope of the Supreme Court’s decision in Buckman, 531 U.S. 341, 121 S.Ct. 1012, 148 L.Ed.2d 854. The Court finds such an expansion to be unwarranted in this case.

Initially, it bears emphasizing that Buckman,⁶ as well as the Ninth Circuit’s decisions in Stengel v. Medtronic,⁷ and Perez v. Nidek,8 are factually distinguishable from this case, because they arose in the context of “Class III medical devices” under the FDCA, as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (“MDA”), 21 U.S.C. § 360c, et seq. As the Supreme Court explained in Buckman, the MDA governs the regulation of medical devices, which it separates into three categories. 531 U.S. at 344, 121 S.Ct. 1012. Class III devices are subject to the FDA’s strictest regulation because they “presen[t] a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).⁹ Consequently, before a Class III device may be marketed, it must complete a “thorough” review process with the FDA. Id. This premarket approval (“PMA”) process requires an applicant to “demonstrate a ‘reasonable assurance’ that the device is both ‘safe ... [and] effective under the conditions of use prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the proposed labeling thereof.’ ” Id. (quoting 21 U.S.C. §§ 360e(d)(2)(A), (B)). The parties here do not assert that misbranded food labeling is equivalent to the “unreasonable risk of illness or injury” presented by Class III medical devices, nor do they allege that food labeling is subjected to a comparably rigorous review process that requires premarket approval. Cf. id. at 344^45, 121 S.Ct. 1012 (noting that “[t]he PMA process is ordinarily quite time consuming because the FDA’s review requires an average of 1,200 hours [for] each submission”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, while the Court finds that the broad principles regarding preemption as espoused in Stengel, Perez, and Buckman, are relevant to the Court’s analysis in this case, the Court bears in mind the distinct factual scenarios in which they arise.¹⁰

Next, in the context of food labeling, the Court finds it significant that Congress has not set forth a “clear and manifest” statement that it intended state food labeling claims to be subject to implied preemption. See Chae, 593 F.3d at 944 (“We must be cautious about conflict preemption where a federal statute is urged to conflict with state law regulations within the traditional scope of the state’s police powers. When we deal with an area in which states have traditionally acted, the Supreme Court has told us to start with the assumption that a state’s historic police powers will not be superseded absent a ‘clear and manifest purpose of Congress.’”) (quoting Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. 555, 565, 129 S.Ct. 1187, 173 L.Ed.2d 51 (2009)). Significantly, the NLEA explicitly states that the Act “shall not be construed to preempt any provision of State law, unless such provision is expressly preempted under [21 U.S.C. § 343-1].” NLEA § 6(c)(1) (emphasis added). The plain language of the statute, therefore, provides further evidence that Congress did not intend for the FDCA, as amended by the NLEA, to impliedly preempt state-law food labeling claims. See Wyeth, 555 U.S. at 575, 129 S.Ct. 1187 (“ ‘The case for federal pre-emption is particularly weak where Congress has indicated its awareness of the operation of state law in a field of federal interest, and has nonetheless decided to stand by both concepts and to tolerate whatever tension there [is] between them.’ ”) (alteration in original) (quoting Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc., 489 U.S. 141, 166-67, 109 S.Ct. 971, 103 L.Ed.2d 118 (1989)).

Further, to the extent that Bruton must demonstrate that her state-law claims fit through a “narrow gap” to escape preemption under the FDCA — as described by the Eighth Circuit in In re Medtronic Inc., Sprint Fidelis Leads Products Liability Litig., 623 F.3d 1200, 1204 (8th Cir.2010), and cited in Stengel and Perez —it appears that Bruton has done so in this case. First, Bruton notes that, because her claims are based on state laws that parallel the federal regulations, she is suing for conduct that also violates the FDCA. Therefore, her claims are not expressly preempted. See supra Part III.B.l. Second, Bruton contends that she is not suing because the conduct violates the FDCA, but rather because Defendants’ conduct allegedly violates California’s Sherman Law, which could have imposed the exact same regulations even if the FDCA was never passed and which includes some provisions that are independent of the federal regulations that they mirror. See ECF No. 48, at 4-5 & n.9 (citing, as an example, California Health & Safety Code § 110660, which states that “[a]ny food is misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading in any particular”).¹¹ Moreover, Bruton’s claims pursuant to the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA are grounded in traditional categories of state law that involve consumer protection, false advertising, and food labeling, all of which fall within the traditional scope of the state’s police powers and predate the FDCA. See, e.g., Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 144, 83 S.Ct. 1210, 10 L.Ed.2d 248 (1963) (“States have always possessed a legitimate interest in the protection of (their) people against fraud and deception in the sale of food products at retail markets within their borders.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); see generally Plumley v. Massachusetts, 155 U.S. 461, 472, 15 S.Ct. 154, 39 L.Ed. 223 (1894) (“If there be any subject over which it would seem the states ought to have plenary control, and the power to legislate in respect to which ... it is the protection of the people against fraud and deception in the sale of food products.”); accord Lohr, 518 U.S. at 495, 116 S.Ct. 2240 (FDCA does not deny states “the right to provide a traditional damages remedy for violations of common-law duties when those duties parallel federal requirements”).

Thus, the Court is not persuaded that Defendants have overcome the presumption against preemption. See Lohr, 518 U.S. at 485, 116 S.Ct. 2240; Chavez v. Blue Sky Natural Beverage Co., 268 F.R.D. 365, 373 (N.D.Cal.2010) (“In view of the Supreme Court’s determination in Wyeth that Congress did not intend FDA oversight to be [the] exclusive means of ensuring drug safety and effectiveness, and in the absence of authority to the contrary in the food labeling regulatory scheme, defendants have not persuaded the court that plaintiffs state-law claims obstruct federal regulation of food labeling.”). Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ FAC on the basis of preemption.

3. Primary Jurisdiction

Alternatively, Defendants argue that the Court may invoke the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. Specifically, Defendants argue that the fact that the “FDA has issued letters and industry guidance regarding the very labeling rules Bruton seeks to enforce privately ... evidences FDA’s invocation of its primary jurisdiction by undertaking enforcement actions and working to resolve labeling issues directly with food manufacturers.” Mot. at 12. Defendants urge the Court to dismiss this case and to “allow FDA to do its job,” as opposed to “creating] a patchwork of court-made labeling law.” Id.

The primary jurisdiction doctrine “allows courts to stay proceedings or to dismiss a complaint without prejudice pending the resolution of an issue within the special competence of an administrative agency.” Clark v. Time Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1114 (9th Cir.2008). The doctrine applies when: “(1) [there is a] need to resolve an issue that (2) has been placed by Congress within the jurisdiction of an administrative body having regulatory authority (3) pursuant to a statute that subjects an industry or activity to a comprehensive regulatory authority that (4) requires expertise or uniformity in administration.” Syntek Semiconductor Co. v. Microchip Tech., Inc., 307 F.3d 775, 781 (9th Cir.2002) (amended). However, the doctrine of primary jurisdiction “does not require that all claims within an agency’s purview be decided by the agency. Nor is it intended to secure expert advice for the courts from regulatory agencies every time a court is presented with an issue conceivably within the agency’s ambit.” Brown v. MCI WorldCom Network Servs., Inc., 277 F.3d 1166, 1172 (9th Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, “[p]rimary jurisdiction is properly invoked when a claim is cognizable in federal court but requires resolution of an issue of first impression, or of a particularly complicated issue that Congress has committed to a regulatory agency.” Id.

Defendants urge that, in this case, the “FDA has ‘regulatory authority pursuant to a statute that subjects an industry or activity to comprehensive regulatory authority,’ and resolving the issue ‘requires expertise or uniformity in administration.’” Mot. at 12 (quoting Syntek, 307 F.3d at 781). The Court is not persuaded. While this case does involve issues within the jurisdiction of the FDA, the Ninth Circuit has made clear that only those claims raising issues of first impression or particular complexity are appropriately dismissed or stayed based on primary jurisdiction. See Brown, 277 F.3d at 1172. Based on the information available at this stage, however, the issues in this case are neither novel nor especially complex. Defendants effectively concede that Bruton’s claims are not ones of first impression, stating that “there is no label element Plaintiff challenges that FDA regulation or policy does not address.” Mot. at 10.¹² Likewise, Bruton’s claims do not appear to raise highly technical issues uniquely within the FDA’s expertise. As with so many of the other food misbranding cases filed recently within this district, Bruton’s case is “far less about science than it is about whether a label is misleading.” Jones v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 912 F.Supp.2d 889, 898 (N.D.Cal.2012). “ ‘[E]very day courts decide whether conduct is misleading,’” and the “ ‘reasonable-consumer determination and other issues involved in Plaintiffs lawsuit are within the expertise of the courts to resolve.’ ” Id. at 899 (quoting Lockwood, 597 F.Supp.2d at 1035, and Delacruz, 2012 WL 2563857, at *10; see also Chacanaca v. Quaker Oats Co., 752 F.Supp.2d 1111, 1124 (N.D.Cal.2010) (stating that “plaintiffs advance a relatively straightforward claim: they assert that defendant has violated FDA regulations and marketed a product that could mislead a reasonable consumer.... [Tjhis is a question courts are well-equipped to handle”).¹³ Therefore, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s FAC based on the doctrine of primary jurisdiction.

C. Constitutional and Statutory Standing

Defendants also argue that Bruton lacks Article III standing, see Mot. at 17-18, as well as standing to assert a claim under the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA, see id. at 22-23. Specifically, Defendants contend that Bruton fails to plead either a cognizable legal injury or plausible reliance. See id. at 15.

1. Legal Standard

a. Article III Standing

To have Article III standing, a plaintiff must plead and prove that he or she has suffered sufficient injury to satisfy the “case or controversy” requirement of Article III of the United States Constitution. See Clapper v. Amnesty Inti, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1138, 1146, 185 L.Ed.2d 264 (2013) (“ ‘One element of the case-or-controversy requirement’ is that plaintiffs ‘must establish that they have standing to sue.’ ” (quoting Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 818, 117 S.Ct. 2312, 138 L.Ed.2d 849 (1997))). Therefore, for Article III standing, a plaintiff must allege: (1) injury-in-fact that is concrete and particularized, as well as actual and imminent; (2) wherein injury is fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) redressable by a favorable ruling. Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 130 S.Ct. 2743, 2752, 177 L.Ed.2d 461 (2010); Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180-81, 120 S.Ct. 693, 145 L.Ed.2d 610 (2000) (same). “The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing these elements..” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992).

b. Statutory Standing

Bruton also must demonstrate standing under the UCL’s unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent prongs; the FAL; and the CLRA to bring causes of action for violations of these statutes. To have standing under the FAL and the CLRA, a plaintiff must claim to have relied on the alleged misrepresentation and economic injury. See Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17535 (providing that a plaintiff must have “suffered injury in fact and have lost money or property as a result of a violation of this chapter” to have standing); Durell v. Sharp Healthcare, 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1367, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 682 (2010) (finding plaintiffs CLRA claim failed because plaintiff failed to allege facts showing that he “relied on any representation by” defendant).

Under California’s UCL and FAL, a private person has standing only if he or she “has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of the unfair competition.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17204 (emphasis added); see also Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, 51 Cal.4th 310, 322, 120 Cal.Rptr.3d 741, 246 P.3d 877 (2011) (noting that, to have standing to bring a claim under the UCL or FAL, a named plaintiff must: “(1) establish a loss or deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in fact, i.e., economic injury, and (2) show that that economic injury was the result of, i.e., caused by, the unfair business practice or false advertising that is the gravamen of the claim”). Similarly, for the purpose of bringing a CLRA cause of action, “[a] plaintiff ... must not only be exposed to an unlawful practice but also have suffered some kind of damage.” Bower v. AT & T Mobility, LLC, 196 Cal.App.4th 1545, 1556, 127 Cal.Rptr.3d 569 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

2. Analysis

Defendants argue that Bruton cannot prove that she suffered a concrete harm because her alleged injury arises from the allegation that the products she purchased are “legally worthless.” Mot. at 17 (citing to FAC ¶ 91). According to Defendants, Bruton’s alleged injury is but a “legal construct” rather than a “genuine or concrete harm.” Id. Thus, “[e]ven if some technical noncompliance with FDA rules existed ... no cognizable harm has flowed to Plaintiff.” Id.

In opposition, Bruton contends that her allegations are clearly sufficient to plead standing. Specifically, Bruton alleges economic injury based on the fact that she paid a “premium” for products that she would not have otherwise purchased had she known the truth about Defendants’ false and misleading labels. Opp’n at 13; see, e.g., FAC ¶ 73 (“Because of these improper nutrient content claims, Plaintiff purchased these products and paid a premium for them.”); see also FAC ¶ 106 (“Plaintiff would not have purchased the Defendants’ Misbranded Food Products had she known they were not capable of being legally sold or held.”). Essentially, Bruton alleges that she and class members “spent money that, absent defendants’ actions, they would not have spent,” Maya v. Centex Corp., 658 F.3d 1060, 1069 (9th Cir. 2011), and she points out that the Ninth Circuit has acknowledged that “[t]his is a quintessential injury-in-fact,” id. See also Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727, 733, 92 S.Ct. 1361, 31 L.Ed.2d 636 (1972) (“[Pjalpable economic injuries have long been recognized as sufficient to lay the basis for standing.”).

The Court finds that Bruton’s allegations suffice — at this stage of the litigation — to confer Article III standing for the products that she purchased that featured “Good Source,” “Excellent Source,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and sugar-related claims.¹⁴ Bruton alleges that she read the labels of the products she purchased prior to purchasing them, that she did not know (and had no reason to know) that the labels’ nutritional claims were untrue, and that she relied on Defendants’ representations to select their products over others. See FAC ¶¶ 110-115. Thus, Bruton has adequately alleged injury-in-fact — namely, by claiming that she paid for products that she would not otherwise have purchased— that is traceable to Defendant’s conduct— in that Bruton allegedly relied on Defendants’ misrepresentations in making her purchasing decisions — and redressable by a ruling of this court.¹⁵ See also Brazil, 935 F.Supp.2d at 960-62, 2013 WL 1209955, at *11-13 (holding that plaintiffs allegations that he: (1) purchased products he would not have otherwise purchased had he known the truth about Defendants’ “unlawful labeling practices and actions,” and (2) paid an “unwarranted premium” due to Defendants’ false and misleading labels, satisfied the injury-in-fact requirement for standing at the motion to dismiss stage); Lanovaz v. Twinings N. Am., Inc., No. 12-02646, 2013 WL 675929, at *6 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 25, 2013) (holding, in the context of a similar putative class action lawsuit asserting claims based on defendant’s alleged misbranding of green tea, that defendant’s argument regarding injury based on “legally worthless” products “misses the mark” because plaintiff “would not have purchased the product if she had known that the label was unlawful”); cf. Pirozzi v. Apple Inc., 913 F.Supp.2d 840, 846-47 (N.D.Cal.2012) (“Overpaying for goods or purchasing goods a person otherwise would not have purchased based upon alleged misrepresentations by the manufacturer would satisfy the injury-in-fact and causation requirements for Article III standing.”).¹⁶

The Court further finds that Bruton has plausibly alleged reliance and causation for the purpose of statutory standing under the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA based on the products that she purchased that featured “Good Source,” “Excellent Source,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and sugar-related claims. “A plaintiff may establish that the defendant’s misrepresentation is an ‘immediate cause’ of the plaintiffs conduct by showing that in its absence the plaintiff ‘in all reasonable probability’ would not have engaged in the injury-producing conduct.” In re Tobacco II Cases, 46 Cal.4th 298, 326, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d 20 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). In addition, “while a plaintiff must allege that the defendant’s misrepresentations were an immediate cause of the injury-causing conduct, the plaintiff is not required to allege that those misrepresentations were the sole or even the decisive cause of the injury-producing conduct.” Id. at 328, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d 20. Further, “a presumption, or at least an inference, of reliance arises wherever there is a showing that a misrepresentation was material.” Id. at 327, 93 Cal.Rptr.3d 559, 207 P.3d 20.

In this case, Bruton alleges that she “read and reasonably relied on” Defendants’ labels, “including labels with nutrient content claims,” when making her decision to purchase Defendants’ products. FAC ¶ 111; see also FAC ¶ 10 (“Bruton relies on the representations made on product labeling to make choices about what food to purchase for her child.”). Notably, all of the products that Bruton allegedly purchased include one or all of the “nutrient content” claims, “natural” claims, and “sugar related” claims. See, e.g., FAC ¶ 110 (showing that the Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit—Banana Plum Grape label includes claims on the label that the product is “As Healthy As Fresh,” has “No Added Refined Sugar,” and is “Made with 100% Natural Fruit”).

In addition, Bruton contends that, “[b]ased on Defendants’ [labeling] claims, Plaintiff believed that the products were a better and healthier choice than other available products.” FAC ¶ 112; see also FAC ¶ 73 (“Because of these improper nutrient content claims, Plaintiff purchased these products and paid a premium for them.”). She further asserts that her reliance was reasonable because “[consumers rely on food labeling claims with the understanding that nutritional information on product packaging is highly regulated and, therefore, should be trustworthy.” FAC ¶ 15; see also FAC ¶ 16 (“Consumers often do not look beyond the nutrient content claims and health claims made on the front of the food product packaging, and are less likely to check the Nutrition Facts panels contained on the back of packaging where front-of-packaging nutrient content claims are present.”).

While Defendants dispute that a reasonable consumer would actually be familiar with the FDA’s policy and regulations, rely on Defendants’ allegedly misbranded labels, and then be deceived by them, see Mot. at 15, the Court recognizes that whether a practice is “deceptive, fraudulent, or unfair” is generally a question of fact that is not appropriate for resolution on the pleadings. See Williams v. Gerber Products Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938-39 (9th Cir.2008) (citation omitted); see also Khasin, 2012 WL 5471153, at *7 (rejecting a similar plausibility argument because “the issues Defendant raise[s] ultimately involve questions of fact as to whether Plaintiff was or was not deceived by the labeling; this argument is therefore beyond the scope of this Rule 12(b)(6) motion”). Therefore, the Court does not dismiss these claims due to implausibility.

Moreover, because Bruton has alleged what a reasonable consumer may find to be false and misleading about the “good source,” “excellent source,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and sugar-related claims, as discussed further in Part III. D.I., the Court finds that these claims also satisfy Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirement. See Yourish v. Cal. Amplifier, 191 F.3d 983, 993 (9th Cir.1999) (holding that, in addition to alleged the time, place, and content of an alleged misrepresentation, a “plaintiff must set forth what is false or misleading about a statement, and why it is false. In other words, [a] plaintiff must set forth an explanation as to why the statement or omission complained of was false or misleading.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Thus, the Court finds that Bruton has standing to assert claims, pursuant to the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA, which are predicated on the “Good Source,” “Excellent Source,” “As Healthy As Fresh,” and sugar-related claims that are featured on the products that she allegedly purchased.

3. Products that Bruton Did Not Purchase and Websites that Bruton Did Not See

Defendants also challenge Bruton’s references to products that she did not allegedly purchase. See Mot. at 13 (citing FAC ¶¶ 70, 77-78, and all products listed in Exhibit A to the FAC that Bruton does not allege that she actually purchased). Defendants argue that such allegations may not form the basis of a valid claim. Id. In addition, Defendants contend that these claims fail to meet the more stringent pleading requirements of Rule 9(b). Mot. at 16-17.

Courts are split as to whether an actual purchase is required to establish the requisite injury-in-fact for the purpose of standing or whether this is an issue better resolved at the class certification stage. Compare Granfield v. NVIDIA Corp., No. 11-05403, 2012 WL 2847575, at *6 (N.D.Cal. July 11, 2012) (“[W]hen a plaintiff asserts claims based both on products that she purchased and products that she did not purchase, claims relating to products not purchased must be dismissed for lack of standing.”), with Astiana v. Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, Inc., No. 11-2910, 2012 WL 2990766, at *13 (N.D.Cal. July 20, 2012) (holding that “any concerns ... about material differences are better addressed at the class certification stage rather than at the 12(b)(6) stage”). The Supreme Court has noted, without clearly resolving, this tension in the law. See Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244, 263 n. 15, 123 S.Ct. 2411, 156 L.Ed.2d 257 (2003) (declining to resolve whether variations in the factual circumstances underlying plaintiffs’ and absent class members’ injuries “is appropriately addressed under the rubric of standing or adequacy,” and “not[ing] that there is tension in our prior cases in this regard”).

Within this district, some courts have analyzed whether there is “sufficient similarity” between the products purchased by the plaintiff and those allegedly purchased by the absent class members. In Astiana v. Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, Inc., for example, Judge Chen found standing where Plaintiffs were “challenging the same kind of food products (ie., ice cream) as well as the same labels for all of the products — ie., ‘All Natural Flavors’ ... and ‘All Natural Ice Cream’ ... [because whether] the different ice creams may ultimately have different ingredients is not dispositive as Plaintiffs are challenging the same basic mislabeling practice across different product flavors.” 2012 WL 2990766, at *13. Similarly, in Coined v. ZonePerfect Nutrition Co., No. 12-2907, 2012 WL 6737800 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 28, 2012), Judge Conti held that one plaintiff had standing for purchasing one type of nutrition bar, despite not purchasing the other nineteen varieties of nutrition bars because the accused products were “all of a single kind, that is, ... nutrition bars” and “[t]hey share a uniform size and shape,” such that “the only obvious difference between them is their flavor.” Id. at *4.

Here, Bruton asserts claims involving many different food products, some of which are specific to what Bruton allegedly purchased and some of which are so broad that they are practically unidentifiable. Compare FAC ¶ 110 (listing the ten products that that Plaintiff allegedly purchased), with FAC ¶ 70 (listing mere “examples” of products that made “Good Source” and “Excellent Source” claims); see also FAC ¶ 83 (“Many of the Defendants’ products that are labeled with a ‘No Added Sugar’ or similar sugar-related nutrient content claim contain disqualifying levels of calories”) (emphasis added). In addition, Bruton asserts several different bases for Defendants’ alleged misbranding. While Bruton does include as Exhibit A to her FAC a chart that lists “Gerber Label Representations,” this chart appears to include several inaccuracies, see FAC, Ex. A.¹⁷

In light of the vagueness of several of Bruton’s allegations, as well as the apparent errors in Bruton’s chart of Gerber Label Misrepresentations, the Court cannot determine whether all the products that Bruton seeks to include in her complaint are indeed substantially similar to the products that she did purchase. Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s claims for products that she did not purchase, though it affords Bruton leave to amend. Should Bruton decide to file a Second Amended Complaint, Bruton is ORDERED to revise the table she attached as Exhibit A to her FAC to not just include “exemplar nutrient content claims” for each product category and product flavor, but the exact nutrient content claims at issue for each product category and product flavor, as well as the legal claims that correspond to each representation. Any amended complaint must also allege (if it is to survive a motion to dismiss) that the products Bruton did not purchase are substantially similar to those that she did purchase, and also that the two categories of products contained substantially similar misrepresentations.

Bruton also alleges that she “read and reasonably relied upon Defendants’ unlawful and deceptive misrepresentations at Defendants’ website, www.gerber.com, before purchasing Defendants’ Misbranded Food Products,” because “Defendants’ web address is printed on its package labels, and by law Defendants’ website misrepresentations are incorporated in its labels.” FAC ¶ 111. However, Bruton does not allege that she ever actually viewed any of the alleged misrepresentations at the Gerber website. Bruton’s theory of incorporation by reference does not suffice to plead actual reliance on the statements on Gerber’s website, and the Court therefore finds that Bruton does not have standing to assert claims based on advertisements and websites that she did not view personally.¹⁸ See Kwikset, 51 Cal.4th at 326, 120 Cal.Rptr.3d 741, 246 P.3d 877 (a plaintiff must “demonstrate actual reliance on the allegedly deceptive or misleading statements”); Durell v. Sharp Healthcare, 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1363, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 682 (2010) (holding that there was no reliance where “SAC [did] not allege [plaintiff] ever visited [defendant’s] Web site”).

Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s FAC on the basis of Article III or statutory standing based on products that Bruton purchased (except with regard to the “all-natural” labels). The Court GRANTS without prejudice Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s claims regarding based on products that Bruton does not allege that she purchased and websites that she does not allege to have visited or seen.

D. Failure to State Viable Causes of Action

Finally, Defendants argue that the Court must dismiss, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Bruton’s claims for violation of the UCL for unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent business acts and practices (claims 1, 2, and 3);¹⁹ violation of the FAL for misleading, deceptive, and untrue advertising; ²⁰ violation of the CLRA (claim 6);²¹ restitution based on unjust enrichment/quasi-contraet (claim 7); violation of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act (claim 8); and violation of the MagnusonMoss Warranty Act (claim 9).

1. Defendants’ Asserted Compliance With FDA Regulations

First, Defendants argue that Bruton’s claims must be dismissed because they are not plausible and because Bruton eannot show that the statements on Defendants’ labels violate FDA regulations or policy. Mot. at 14, 18. In fact, Defendants maintain that the statements on Gerber’s labels are truthful, and therefore constitute commercial speech protected by the First Amendment. Mot. at 18. As the Supreme Court stated in Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission, 447 U.S. 557, 100 S.Ct. 2343, 65 L.Ed.2d 341 (1980), “[f]or commercial speech to come within [a limited form of First Amendment protection], it at least must concern lawful activity and not be misleading.” Id. at 566, 100 S.Ct. 2343; see also Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoes. v. Tourism Co., 478 U.S. 328, 340, 106 S.Ct. 2968, 92 L.Ed.2d 266 (1986) (same); see also Cent. Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp., 447 U.S. at 563, 100 S.Ct. 2343 (“The government may ban forms of communication more likely to deceive the public than to inform it.”). “Once it is determined that the First Amendment applies to the particular kind of commercial speech at issue, then the speech may be restricted only if the government’s interest in doing so is substantial, the restrictions directly advance the government’s asserted interest, and the restrictions are no more extensive than necessary to serve that interest.” Posadas de Puerto Rico Assocs., 478 U.S. at 340,106 S.Ct. 2968.

To the extent that Defendants attempt to dispute the merits of Bruton’s allegations by virtue of invoking a First Amendment defense, the Court finds such arguments inappropriate for a motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). However, to the extent Defendants challenge whether Bruton has sufficiently stated a claim, the Court considers Defendants’ contentions.

For the reasons stated herein, the Court finds that Bruton has sufficiently stated a claim for the nutrient content “Source” claims, “As Healthy As Fresh” claims, and sugar-related labels. The Court finds that Bruton has not plausibly alleged a claim based on the “100% Natural” labeling,

a. Nutrient Content “Source” Claims

As noted in Part I.A.1, Bruton alleges that Gerber is precluded from making “nutrient content” claims on products intended for children less than two years of age, and that some of the products that she purchased included labels claiming that the products were an “excellent source” or a “good source” of vitamins and minerals. See FAC ¶ 60. According to Bruton, “[e]xcept for claims regarding the percentage of a vitamin or mineral for which there is an established Reference Daily Intake (RDI), a nutrient content claim may not be made for a food intended specifically for use by infants and children less than two years of age unless the claims are specifically provided for in parts 101, 105, or 107 of FDA regulations.” FAC ¶ 60(a) (citing 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(b)(3)).

However, pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(q)(3)(i), claims regarding the percentage of a vitamin or mineral for which there is an established Reference Daily Intake (as defined in 21 C.F.R. § 101.9)— including foods intended specifically for use by infants and children less than 2 years of after—“may be made on the [food] label ... unless such claim is expressly prohibited by regulation under section 403(r)(2)(A)(vi) of the act.” 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(q)(3)(i) (emphasis added).²² Consequently, Defendants contend that their “good source” and “excellent source” claims are simply statements that describe the percentage of a nutrient in a food relative to an RDI, and therefore fall within the exception to 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(q)(3)(i). Mot. at 19. As Defendants note, “ ‘good source’ is used to describe a food that has 10-19% of the RDI for a vitamin or a mineral and ‘excellent source’ is used to describe a food that has 20% or more of the RDI.” Id. (citing 21 C.F.R. § 101.54). Defendants contend that the Gerber products comply with these RDI values.

In response, Bruton cites a February 22, 2010 FDA warning letter sent to Gerber in which, among other things, the FDA informed Gerber that its Gerber Graduates Fruit Puffs were misbranded because, pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.54, “[t]he labeling for these products includes nutrient content claim [sic ] such as ‘good source of iron, zinc, and vitamin E for infants and toddlers,” which is not permitted for foods intended specifically for infants and children under age 2. FAC, Ex. B. As the Supreme Court stated in Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co., 325 U.S. 410, 65 S.Ct. 1215, 89 L.Ed. 1700 (1945), “the ultimate criterion” in interpreting an administrative regulation “is the administrative interpretation, which becomes of controlling weight unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Id. at 414, 65 S.Ct. 1215. Notably, Section 101.54 states that “excellent source” and “good source” claims “may be used on the label and in the labeling of foods, except meal products as defined in § 101.13(Z) and main dish products as defined in § 101.13(m),” provided that the food contains “20 percent or more of the RDI or the DRV per reference amount customarily consumed” for “excellent source” claims and “10 to 19 percent of the RDI or the DRV per reference amount customarily consumed” for “good source” claims. 21 C.F.R. § 101.54 (emphasis added).²³ Defendants do not contest that the products that Bruton allegedly purchased may constitute “main dish” or “meal products.” Defendants’ only direct response to this letter is that it reinforces their other arguments that: “(1) this case should be dismissed under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction; and (2) Plaintiffs personal enforcement scheme obstructs federal agency regulation and is thus preempted under Buckman and its progeny.” Reply at 15. As discussed supra, the Court is not persuaded by either argument.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Bruton has at least alleged a plausible claim that Gerber’s use of nutrient content “Source” claims are misbranded and deceptive for the purpose of surviving a motion to dismiss.

b. Nutrient Content “As Healthy As Fresh” Claims

Bruton also contends that the trademark “As Healthy As Fresh” as it appears on Gerber’s food products is an unauthorized nutrient content claim in violation of FDCA 403(r)(l)(A) and 21 U.S.C. § 343(r)(l)(A). FAC ¶ 60(b). Of the ten products that Plaintiff allegedly purchased, three of those products contained the “As Healthy As Fresh” label: (1) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Banana Plum Grape; (2) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Apples and Cherries; and (3) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Vegetables — Carrots. FAC ¶ 110.

Bruton alleges that these products bear the nutrient content claim “healthy.” The circumstances under which “healthy” claims are permitted are defined in 21 C.F.R. § 101.65(d), but these regulations do not allow the “healthy” claim for products specifically intended for children under two years of age pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(b)(3). In further support of Bruton’s claims, Bruton relies on the February 2010 FDA warning letter which states as follows:

The 2nd Foods Carrots product label bears the nutrient content claim “healthy” as part of the statement “As Healthy As Fresh” ... [the] circumstances under which such claims are permitted are defined in 21 CFR 101.65(d), 21 CFR 101.54(b), and 21 CFR 101.60(c). However, these regulations do not allow the claim for products specifically intended for children under two years of age.

Opp’n at 21 (citing FAC, Ex. B).

Defendants do not specifically respond to Bruton’s arguments regarding why Gerber’s “As Healthy As Fresh” claims may fail to comply with specific federal regulations. Rather, Defendants merely claim that “As Healthy As Fresh” is not an unauthorized nutrient content claim but “a dietary guidance statement that conveys the important message that processed vegetables and fruits are as healthy for a child, or anyone for that matter, as fresh vegetables and fruits.” Mot. at 19. Further, Defendants contend that this trademark slogan is, at most, “non-actionable opinion or puffery,” and therefore cannot serve as a basis for liability. Mot. at 20.

In order to state a claim under the UCL, the FAL, or the CLRA, a plaintiff must allege that statements or other representations appearing on defendants’ product labels are likely to deceive a reasonable consumer. Freeman v. Time, Inc., 68 F.3d 285, 289 (9th Cir.1995). Statements that amount to mere opinion or puffery are not actionable because no reasonable consumer relies on mere “puffery.” As the Ninth Circuit explained in Cook, Perkiss and Liehe, Inc. v. Northern California Collection Service Inc., 911 F.2d 242 (9th Cir.1990), “[t]he common theme that seems to run through cases considering puffery in a variety of contexts is that consumer reliance will be induced by specific rather than general assertions.” Id. at 246. Consequently, “Advertising which merely states in general terms that one product is superior is not actionable. However, misdescriptions of specific or absolute characteristics of a product are actionable.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For example, in Consumer Advocates v. Echostar Satellite Corp., 113 Cal.App.4th 1351, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 22 (2003), the California Court of Appeal found that the descriptions of a satellite television system as possessing “crystal clear digital video” and “CD quality audio” were nonactionable, as the representations were nothing more than “boasts, all-but-meaningless superlatives,” and “claim[s] which no reasonable consumer would take as anything more weighty than an advertising slogan.” Id. at 1361, 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 22; cf. Cook, Perkiss and Liehe, Inc., 911 F.2d at 246 (noting that, while “an advertiser’s statement that its lamps were far brighter than any lamp ever before offered for home movies” was found to be puffery, allegations of superior brightness based on statements such as “35,000 candle power and 10-hour life” did support a potential Lanham Act claim) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Unlike in Consumer Advocates and Cook, Perkiss and Liehe, Inc., however, the products at issue here are covered by federal regulations which impose specific labeling requirements and which appear to assume that consumers in fact do rely on health-related claims on labels. Indeed, Congress passed the NLEA, in part, in response to “unfounded health claims” that companies were making “in the marketplace.” See H.R. Rep. No. 101-538 (1990), reprinted in 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3336, 3339; see also id. (“Health claims supported by a significant scientific agreement can reinforce the Surgeon General recommendations and help Americans to maintain a balanced and healthful diet ... Therefore, legislation with respect to health claims is also both desirable and necessary.”). Consequently, at the very least, there appears to be a question of fact regarding whether a reasonable consumer would be likely to be misled by the meaning of the word “healthy” on a food label. See Williams, 552 F.3d at 939.

For purposes of a motion to dismiss, the Court finds that the “As Healthy As Fresh” claims do not fall into the category of non-actionable puffery. Bruton has alleged a plausible claim for the purpose of surviving this motion to dismiss.

c. Sugar-Related Claims

Bruton also alleges that Gerber food products make unlawful sugar-related claims. First, Bruton contends that Gerber’s claims that certain products contain “No Added Sugar” or “No Added Refined Sugar” are unlawful because these nutrient claims may not be made on food products intended for children under two years of age. See 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(b)(3) (prohibiting all nutrient content claims on products intended for children under two, except as specifically provided for elsewhere); 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(c)(4) (allowing “No Added Sugar” claims only with respect to dietary supplements or vitamins intended for children under two). Second, Bruton alleges that the “No Added Sugar” and “No Added Refined Sugar” claims are unlawful because they contain “disqualifying levels of calories that prohibit the claim from being made absent a mandated disclosure statement warning of the higher caloric level of the products” in violation of 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(c)(2). FAC ¶ 83.

Defendants do not move to dismiss Bruton’s FAC on the basis of her first sugar-related claim, which pertains to nutrient claims that may not be made on food products intended for children under two years of age. In response to Bruton’s second sugar-related claim, however, Defendants dispute that a “low calorie” disclaimer is required for foods designed for young children. Mot. at 22. Defendants further argue that certain products that Bruton allegedly purchased, specifically Gerber 2nd Foods — Carrots, Gerber 2nd Foods Fruit — Apples & Cherries, and Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Spoonable Smoothies — Mango, all meet the requirements for low calorie foods as they are under 40 calories, and therefore do not trigger the requirement for a disclaimer. Id. (citing 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(c)(2)(v); 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(b)(2)). In addition, Defendants contend that there is no recommendation by the FDA that foods designed for young children require a “low calorie” disclaimer as this is not an age population for which the FDA recommends caloric restrictions. Id. .

Section 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(c)(2) states that “[t]he terms ‘no added sugar,’ ‘without added sugar,’ or ‘no sugar added’ may be used only if ... [t]he product bears a statement that the food is not ‘low calorie’ or ‘calorie reduced’ (unless the food meets the requirements for a ‘low or ‘reduced calorie’ food) and that directs consumers’ attention to the nutrition panel for further information on sugar and calorie content.” FDA regulations further define a low-calorie food, in part, as one where “[t]he food has a reference amount customarily consumed greater than 30 grams (g) or greater than 2 tablespoons and does not provide more than 40 calories per reference amount customarily consumed.” 21 C.F.R. § 101.60(b)(2)(i)(A).

In response, Bruton disputes that the calorie counts for these 2nd Foods products are as low as Defendants claim; in support of her argument, she points to the labels embedded in the FAC. See Opp’n at 22 (citing, as examples, Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Banana Plum Grape, which claims that it has “No Added Refined Sugar” and contains 90 calories, see FAC ¶ 110, and Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Apples and Cherries, which claims that it has “No Added Sugar” and contains 50 calories, id.). Bruton also maintains that this is, in any event, a factual dispute not subject to resolution on a 12(b)(6) motion. The Court agrees. The Court also notes that, despite Defendants’ arguments concerning the calorie counts of the 2nd Foods Vegetables — Carrots and the 2nd Foods Spoonable Smoothies— Mango products, neither product’s label even contains sugar-related claims.

Thus, Bruton has alleged sufficient facts to state a plausible claim as to the sugar-related labeling of Defendants’ products,

d. “100% Natural” Claims

Bruton also contends that Defendants are prohibited from using labels that contain the term “natural” because their products contain artificial ingredients and flavorings, artificial coloring, and chemical preservatives. FAC ¶74. For example, Bruton asserts that some of the labels on Gerber’s products advertise that they are “Made with 100% Natural Fruit” despite the fact that these products use citric acid, ascorbic acid, and other ingredients that are not “natural” as defined by the federal government and its agencies. See FAC ¶¶78, 80.²⁴ The only two products that Bruton allegedly purchased which contain the “100% Natural” claims are: (1) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit — Banana Plum Grape, which states on the label that it is “Made with 100% Natural Fruit” and lists “Citric Acid” as an ingredient; and (2) Gerber Nature Select 2nd Foods Fruit— Apples and Cherries, which states on the label that it is “Made with 100% Natural Fruit” and lists “Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)” as an ingredient. FAC ¶ 110.²⁵

Defendants first dispute that they made any “100% Natural claims.” Mot. at 20. Instead, their labels state that the products are “Made with 100% natural fruit,” which Defendants contend is truthful and must be read in context. Id. Second, Defendants contend that, even though the two products that Bruton purchased contain citric or ascorbic acid, neither of these ingredients renders the “all natural” labels deceptive. See id. at 21. In particular, Defendants argue that FDCA regulations confirm that “vitamin C” and “ascorbic acid” may be used interchangeably in nutrition labeling, and meet the FDA’s definition of a “chemical preservative.” Id.; see 21 C.F.R. § 101.9(c)(8)(v) (stating that synonyms such as “Vitamin C — Ascorbic acid” “may be added in parentheses immediately following the name of the nutrient or dietary component”).

Bruton replies by citing Williams, 552 F.3d 934, for the proposition that “reasonable consumers expect that the ingredient list contains more detailed information about the product that confirms other representations on the packaging.” Id. at 939-40. According to Bruton, “[a] reasonable consumer would expect that when Defendants label their products as being made with 100% natural ingredients, the product’s ingredients are ‘natural’ as defined by the federal government and its agencies.” FAC ¶ 80. In addition, Bruton contends that a reasonable consumer “would also expect products bearing such labels ... [to be] made with natural ingredients under the common use of the word ‘natural.’ ” Id. Thus, “[a] reasonable consumer would understand that ‘natural’ products do not contain synthetic ingredients or ingredients not normally expected to be in food.” Id.

The Court is not persuaded by Bruton’s arguments. If Defendants’ labels claimed that the products were “100% natural,” Bruton’s allegations might be sufficient. However, Bruton fails to explain why a label claiming that a product is “Made with 100% Natural Fruit” plausibly implies that the entire product — which contains ingredients other than fruit — is free of synthetic ingredients or ingredients not normally expected to be in food. Thus, Bruton fails to set forth why a reasonable consumer would find Defendants’ labels to be false and misleading. Bruton also fails to set forth why she personally was misled by these labels.

Consequently, the Court finds that Bruton has failed to plausibly allege a claim under the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA based on the “all natural” labeling, and GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss on this basis. However, because Bruton may be able to cure the deficiencies in these allegations, Bruton’s UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims predicated on the “all natural” labeling are dismissed without prejudice. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1127 (holding that “a district court should grant leave to amend ... unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts”).²⁶

2. Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act

In addition, Defendants seek to dismiss Bruton’s claim under the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”). See Mot. at 23-24. The federal MMWA creates a civil cause of action for consumers to enforce the terms of implied or express warranties. See 15 U.S.C. § 2310(d). Under the MMWA, a “written warranty” means a “written affirmation of fact or written promise made in connection with the sale of a consumer product by a supplier to a buyer which relates to the nature of the material ... and affirms or promises that such material ... is defect free or will meet a specified level of performance over a specified period of time.” 15 U.S.C. § 2301(6)(A) (emphasis added).

Bruton’s MMWA claim fails because the allegedly misbranded labels are not “warranties” and thus do not fall within the coverage of the act. As this Court recognized in Brazil, “ ‘product descriptions [such as ‘As Healthy As Fresh’ or ‘all natural’] do not constitute warranties against a product defect’ for the purposes of a MMWA claim[ ].” See Brazil, 935 F.Supp.2d at 966, 2013 WL 1209955, at *17 (quoting Astiana, 2012 WL 2990766, at *3). Other courts in this district have likewise concluded that product descriptions do not constitute warranties against a product defect for the purposes of a MMWA claim. See, e.g., Astiana, 2012 WL 2990766, at *3; Larsen v. Trader Joe’s Co., 2012 WL 5458396, at *3 (N.D.Cal. June 14, 2012); Littlehale v. Hain Celes tial Group, Inc., No. 11-6342, 2012 WL 5458400, at *1 (N.D.Cal. July 2, 2012); Jones, 912 F.Supp.2d at 903-04. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s MMWA claim with prejudice.²⁷

3. Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act

Defendants also contend that Bruton has not stated a claim under the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act. Mot. at 24 n.16. The Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act provides that “every sale of consumer goods that are sold at retail in [California] shall be accompanied by the manufacturer’s and the retail seller’s implied warranty that the goods are merchantable.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1792. Under the Act, a “consumer good” is defined as “any new product or part thereof that is used, bought, or leased for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, except for clothing and consumables.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1791(a) (emphasis added). Bruton does not dispute that all of the products at issue in this case are consumables. See Opp’n at 24. Therefore, all of Defendants’ products are excluded from the Act.

Since Bruton has not, and cannot, allege a breach of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss this cause of action with prejudice.

4. Unjust Enrichment

Defendants’ final argument is that Bruton’s claim for restitution based on “unjust enrichment/quasi contract” must be dismissed because California does not recognize “unjust enrichment” as a separate cause of action. Mot. at 25. Despite some inconsistency in the law, several recent decisions by the California Court of Appeals have held that “[u]njust enrichment is not a cause of action, just a restitution claim.” See, e.g., Hill v. Roll Int’l Corp., 195 Cal.App.4th 1295, 1307, 128 Cal. Rptr.3d 109 (2011); accord Levine v. Blue Shield of Cal, 189 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1138, 117 Cal.Rptr.3d 262 (2010); Durell, 183 Cal.App.4th at 1370, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 682; Melchior v. New Line Prods., Inc., 106 Cal.App.4th 779, 793, 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 347 (2003). In light of this recent authority, this Court has previously determined that there is no distinct cause of action for unjust enrichment under California law. See, e.g., Low v. Linkedln Corp., 900 F.Supp.2d 1010, 1031 (N.D.Cal.2012); Fraley v. Facebook, Inc., 830 F.Supp.2d 785, 814 (N.D.Cal.2011); accord Ferrington v. McAfee, Inc., No. 10-01455, 2010 WL 3910169, at *17 (N.D.Cal. Oct. 5, 2010) (citing Durell, 183 Cal.App.4th at 1370, 108 Cal.Rptr.3d 682).²⁸

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Bruton’s claim for Restitution Based on Unjust Enrichment/Quasi Contract with prejudice.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE: (1)Bruton’s allegations against Nestlé USA; (2) Bruton’s claims based on products that she did not purchase and websites that she did not visit; (3) Bruton’s UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims based on the “all natural” labels. The Court DISMISSES WITH PREJUDICE Bruton’s seventh, eighth, and ninth causes of action that are based on Unjust Enrichment/Quasi Contract, the Song-Beverly Act, and the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act.

Should Bruton elect to file a Second Amended Complaint curing the deficiencies discussed herein, she shall do so within thirty (30) days of the date of this Order. Failure to meet the thirty-day deadline to file an amended complaint or failure to cure the deficiencies identified in this Order will result in a dismissal with prejudice. Bruton may not add new causes of action or parties without leave of the Court or stipulation of the parties pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1 . While a district court generally may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may take judicial notice of documents referenced in the complaint, as well as matters in the public record, without converting a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. See Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir.2001). A matter may be judicially noticed if it is either "generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court” or "can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). In addition, under the "incorporation by reference” doctrine, a district court may consider "documents whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the [plaintiff’s] pleading.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir.2005) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Court finds Exhibits A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J to be appropriate for judicial notice as they are packaging labels for ten Gerber products that the FAC specifically references, but which are not completely legible. In addition, the Court takes judicial notice of Exhibit K, which is an excerpt from the FDA’s rule addressing the use of the term "natural” on food labeling, 58 Fed.Reg. 2302, 2407 (Jan. 6, 1993), as well as Exhibit N, which is an excerpt of the FDA’s revisions to the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, 72 Fed.Reg. 68966 (Dec. 6, 2007). Pursuant to 44 U.S.C. § 1507, "[t]he contents of the Federal Register shall be judicially noticed.” However, the Court finds that Exhibits L and M are not appropriate for judicial notice in consideration of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Exhibit L is an FDA letter attached as an exhibit filed in support of a similar motion to dismiss in Jones v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., No. 12-CV-01633-CRB (N.D.Cal. filed Apr. 2, 2012). ECF No. 29, at 3. Exhibit M includes nutritional and dietary guidelines from websites including www. choosemyplate.gov and the Center for Disease Control. These exhibits are offered to dispute the merits of Bruton’s allegations rather than to establish whether Bruton has stated a claim or the Court lacks jurisdiction. Therefore, the Court finds that consideration of these documents is beyond the scope of the motion before the Court. Accordingly, Defendants’ Request for Judicial Notice of Exhibits A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, and N is GRANTED. Defendants' Request for Judicial Notice of Exhibits L and M is DENIED.

2 . The relationship among the Nestlé entities is particularly unclear as certain portions of the FAC refer simply to “Nestlé,” see, e.g., FAC ¶ 4, whereas other portions refer to the "Nestlé Group,” see, e.g., FAC ¶ 6, and other paragraphs distinguish between “Nestlé Holdings,” "Nestlé USA,” and "Nestlé Nutrition,” see, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 24-25, 28. Given that Bruton voluntarily dismissed Nestlé Holdings from this case before filing the FAC, the distinction among the entities appears significant. See ECF No. 9.

3 . For purposes of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, the Court treats Bruton’s exhibits that are attached to her FAC as part of the complaint. See United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir.2003).

4 . See infra Part III.D.l for further analysis regarding each of these claims.

5 . The Ninth Circuit based its Pom Wonderful decision, in part, on the fact that the FDCA and the Lanham Act — both broad federal statutes — may at times conflict. Pom Wonderful, 679 F.3d at 1175. Consequently, the Ninth Circuit observed that, to "try to give as much effect to both statutes as possible .... courts have focused on Congress's decision to entrust to the FDA the task of interpreting and enforcing the FDCA.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

6 . In Buckman, Plaintiffs claimed “injuries resulting from the use of orthopedic bone screws in the pedicles of their spines.” 531 U.S. at 344, 121 S.Ct. 1012. Plaintiffs claimed that Buckman made fraudulent representations to the FDA in the course of obtaining approval to market the screws and that such representations were at least a "but for” cause of the injuries that Plaintiffs sustained from the implantation of these devices. Id.

7 . In Stengel, Plaintiffs Richard and Mary Lou Stengel sued Medtronic under state law when a Class III medical device manufactured by Medtronic rendered Richard permanently paraplegic. 704 F.3d at 1226.

8 . In Perez, Plaintiffs "each sought and received Laser in Situ Keratomileusis ("LA-SIK”) eye surgery with a Nidek EC-5000 Excimer Laser System,” which qualifies as a Class III Medical Device, to correct farsightedness. 711 F.3d at 1112. Plaintiffs claimed that, at the time of their surgeries, they did not know the FDA had not approved the Laser for this use. Id.

9 . In contrast, Class I devices require only general manufacturing controls because they "present no unreasonable risk of illness or injury;” Class II devices require somewhat more stringent controls because they possess “a greater potential dangerousness.” Buck-man, 531 U.S. at 344, 121 S.Ct. 1012 (citing 21 U.S.C. § 360c(a)(l)(C)(ii)(II)).

10 . Furthermore, Buckman is distinguishable from this case because it involved "fraud-on-the-FDA” claims to which the Supreme Court held that no presumption against preemption applied. 531 U.S. at 347-48, 121 S.Ct. 1012. In so doing, the Supreme Court emphasized that, because "the federal statutory scheme amply empowers the FDA to punish and deter fraud against the Administration” the "balanee of statutory objections .... sought by the Administration c[ould] be skewed by allowing fraud-on-the-FDA claims under state tort law.” Id. at 348, 121 S.Ct. 1012. Here, as noted previously, the presumption against preemption does apply absent a "clear and manifest purpose of Congress.” Chae, 593 F.3d at 944 (internal quotation marks omitted).

11 . This case is also distinguishable from Lore-to v. Procter & Gamble Co., 515 Fed.Appx. 576 (6th Cir.2013) (unpublished), a case involving the alleged mislabeling of products with Vitamin C upon which Defendants rely heavily. In Loreto, the Sixth Circuit held that a claim brought under the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act was impliedly preempted by federal law. As there was no mention of any New Jersey counterpart to the Sherman Law adopting the federal regulations as state law, "the only reason [defendant’s] products were allegedly 'illegal' was because they failed to comply with FDCA labeling requirements.” Id. at 579. In contrast, Bruton alleges that the products at issue in this case are illegal because they fail to comply with various provisions of the Sherman Law. See also Samet v. Proctor & Gamble Co., No. 12-1891, 2013 WL 3124647, at *6-7 (N.D.Cal. June 18, 2013).

12 . This case is thus easily distinguishable from the recent decision in Hood v. Wholesoy & Co, No. 12-5550, 2013 WL 3553979 (N.D.Cal. July 12, 2013). The FDA's position on the labeling practices in Hood was, at least in the Hood court's view, unclear and in flux, which militated in favor of deferring to the FDA to decide what the appropriate rules should be in the first instance. See id. at *5-6. Here, by contrast, there is no allegation that the FDA's stance is uncertain with respect to any of Bruton's claims.

13 . Other courts in this district have similarly rejected arguments based on primary jurisdiction in the food labeling context, at least so long as the FDA has made its position on the labels at issue reasonably clear and is not actively engaged in revising the applicable regulations or policy. See, e.g., Trazo v. Nestle USA, Inc., No. 12-2272, 2013 WL 4083218, at *6 n. 55 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 9, 2013); Ivie v. Kraft Foods Global, Inc. (Ivie II), No. 12-2554, 961 F.Supp.2d 1033, 1044-46, 2013 WL 3296616, at *7-8 (June 28, 2013); Samet, 2013 WL 3124647, at *7; lanney v. Mills, No. 12-3919, 944 F.Supp.2d 806, 813-15, 2013 WL 1962360, at *6-7 (N.D.Cal. May 10, 2013) (same); Ivie I, 2013 WL 685372, at *5-7 (N.D.Cal. Feb. 25, 2013) (declining to apply primary jurisdiction, except as to one claim for which the FDA was in the process of changing the applicable regulation).

14 . However, as discussed in Part III.D. l.d, Bruton has failed to allege a plausible UCL, FAL, or CLRA claim based on Defendants "all natural” labels. She also has not alleged why she personally was misled by the “all natural labels” or why she did not receive the full value for these purchases, given that the products she obtained were in fact made with 100% natural fruit, as advertised. As such, Bruton cannot demonstrate economic injury or causation, and thus cannot demonstrate standing under the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA for her claims based on the “all natural” labels. Because Bruton has not demonstrated statutory standing with regard to her "all natural” claims, the Court need not address Article III standing for these claims.

15 . Because Bruton alleges that she suffered actual economic injury as a result of Defendants’ misrepresentations, the Court need not and will not address Bruton's alternative argument that she suffered an independent injury merely because she purchased a product that could not legally be sold. Opp’n at 19-20.

16 . Notably, several other courts within this district have found similar allegations sufficient for the purposes of alleging “injury in fact.” See, e.g., Chacanaca, 752 F.Supp.2d at 1125 (finding injury in fact based on "the purchase of food products that contain an ingredient the plaintiffs find objectionable” and which they otherwise “would not have purchased”). As Judge Hamilton stated in Astiana v. Ben & Jerry's Homemade, Inc., "[i]t may ultimately prove true, as defendants claim, that plaintiffs have no actionable claims. However, that is not the same as finding no standing.” Astiana v. Ben & Jerry’s Homemade, Inc., No. 10-4387, 2011 WL 2111796, at *5 (N.D.Cal. May 26, 2011) {“Ben & Jerry’s Homemade, Inc.’’).

17 . For example, although Bruton's chart represents that the Graduates Wagon Wheels product category involves the "Very Berry Blend” and "Truly Tropical Blend” products and includes claims such as "Nutritional for Healthy Growth & Natural Immune Support” and "NutriProtect C, A, E,” the picture of this product included in Bruton’s FAC does not make either of these alleged nutrient claims. See FAC ¶ 110 (showing, instead, that the Graduates Wagon Wheels claims to be a "Good Source of Vitamin E, Iron, & Zinc”).

18 . Defendants also argue that references to the Nestlé Annual Report in the FAC, see FAC ¶¶ 4-6, are impermissible because Bruton never claims to have read or relied on the Annual Report. Mot at 12-13. Unlike Bruton's claims regarding statements on the Gerber website, however, Bruton’s references to the Annual Report serve only to provide background for the substantive issues raised in this case. Consequently, the Court finds it unnecessary to dismiss any claims based on the Annual Report, because the FAC makes no such claims.

22 . Pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.9(b)(1), "[w]hen [a] food is specially formulated or processed for use by infants or by toddlers, a serving or serving size means an amount of food customarily consumed per eating occasion by infants up to 12 months of age or by children 1 through 3 years of age, respectively.”

19 . The UCL’s coverage has been described as “sweeping/' and its standard for wrongful business conduct is “intentionally broad/’ In re First Alliance Mortg. Co., 471 F.3d 977, 995 (9th Cir.2006) (citing Cel-Tech Communs., Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 20 Cal.4th 163, 180, 83 Cal.Rptr.2d 548, 973 P.2d 527 (1999)). In order to state a cause of action under the fraud prong of the UCL, "a plaintiff need not show that he or others were actually deceived or confused by the conduct or business practice in question.” Schnall v. Hertz Corp., 78 Cal.App.4th 1144, 1167, 93 Cal. Rptr.2d 439 (2000). "Instead, it is only necessary to show that members of the public are likely to be deceived.” Podolsky v. First Healthcare Corp., 50 Cal.App.4th 632, 648, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 89 (1996).

20 . California’s FAL makes it unlawful for a business to disseminate any statement “which is untrue or misleading, and which is known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, to be untrue or misleading.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500. "In determining whether a statement is misleading under the statute, the primary evidence in a false advertising case is the advertising itself.” Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Grp., 135 Cal.App.4th 663, 679, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 36 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Whether an advertisement is “misleading” must be judged by the effect it would have on a reasonable consumer. Williams, 552 F.3d at 938.

21 .The CLRA prohibits " 'unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices' in transactions for the sale or lease of goods to consumers.” Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 144 Cal.App.4th 824, 833, 51 Cal.Rptr.3d 118 (2006) (citing Cal. Civ. Code § 1770(a)). "Conduct that is 'likely to mislead a reasonable consumer' ... violates the CLRA.” Colgan, 135 Cal.App.4th at 680, 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 36 (quoting Nagel v. Twin Labs., Inc., 109 Cal.App.4th 39, 54, 134 Cal.Rptr.2d 420 (2003)).

23 . Pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(0, meal products include those products that are "represented as, or [are] in a form commonly understood to be, a breakfast, lunch, dinner, or meal” and defined as a food that "makes a major contribution to the total diet by”: "(i) Weighing at least 10 ounces (oz) per labeled serving; and (ii) Containing not less than three 40-g portions of food, or combinations of foods,” from two or more food groups including the "Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group,” "Fruits and vegetables group,” "Milk, yogurt, and cheese group,” "Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group.” In addition, pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 101.13(m), a "main dish product” is defined as a food that is "represented as, or is in a form commonly understood to be, a main dish (e.g, not a beverage or a dessert)” and makes a major contribution to a meal by "Containing not less than 40 g of food, or combinations of foods,” from at least two food groups out of the "Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group,” "Fruits and vegetables group,” "Milk, yogurt, and cheese group,” and "Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group.”

24 . Defendants claim that Bruton’s inclusion of "alpha tocopheiyl acetate” and "choline bitartrate” is improper since none of the products that she allegedly purchased involve these chemicals. Mot. at 21; see FAC ¶¶ Ills. The Court agrees.

25 . “Ascorbic acid is a chemically modified form of vitamin C used in foods as a chemical preservative. It is produced from corn or wheat starch being converted to glucose, then to sorbitol, through a series of chemical processes and purification steps.” Larsen v. Trader Joe's Co., 911 F.Supp.2d 1019, 1021 (N.D.Cal.2013).

26 . In light of the Court's analysis in this section, as well as the Court’s analysis in Part III.C, the Court declines to address Defendants' additional arguments regarding why Bruton’s FAC should be dismissed for failure to comply with Rule 9(b)'s heightened pleading standard as none of Defendants’ additional arguments warrants dismissal. Similarly, the Court finds that Defendants’ arguments regarding plausible legal injury, reliance, and deception are incorporated in the Court's analysis in these previous sections.

27 . Despite the fact that the Court has dismissed Bruton’s only federal claim, the Court finds that it retains jurisdiction due to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2).

28 . Other federal courts have similarly determined that there is no independent cause of action for unjust enrichment. See, e.g., Robinson v. HSBC Bank USA, 732 F.Supp.2d 976, 987 (N.D.Cal.2010) (dismissing with prejudice plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment claim brought in connection with claims of misappropriation and violation of the UCL because unjust enrichment does not exist as a stand-alone cause of action); LaCourt v. Specific Media, Inc., No. 10-1256, 2011 WL 1661532, at *8 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 28, 2011) (dismissing unjust enrichment claim because it "cannot serve as an independent cause of action”); In re DirecTV Early Cancellation Litig., 738 F.Supp.2d 1062, 1091-92 (C.D.Cal.2010) (same).