Brown v. Daniel Realty Co.

976 A.2d 300, 409 Md. 565, 2009 Md. LEXIS 560

• Court: Court of Appeals of Maryland
• Decided: July 22, 2009
• Docket: 77, September Term, 2008
• Status: Published

Opinions

HARRELL, J.

Facts

Lanay Brown (“Petitioner” or “Lanay”),¹ was born on 17 December 1990. Since her birth, her maternal aunt, Catherlina Queen, raised her. At some time early in Lanay’s life, she and her aunt moved into a property on Reisterstown Road in Baltimore City (“the Subject Property”),² where they resided until 1994. While Lanay and Ms. Queen lived there, the Subject Property was owned by the Daniel Realty Company and allegedly managed by, among others, Daniel and Wendy Perlberg (collectively “Respondents”). In October 1995, Daniel Realty sold the Subject Property; thereafter, no Respondent retained an interest in it. They had no knowledge of what, if any, repairs were performed on the Subject Property after 1995.

At some point after Lanay and Ms. Queen moved out of the Subject Property, Ms. Queen became suspicious that Lanay may have been exposed to lead by ingesting peeling and flaking lead-based paint while residing at the Subject Property. Accordingly, she sought the advice of counsel. In 1999, counsel for Lanay and Ms. Queen hired ARC Environmental (“ARC”), an environmental consulting firm, to test the rooms and structures of the Subject Property for the presence of lead in paint. ARC’s tests revealed the presence of lead-based paint. Three years later, when Lanay was 11 years old, Ms. Queen, as her next friend, sued Respondents, alleging that Lanay was exposed to peeling and flaking lead-based paint at the Subject Property which caused her to suffer permanent brain damage. Ms. Queen, in her own right, also sued Respondents, seeking damages as a result of medical expenses that she incurred caring for Lanay, as well as for severe emotional distress.

Counsel for Lanay and Ms. Queen conducted a de bene esse deposition of ARC’S President, Shannon Cavaliere, an environmental expert. He identified the report that ARC prepared in May 1999 as the result of its testing the Subject Property (“the Un-Redacted ARC Report”). The Un-Redacted ARC Report included a “Lead-Based Paint Testing Data Sheet” summarizing the findings of the technicians who conducted the testing. The data sheet included descriptions of the tested rooms and structures, the levels of lead (if any) detected, and the condition of the paint at the tested locations. With the exception of two of the 38 locations tested at the Subject Property, the Un-Redacted ARC Report described the conditions of the paint as “intact,” meaning that none of the paint was chipping, peeling, flaking, or otherwise separating from the substrate. The two locations where the paint was not “intact” were described as “fair,” defined as meaning that 10% or less of the surface was cracked or worn.

Mr. Cavaliere explained that his technicians used an XRF³ machine, capable of detecting lead below the top layer of paint, which led him to conclude that two-thirds of the tested locations in the Subject Property contained lead-based paint. On cross-examination, he conceded that an XRF machine does not ascertain whether the detected lead is in the outermost layer of paint, the lowest layer of paint, or anywhere specifically in between. Thus, a structure or surface painted at one time with lead-based paint, but subsequently painted over one or more times with unleaded paint, could yield a positive reading by an XRF machine. Mr. Cavaliere acknowledged that other testing devices (not used here) are capable of determining how close the detected lead is to the surface of a tested location.

The jury trial began on 19 June 2006 in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City and concluded nine days later. Ms. Queen testified during the plaintiffs’ case-in-chief that, when she and Lanay first moved into the Subject Property, the paint was in good condition; however, five or six months later, the paint began peeling and chipping in several locations. On cross-examination, Respondents impeached Ms. Queen with her pretrial deposition testimony. In doing so, they inferentially undermined her memory of the Subject Property by pointing out inconsistencies regarding who lived at the Subject Property with her and Lanay when the alleged exposure occurred.

Lanay and Ms. Queen did not offer the de bene esse deposition (or any part thereof) of Mr. Cavaliere in their casein-chief; instead, they called Dr. Jerome Paulson, an expert in childhood lead poisoning. Dr. Paulson is a pediatrician and a professor of environmental and occupational health at the School of Public Health of George Washington University. Based on the results of ARC’S testing, he opined that Lanay was exposed to lead-based paint at the Subject Property. Referring to the May 1999 testing by ARC, he commented, “we have documentation from an inspection done of the home at that address that there was lead paint on the surface, on multiple surfaces at that address. Lead-based paint was found at over 20 sites at that address when the home was inspected in May of 1999.” Counsel for Lanay and Ms. Queen then approached Dr. Paulson with a copy of the 1999 ARC report; however, in this copy, the description of the condition of the paint at the tested locations on the data sheet was redacted (“the Redacted Version”).⁴ The following exchange occurred:

[Plaintiffs’ counsel:] Dr. Paulson, I’m showing you what has been marked as Plaintiffs’ Exhibit Number 1 for identification. Can you tell me that’s a fair and accurate yet redacted copy of the report that you relied upon to determine that there was lead paint at [the Subject Property]? [Defendants’ counsel]: Objection. He said redacted copy? I don’t want I don’t want—to speak out here but—

My problem is, your Honor, he gave his expert witness materials to rely upon, which he did and I’m entitled to see that in its form that he received it. Not in a redacted form—

[Trial Judge]: All right. Wait. So what you are telling me is that you were—Dr. Paulson has now seen the unredacted version of the exhibit?

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: That’s true.

[Trial Judge]: Why did you give him a redacted version?

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Because the portion that we redacted pertains to the condition of the property, the actual physical condition of the paint itself in 1999, five years—

... [I]t pertains to the condition of the property, the paint. Whether the paint in 1999, was chipping, peeling, or flaking.

[Trial Judge]: But why would you show him a document with some information omitted?

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Because that’s the point, your Honor, why it’s redacted. The condition of the paint in 1999—

[Trial Judge]: You did not want him to consider that?

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: It has nothing to do with the condition of the paint in 1990 when Lanay was living there.

[Trial Judge]: Okay. And, so, your problem is[?]

[Defendants’ counsel]: First of all, this witness has seen an un-Redacted copy—

[Trial Judge]: And when was that?

[Defendants’ counsel]:—that was in his file when he made his opinion in this case.

[Trial Judge]: So during deposition he referred to an unredacted copy?

[Defendants’ counsel]: It was in his records, absolutely. So that’s an incorrect statement. I’m entitled to show the jury what he saw to rely on. Now, accurate. He saw the unredacted version—

[Trial Judge]: Okay. I’m going to let [Plaintiffs’ counsel] hand [Dr. Paulson] a redacted copy. When you get him on cross you can show him an un-redacted copy.

[Defendants’ counsel]: Okay.

[Trial Judge]: All right [Plaintiffs’ counsel], you may proceed.

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Now [Dr. Paulson], is Exhibit 1 the redacted version of the report that you used to determine that there was lead based paint at [the Subject Property]?

[Dr. Paulson]: Yes.

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: What was the date of that report again, Dr. Paulson?

[Dr. Paulson]: May 26, 1999.

[Plaintiffs’ counsel]: Let me ask you this question. Can you explain to the members of the jury how you can use a test for lead in 1999 to determine whether Lanay was exposed back in 1990 to 1994?

[Dr. Paulson]: The lead-based paint that’s placed on a wall or a floor, or a door jam does not deteriorate over time. So once it stays there unless it’s physically removed it is, it’s there. So that’s one point.

Also, since 1978 it has been illegal to use lead-based paint for painting interior surfaces in homes. So if one were to assume that there was no lead-based paint at [the Subject Property] at the time Lanay Brown lived there and that there is lead-based paint or there was lead-based paint on May 26, 1999, one would have to assume that the house, the interior of the house had been painted with lead-based paint between the time she moved out and the time that this test was done. Given the age of the home it is very likely that the home was painted with lead-based paint when it was built after it was built and that that’s the origin of lead-based paint. It would make no sense that between 1994 when the family moved out of that address in 1999 someone would have gone in and something illegal, that is paint, use lead-based paint in a house.

Dr. Paulson concluded that, in his expert opinion, this exposure caused Lanay to suffer lead poisoning. Following the close of plaintiffs’ case-in-chief, the trial judge granted Respondents’ unopposed motion for judgment as to Ms. Queen’s individual claims.⁵

In their defense, Respondents adduced evidence that, before moving to the Subject Property, Lanay lived at another house in Baltimore City, insinuating that, if she wa$ poisoned by lead, her exposure may not have occurred at the Subject Property. Additionally, Daniel Perlberg, who managed the Subject Property until 1995, testified that he painted and wallpapered the Subject Property before Ms. Queen and La-nay moved in and continued performing repairs and painting while Ms. Queen and Lanay lived there. Respondents also introduced evidence that Ms. Queen’s parents (Lanay’s grandparents), who signed the lease for the Subject Property, inspected the property and did not find any defects. Furthermore, Respondents introduced a 1992 inspection report of the Subject Property prepared by the Baltimore City Health Department’s Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. The report form allowed for the inspector to circle “loose paint/plaster” as one of the potential “Hazardous items around the home”; however, the inspector who filled-out the form for the Subject Property did not circle it. Moreover, the inspector’s notes attached to the report revealed that Ms. Queen stated, at the time, that Lanay was poisoned at a previous address.⁶,⁷

Respondents also attacked Ms. Queen’s credibility during the defense’s case by reading into evidence excerpts from her deposition. Unfortunately, there were technical difficulties with the Circuit Court’s recording system, resulting in a gap in the transcript of that stage of the trial. The parties stipulate on appeal that counsel for Respondents read portions of Ms. Queen’s deposition and that Lanay objected, but her objection was overruled; however, the parties do not recall specifically what was actually read, nor the specific grounds, if any, argued by Lanay in her objection.

Counsel for Respondents also read Mr. Cavaliere’s de bene esse deposition and offered into evidence the Un-Redacted ARC Report, which Mr. Cavaliere had identified; however, again, there is a gap in the transcribed record because of technical difficulties with the Circuit Court’s recording system. The parties stipulate that Lanay objected when Respondents introduced the Un-Redacted ARC Report into evidence, but her objection was overruled. They also stipulate that Lanay argued that the Un-Redacted ARC Report was irrelevant because it described conditions of paint as they existed in 1999, while Respondents argued that the Un-Redacted ARC Report was admissible because Lanay’s experts relied on it in forming their opinions. Neither party now claims that the trial court admitted the un-redacted report for any purpose other than that asserted by Respondents.

In his closing argument, Lanay’s counsel attacked head-on the manner in which he anticipated that Respondents would use the Un-Redacted ARC Report. To that end, he stated:

Now, I want to talk to you about an exhibit that came into evidence.... And that’s the report from Mr. Cavaliere. I have a feeling, can’t guarantee it, but I have a feeling that [Respondents’ counsel] is going to stand up in ... closing argument and say, “Look at the report from ARC Environmental. Yes, it has lead there, but look all the surfaces are [intact].” That’s what I think [Respondents’ counsel] is going to say. And then he’s going to say, “Well, it’s [intact]. If it’s [intact] it wasn’t flaking. IIow is the landlord negligent and how is the landlord exposed?”

But I want you to remember this ladies and gentlemen because it is, for lack of a better word, a bogus argument and here is why. If you look at the first page of [the Un-Kedacted ARC Report] the inspection was done on May 26, 1999. That’s five years after Lanay moved out of the property. It’s four years after Mr. Perlberg and Daniel Realty and Wendy Perlberg sold the property. Mr. Perl-berg and Ms. Perlberg had never once stepped in to the property. Never inspected the property. Never saw the property. They have no idea what .. . the new owner did to that property in terms of renovation and painting after they sold it in that four[-year] period from the time they sold it until the time it was tested.

Yes, this document shows lead in the property. As a matter of fact, if you can remember [Respondents’ counsel’s] opening statement, he admitted to you all that there was lead at [the Subject Property], I don’t think that fact is disputed. But don’t let ... the defendants pull the wool over your eyes. The condition of the property in 1999 has nothing to do with the condition of the property between 1990 and 1994 when Lanay was living there.

Counsel for Respondents answered, making use of the UnRedacted ARC Report (as anticipated) as well as Ms. Queen’s deposition in his closing statement. He stated:

Ms. Queen testified there was chipping and peeling paint at the property, no doubt about it. But I ask you to think about when I read portions of her deposition she didn’t remember if [her] father and mother lived there. In fact, she said in her deposition they didn’t. She didn’t remember the whole new wallpaper when I asked her. This was 17 years ago. But what did she say at the time when the Baltimore City Health Department was at the door in the home? She said, “No paint plasterL,] it wasn’t noted.” And she says, “The poisoning!,] the exposure occurred somewhere else.” That’s what she said at the time.

There’s no dispute here that at homes all through Baltimore City lead is at the bottom of the paint. No dispute about that. You’ve heard that from every witness, I told you that at opening. Every home ..., where ever we are in this city there is a likelihood that there’s lead in that home. No one contests that. And [Mr. Cavaliere] used a machine where he knew he would ... find lead. And he told you that. He said, “There are machines I could have used which would tell you where it was in the paint, was it up near the surface.” And he said, “I didn’t do that. We don’t use those machines in my (inaudible).”

But he said, “I could have.” He admits I could have taken samples from the area and said, “I[s] this chip at the top [of] the paint[,] is that lead based paint?” And he said, “I didn’t do that either.” I don’t dispute his results. He found lead in the home. What I dispute is, is that lead a hazard? If it’s several layers down we know it’s not a hazard, because every home or the tremendous majority of the homes in the city have that surface paint.

This is the most important part. Here’s the third inspection.⁸ [Lanay’s counsel] wants an inspection. We have three. His own people come to the [Subject Property], being hired by him, and they found the condition of the paint to be intact. Again, does it absolutely prove what condition the paint was in 1992? No. In and of itself it doesn’t. It’s a piece of evidence that you look at with these other pieces. But every piece of evidence we have shows this property to have intact paint. This is from an individual who again was looking at it from their point of view. He was the home town announcer on behalf of the plaintiff and they found it to be intact.

Now paint typically doesn’t get better as it ages and you can assess that when you’re making the decision as well. Thirty-six of 38 areas were intact. And I’m going to show you the science results. Here’s the third inspection. Look at the results, intact. The one condition here fair, and it’s going to be tough to read, was the handrail and it was fair. Look over here, though. It’s negative for lead. There was no lead in that area. That’s a negative result.

Look at the walls, because we wallpapered these walls. Now the walls all tested negative. What they did is find wooded areas in the home that are going to test positive for lead. And told you any wooded surfaces in the home [are] going probably [to] test positive for lead. And so what he did is he tested the door casings, the windows, and he found positive results. Doesn’t surprise anyone. What he didn’t find is any chipping or peeling paint. And what he didn’t find was any (inaudible) Lanay at that address. And he told you that.

Look at the next page of the report. Again, intact paint with one fair condition. Now ladies and gentlemen, this property was in good shape. This property was painted, maintained, papered; it looked good. Every piece of objective evidence shows us that.

After closing arguments, the trial judge submitted the case to the jury. The first issue for the jury to resolve, according to the verdict sheet, was whether there was chipping, peeling, or flaking at the Subject Property while Lanay lived there. The jury found in the negative and, accordingly, made no other findings of fact.⁹ The Circuit Court entered judgment for Respondents in accordance with the jury’s verdict. Lanay moved for a new trial, arguing that the court erred by allowing Respondents to use Ms. Queen’s deposition against her and by allowing Respondents to introduce the Un-Redacted ARC Report. The Circuit Court denied the motion, and Lanay noted a timely appeal. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed in a reported opinion. Brown v. Daniel Realty Co., 180 Md.App. 102, 949 A.2d 6 (2008).

Specifically, the intermediate appellate court held that Respondents, in the defense’s case-in-chief, were entitled to read excerpts from Ms. Queen’s deposition pursuant to Rule 5-802.1,¹⁰ which allows the use of a prior inconsistent statement, as substantive evidence, if the witness is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement. The court observed that, although she was no longer on the witness stand at the time, Ms. Queen was available to be re-called as a witness in rebuttal by Lanay following Respondents’ counsel reading excerpts of the deposition. Thus, the court reasoned, Ms. Queen was subject to further cross-examination concerning her deposition testimony. To the extent that whatever Respondents’ counsel read into the record was not inconsistent with Ms. Queen’s trial testimony, the court concluded that Lanay was not prejudiced. Because it held the deposition excerpts admissible pursuant to its interpretation of Rule 5-802.1, the Court of Special Appeals expressly declined to resolve whether the fact that Ms. Queen’s individual claims were no longer at issue rendered the deposition testimony otherwise inadmissible under Rule 2-419(a)(2)¹¹ or Rule 5-803(a),¹² which, respectively, permit the use for any purpose of an adverse party’s deposition and the prior statement of a party-opponent.

With respect to the Un-Redacted ARC Report, the intermediate appellate court held that the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in admitting it under Rule 5-708,¹³ which permits the use of otherwise inadmissible evidence if relied on by an expert witness in her or his testimony. The court observed that Mr. Cavaliere and Dr. Paulson reviewed, and had opportunity to consider, the data in the Un-Redacted ARC Report in forming their respective opinions. Additionally, the court held that the un-redacted report was admissible as relevant evidence under Rule 5-401¹⁴ to the extent that it showed that the ARC testing could produce a positive reading for lead, even if the paint was intact, and that the existence of lead does not mean necessarily that the paint was peeling, chipping, or flaking.¹⁵

Lanay, Petitioner, filed with this Court a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, which we granted. Brown v. Daniel Realty, 405 Md. 505, 954 A.2d 467 (2008). The petition essentially posed two questions: (1) Whether the Court of Special Appeals erred in holding that the Circuit Court properly allowed counsel for Respondents to read into evidence, during the defense’s case-in-chief, excerpts from Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony?¹⁶; and, (2) Whether the Court of Special Appeals erred in holding that the Circuit Court properly allowed Respondents to introduce the Un-Redacted ARC Report? For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the intermediate appellate court.

Standard of Review

It often is said that a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed pursuant to the “abuse of discretion” standard. Matthews v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n, 368 Md. 71, 91, 792 A.2d 288, 300 (2002); see also Figgins v. Cochrane, 403 Md. 392, 419, 942 A.2d 736, 752 (2008). Such rulings, it is maintained, are “left to the sound discretion of the trial court” and will not be reversed on appeal “absent a showing of abuse of that discretion.” Matthews, 368 Md. at 91, 792 A.2d at 300 (quoting Farley v. Allstate Ins. Co., 355 Md. 34, 42, 733 A.2d 1014, 1018 (1999)). We have stated, however, that:

Application of [the abuse of discretion] standard [ ] depends on whether the trial judge’s ruling under review was based on a discretionary weighing of relevance in relation to other factors or on a pure conclusion of law. When the trial judge’s ruling involves a weighing, we apply the more deferential standard. On the other hand, when the trial judge’s ruling involves a legal question, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo.

Figgins, 403 Md. at 419, 942 A.2d at 752 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Hall v. Univ. of Md. Med,. Sys. Corp., 398 Md. 67, 82-83, 919 A.2d 1177, 1186 (2007)); Matthews, 368 Md. at 92, 792 A.2d at 300.

Additionally, Maryland Rule 5-103 provides, in pertinent part:

(a) Effect of erroneous ruling. Error may not be predicated upon a ruling that admits or excludes evidence unless the party is prejudiced by the ruling....

Thus, even if “manifestly wrong,” we will not disturb an evidentiary ruling by a trial court if the error was harmless. Crane v. Dunn, 382 Md. 83, 91-92, 854 A.2d 1180, 1185 (2004). The party maintaining that error occurred has the burden of showing that the error complained of “likely ... affected the verdict below.” Id. “It is not the possibility, but the probability, of prejudice which is the object of the appellate inquiry. Courts are reluctant to set aside verdicts for errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence unless they cause substantial injustice.” Flores v. Bell, 398 Md. 27, 34, 919 A.2d 716, 720 (2007) (quoting Crane, 382 Md. at 91-92, 854 A.2d at 1185).

Analysis

I. Ms. Queen’s Deposition.

Petitioner urges that the Circuit Court committed reversible error in permitting Respondents to read into the record excerpts from Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony as substantive evidence in the defense’s case. As noted earlier, there is a gap in the transcribed record of this case at a point pertinent to this issue. The parties, however, stipulate that Petitioner objected and that Respondents proffered that Ms. Queen was a party for purposes of Rule 2-419(a)(2), thus allowing them to use her deposition “for any purpose.” The parties also stipulate that Petitioner argued that Ms. Queen ceased to be a party when her individual claims were disposed of in Respondents’ favor at the close of her and Petitioner’s case-in-chief, but that Petitioner’s objection was overruled.

Before considering the directives of Maryland Rule 2-419(a) (2), we reiterate that, when interpreting the Maryland Rules, we ordinarily employ the rules of statutory construetion. Hurst v. State, 400 Md. 397, 417, 929 A.2d 157, 168 (2007). A cardinal principle in that regard states that if the language of a rule is clear and unambiguous, it will be applied thusly in a common-sense manner. Id. Maryland Rule 2-419 provides, in pertinent part:

Deposition-Use.

(a) When may be used.

(2) The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 2-412(d) to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership, association, or governmental agency which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.

Petitioner maintains that Rule 2M19(a)(2) does not provide Respondents with an evidentiary basis for using Ms. Queen’s deposition as substantive evidence in their defense case because, so she asserts, Ms. Queen ceased to be a “party,” as required by the rule, when her individual claims were disposed of in Respondents’ favor before the defense’s case commenced. Respondents have two responses. Initially, they posit that determination of a deponent’s status as a “party” for purposes of Rule 2-419(a)(2) reckons back to the time that her or his deposition was taken, not the time of the deposition’s use as evidence. Thus, according to them, because Ms. Queen was a party in her own right at the time of her deposition, they were entitled to use that deposition “for any purpose” at trial. Alternatively, Respondents assert that, even when they offered Ms. Queen’s deposition as evidence in their defense case, Ms. Queen was a “party” due to her continuing status as Petitioner’s next friend. We shall discuss each of Respondents’ contentions in turn.

This Court has not had an opportunity previously to consider whether Rule 2-419(a)(2) permits a litigant to use “for any purpose” the deposition of a person who was a party in the same case at the time of the deposition, but ceased to be a party by the time the deposition was offered into evidence¹⁷; however, the wording of the Rule, which we presume to be deliberate, directs our answer. Rule 2—419(a)(2) covers two types of depositions: (1) those of natural persons who are parties, and (2) those of representatives of institutions that are parties. With respect to both, the Rule speaks in the present tense, allowing that either “may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.” With respect to the depositions of representatives of institutions, however, the Rule explicitly recognizes that a deponent’s capacity as a representative of the institutional party may change between the taking of the deposition and the trial, without affecting the right of the institution’s opponent to use the deposition against the institution for any purpose. Rule 2-419(a)(2) makes no similar provision for allowing a litigant to use for any purpose the deposition of a former party (either as a natural person or as an institution testifying through a representative) whose status as a party changed between the deposition and the time that the litigant attempts to use the deposition at trial. Therefore, for an adverse party to use a party deponent’s deposition -for any purpose under Rule 2-419(a)(2), the deponent (or the institution that the deponent represented) must be a party when the deposition is offered into evidence.

In this regard, we agree with the reasoning of the Court of Appeals of Colorado, which interpreted that state’s equivalent to Maryland Rule 2-419(a)(2) and, likewise, concluded that the time that a deposition (or a part thereof) is offered into evidence constitutes the relevant point for determining the status of the deponent (or the institution speaking through the deponent) for purposes of the rule’s applicability:

This conclusion is supported by the language of the rule. The rule, in essence, states that the deposition of a party who is a natural person, or a person who was at the time of the deposition testifying as an agent or representative of an entity which is a party, may be used by an adverse party lor any purpose. The rule speaks in the present tense as to both circumstances, but recognizes the status of a deponent as to an entity may change between the deposition and trial.

Rojhani v. Meagher, 22 P.3d 554, 560 (Colo.Ct.App.2000) (italics in original).¹⁸

Our conclusion is echoed by other states’ intermediate appellate courts as well. See Skok v. City of Glendale, 3 Ariz.App. 254, 413 P.2d 585, 588 (1966) (“We therefore hold that as to the deposition of a party as distinguished from an ‘officer, director, or managing agent of a ... corporation, partnership, or association which is a party[,]’ its admissibility and use by any adverse party ‘for any purpose’ is to be determined by the facts which appear at the time the deposition is offered in evidence and not necessarily as they existed at the time the deposition was taken.” (citation omitted))¹⁹; Vivion v. Nat’l Cask Register Co., 200 Cal.App.2d 597, 19 (1962) (“With respect to the witness . .., the action having been dismissed against her, she was no longer a party to the record Under these circumstances, she does not come within the categories mentioned in the Code of Civil Procedure, ... [which] permits the depositions of persons who come within the categories enumerated to be used by an adverse party for any purpose.”); State Univ. Constr. Fund v. Kipphut & Neuman Co., 159 A.D.2d 1003, 552 N.Y.S.2d 471, 473 (1990) (“The language of the statute refers to two points in time. With respect to the deponent’s status as an officer, director, agent or employee of a party, it refers to the time of taking of the deposition. With respect, however, to the ‘use’ of the deposition by ‘any adversely interested party’, the language refers back to ‘at the trial’.”).²⁰

Respondents rely on Iheme v. Simmons, 148 Misc.2d 223, 560 N.Y.S.2d 167 (N.Y.Civ.Ct.1990), for the counter-proposition that a person’s status as a “party,” for purposes of a rule detailing the use of a deposition for any purpose, is determined by looking backward in time to the deponent’s status at the time the deposition was given. Respondents point out that Iheme was decided under a rule substantially similar to Rule 2—419(a)(2), before New York changed its rule on the use of depositions to permit expressly the use for any purpose of a deposition of a former party.²¹ We are not persuaded by Iheme’s conclusion. It is inconsistent with the plain language of Maryland Rule 2-419(a)(2), which speaks in the present tense. Additionally, Iheme is a trial court decision and is against the weight of other well-reasoned, persuasive authority, including other cases decided by New York courts. See State Univ. Constr. Fund, 552 N.Y.S.2d at 473; Nedball v. Tellefsen, 102 Misc.2d 589, 424 N.Y.S.2d 93, 95 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. 1980).

Respondents retort that, even at the time they offered into evidence Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony, Ms. Queen was a “party” for purposes of Rule 2-419(a)(2), regardless of the resolution of her individual claims. This is so, Respondents urge, because Ms. Queen, at all times, was acting also as Petitioner’s next friend, rendering her, for all intents and purposes, a “party.” Petitioner, however, contends that under Maryland law, a next friend is not a party.

A “next friend,” or “prochein ami,” is “one who brings suit on behalf of a minor or disabled person because the minor or disabled person lacks capacity to sue in his or her own right, or ... one who defends a suit against a minor or disabled person lacking the capacity to defend.” Fox v. Wills, 390 Md. 620, 625-26, 890 A.2d 726, 729 (2006).²² We have stated that a next friend “ ‘stands very much in the relation of an attorney to the case, and [] it is supposed that he is appointed by the court.’ ” Berrain v. Katzen, 331 Md. 693, 703, 629 A.2d 707, 712 (1993) (quoting Deford v. State, Use of Keyser, 30 Md. 179, 199 (1869)); see also Fox, 390 Md. at 629, 890 A.2d at 731 (noting same). Furthermore, we recognize that “ ‘the trial court has a special duty to protect the rights and interests of the minor plaintiff who is represented by [a] next friend to insure that the next friend does not prejudice those rights and interests through conflict of interest, fraud, or ... neglect.’ ” Aventis Pasteur, Inc. v. Skevofilax, 396 Md. 405, 435, 914 A.2d 113, 131 (2007) (quoting Berrain, 331 Md. at 706, 629 A.2d at 715-16). Decisions of this Court generally recognize a distinction between infant litigants and their next friends.

More than a century and a half ago, this Court, considering whether an infant that was a defendant in an action should be bound by his next friend’s answer to a plaintiffs bill of complaint, iterated:

Regularly an infant’s answer by his guardian is not evidence against him, because he is not sworn, and it is only for the purpose of making proper parties. It is not in reality the answer of the infant, but of the guardian only who is sworn; and there is great danger to the interests of an infant, in permitting such an answer to be read against him, who from his tender years, may know nothing of the contents of the answer put in for him by his guardian, or not be able to judge of it, or of its effect. And the guardian ad litem is so appointed, as often to know nothing of the matter himself; and too much caution cannot well be observed, in guarding the rights of infants, not only against the improvident answers of honest guardians, but against the answers of such as may have sinister views; to say nothing of how far an infant may ordinarily be bound by a decree, upon an answer by his guardian, admitting the facts of the bill.

The better and safer course, therefore, for all concerned, is in every case, in which an infant is a defendant, answering by his guardian, to put the plaintiff upon the proof of the material allegations in his bill, in the same manner, as if nothing had been admitted by the answer, unless otherwise expressly provided by law. It is the proper course, and that which prevails elsewhere.

Kent’s Adm’rs v. Taneyhill, 6 G. & J. 1, 3 (Md.1833).

Almost a century later, this Court pondered, in Pindell v. Rubenslein, whether a minor plaintiff was bound by the hearsay admissions of his next friend. 139 Md. 567, 575, 115 A. 859, 862 (1921). There, the minor plaintiff, through his mother as his next friend, sued the defendants alleging that their wooden gate fell on him while he walked past it on his way to the store, breaking one of his legs. At trial, the mother testified on direct examination that she sent the minor plaintiff to the store with her sister, the minor’s aunt, and that she knew nothing of the accident until her sister brought the injured child home. Id. at 572, 115 A. at 861. The defendants sought to introduce evidence that the mother visited one of the defendants shortly after the accident and told that defendant that it was the minor’s fault that he was hurt, and not the defendants’ fault. The defendants proffered further that the mother said she did not see the accident, but learned from the minor’s aunt, who was with the minor at the time of the accident, that he was climbing on the gate before it fell on him. Id. at 575, 115 A. at 862. In holding that the admission by the minor plaintiffs mother was not admissible, we opined:

[The minor plaintiffs mother] had positively disclaimed any knowledge of the accident or the instrumentality which caused it. Anything which she may have said therefore as to it was necessarily hearsay, irrelevant and collateral to any issue involved in this case. She was in no sense a party to the cause within the meaning of the rule permitting evidence to be given of admissions against interest made by a party, and her admissions were not competent to affect the interest of the infant whom she represented.

Id. (italics added).

While this Court has not revisited recently the issue of whether a next friend is a “party,” we have reaffirmed, in other contexts, the distinctions recognized between a next friend and an infant litigant. In Berrain v. Katzen, we held that it was an abuse of discretion for a trial court to enter a default judgment against minor plaintiffs as a sanction for the failure of the plaintiffs’ next friend to comply with the reasonable discovery requests of the defendants. 331 Md. at 706, 629 A.2d at 715-16. There, the plaintiffs were three minor siblings who suffered permanent brain damage, allegedly from exposure to lead-based paint. Id. at 695, 629 A.2d at 707. Through their mother as their next friend, the children initiated an action against their landlord; however, the case was dismissed without prejudice, due to a lack of prosecution. Id. Two years later, the children, again through their mother as next friend, filed a new suit against the same landlord. Id. at 696, 629 A.2d at 707. The defendant landlord propounded interrogatories to the plaintiff children through their mother, and, after waiting more than seven months for a response, sought sanctions against the plaintiffs. Id. at 697, 629 A.2d at 707-08. Finding it to be the appropriate sanction under the circumstances, the trial court dismissed the plaintiff children’s action with prejudice and denied their motion for reconsideration. Id. In reversing the trial court,²³ we observed that “[h]ad the plaintiffs ... been adults, the record and our decisions would clearly support ... the trial court’s dismissal with prejudice”; however, “where neglect ... lies with the next friend, an officer of the court, not the minor plaintiffs,” the harshest of discovery sanctions was not warranted. Id. at 710-11, 629 A.2d at 715-16. We suggested instead that the trial court should have replaced the next friend with someone willing to represent diligently the plaintiffs’ interests or, if no such person was available, dismiss the plaintiffs’ action without prejudice so that they could pursue their claims upon reaching the age of majority. Id. at 711, 629 A.2d at 716.

In Fulton v. K & M Assocs., another lead paint case, we held that it was abuse of discretion for a trial court to decline to dismiss without prejudice the suit of a minor plaintiff, where the next Mend, the minor plaintiffs mother, did not cooperate with counsel’s endeavors to have the minor plaintiff examined by a medical expert. 331 Md. 712, 713-14, 629 A.2d 716, 717 (1993). There, counsel for the minor plaintiff informed the trial court, on the day of trial, that he was not prepared to proceed, citing the lack of cooperation on the part of the minor plaintiffs mother in taking the child for psychometric testing to determine whether his disabilities were consistent with lead poisoning. Id. at 714, 629 A.2d at 717. Counsel for the minor plaintiff accordingly moved for a voluntary dismissal in order to preserve the cause of action. The trial court denied the motion, and the minor plaintiff proceeded with his case without expert medical testimony. After the plaintiff’s case-in-chief, the court granted the defendants’ motion for judgment. Id. at 714-15, 629 A.2d at 719. “Based on the same reasoning which supported our decision in Berrain,” we reversed the trial court’s decision not to grant the motion for a dismissal without prejudice. Id. at 717, 629 A.2d at 719.²⁴ We observed that the apparent negligence on the part of the next friend should have prompted the trial court to “intervene[ ] on behalf of the minor plaintiff.” Id. at 718, 629 A.2d at 719.

Berrain and Fulton are reconcilable with other cases in which we have declined to enforce rigidly the status of a next Mend as separate and distinct from that of the infant litigant whom the next friend represents. In Alters v. Leitch, we held that the testimony of a next Mend is subject to the same limitations under the “dead man’s statute”²⁵ as would be the testimony of a minor plaintiff 213 Md. 390, 392, 131 A.2d 458, 459 (1956). Accordingly, the next friend of a minor plaintiff, in a suit against the estate of a decedent, was not competent to testify concerning a transaction with the decedent. Id.; see also Snyder v. Crabbs, 263 Md. 28, 30-31, 282 A.2d 6, 8 (1971).

More recently, in Aventis Pasteur, Inc. v. Skevofilax, we held that it was not an abuse of discretion for a trial court to deny a motion by a minor plaintiff, through his parents as next friends, to dismiss his claims without prejudice in order to preserve his cause of action, where there was no evidence of fraud, conflict of interest, or neglect on the part of his next friends. 396 Md. at 435-36, 914 A.2d at 131. In Skevofilax, the minor plaintiff, through his next friends, designated a medical expert for the purpose of rendering an expert opinion as to whether the minor plaintiffs autism spectrum disorder was caused by a mercury preservative in the defendants’ pediatric vaccines; however, after the trial court entered several revised scheduling orders due to the expert’s inability to compile the data necessary for him to provide an opinion on causation, the expert finally declined to participate in the litigation, assertedly, because of other commitments. Id. at 413-14, 914 A.2d at 118-19. When it became clear that the sole causation expert designated by the plaintiff would not be available, counsel for the defendants moved for summary judgment. Counsel for the minor plaintiff moved for a dismissal without prejudice. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss without prejudice, citing “the significant time and money that had been expended in preparing pleadings and preliminary motions, and the conduct of extensive discovery,” and awarded summary judgment to the defendants due to the lack of expert testimony on causation. Id. at 415, 914 A.2d at 119. The Court of Special Appeals reversed, relying on this Court’s decisions in Berrain and Fulton; however, we reversed the intermediate appellate court. Id. at 416, 914 A.2d at 120. We reasoned that “absent conflict of interest, fraud, or neglect by a parent, guardian, next friend, or the minor’s attorney, a motion for voluntary dismissal made on behalf of a minor should not be analyzed differently than a motion for dismissal without prejudice filed by any plaintiff.” Id. at 436, 914 A.2d at 131.

From the foregoing cases, we glean that a child who, due to her or his infancy, must rely on a next friend during litigation should not be subjected to an interpretation of the rules of evidence and discovery that effectively would penalize her or him for prosecuting or defending a cause through a next friend; conversely, in the interests of justice and fairness to the opponents of infant litigants, a child should not be permitted to evade, by prosecuting or defending a cause through a next friend, application of the rules of evidence and discovery. In the present case, we resolve that the trial judge erred by allowing Respondents to read into evidence during their defense case the deposition testimony of Ms. Queen. As stated, Rule 2-419(a)(2) mandates that the deposition be of someone who is a party at the time the deposition is offered into evidence. As Petitioner’s next friend, Ms. Queen was not a “party” when Respondents offered her deposition into evidence. See Pindell, 139 Md. at 575, 115 A. at 862. The present case is not one, like Skevofilax, in which Petitioner evades application of the rules of evidence or discovery because of her infancy.

Nevertheless, we will not reverse a judgment if the trial court’s error was harmless. Crane, 382 Md. at 91-92, 854 A.2d at 1185. A successful proponent of error ordinarily has the additional burden of showing that the error complained of probably, as opposed to possibly, influenced the unfavorable verdict. Id. Here, Petitioner is not able to carry the day. She complains that she “was particularly prejudiced by the trial court’s ruling because [Ms. Queen’s] credibility was obviously an issue.” She does not articulate any harm to her cause other than that the deposition testimony undermined Ms. Queen’s credibility. She directs our attention to a portion of the closing argument of Respondents’ counsel in which he said to the jury, “I ask you to think about when I read portions of [Ms. Queen’s] deposition and she didn’t remember anything about the house. She didn’t remember if [her] father and mother lived there. In fact she said in her deposition they didn’t.” Petitioner contends that Respondents “should not have been able to impeach [Ms. Queen’s] credibility after their counsel already had the chance to cross-examine her.” She claims that they “took advantage of the trial court’s error by emphasizing the ‘read-in’ portions of the deposition in closing argument.”

The flaw with Petitioner’s contention is that, when Respondents’ counsel read into evidence the deposition testimony of Ms. Queen during the defense’s case, Respondents had used the deposition previously to impeach Ms. Queen during their cross-examination of her during Petitioner’s case-in-chief. In other words, the damaging features of Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony (to which Petitioner directs us) already were before the jury, regardless of Respondents’ potentially duplicative use of the deposition during their defense case. Petitioner, however, does not complain here about Respondents’ use of Ms. Queen’s deposition during their cross-examination of her; nor does it appear from the record (which is intact for this part of the trial) that Petitioner objected to its use at that time. The following exchange from the cross-examination of Ms. Queen is pertinent:

[Respondents’ counsel:] Now, first of all you were talking about your step-father, Mr. Brown, living with you [at the Subject Property?]

[Ms. Queen]: Yes.

Q Do you recall telling me in deposition ... that Mr. Brown didn’t live at [the Subject Property]?

A He lived there but he just wasn’t being there. He lived there. That was his residence. He lived there. Yes, he lived there. I don’t recall.

Q Do you recall pointing out to us in deposition that Mr. Brown ... had his own apartment somewhere?

A No.

Q Okay. Did Mr. Brown live at [the Subject Property]?

A Yes.

Q Okay. Let me refer you to—and I’ll give you a copy of your deposition—page thirty-three. I’m going to hand it to you, if you don’t mind. There it is. There is page thirty-three.

A Well I said it.

Q ... On page thirty-three, you were asked: “You don’t know if your father lived with you at [the Subject Property]?”

Answer: “I wasn’t—no, I am not sure. He lived there but he didn’t come there. So I say no.”

Question: “He lived there but he didn’t come there?” Answer: “He paid everything, paid the bills. It is their house but they don’t stay there.”

Question: “We are referring to Robert Brown?”

Answer: “Yes.”

A Yes.

Q So do you recall testifying that Mr. Brown, in fact, didn’t live at [the Subject Property]?

A I said—you said I said he lived there but he don’t stay there. Yes.

Q Okay. Now, when you said in this testimony that they didn’t live there, that they didn’t stay there—

A My mother stayed there.

Q Now, when you said in your sworn deposition testimony that they didn’t stay there, were you referring to the fact that your parents didn’t live there at times?

A No.

Q For instance, you just told us that there were four bedrooms and they were all occupied with others.

A And I said they stay down in the basement. I know what I said.

Q So your parents stayed in the unfinished basement?

AI said they decorated it theirself. That’s what I said. [Trial Judge]: But the question is, did they stay in the basement?

AI said yes.

[Respondents’ counsel]: And that basement was unfinished? A I said they decorated it theirself but it was unfinished at first.

Q Did Robert Brown stay with you the entire time you were at [the Subject Property]?

A No. No is the best way to answer you.

Petitioner does not explain how the impeachment value of Respondents’ use of Ms. Queen’s deposition during the defense’s case-in-chief, which Petitioner objected to and continues to protest, differed in substance or effect from the use of the deposition during the foregoing dialogue, which engendered no protest from Petitioner. In fact, as the foregoing dialogue reveals, counsel for Respondents read an excerpt from the deposition during his cross-examination of Ms. Queen. That excerpt concerned whether Ms. Queen’s mother and step-father lived at the Subject Property, and it is the relevant portion of the deposition testimony that he referenced in his closing argument to the jury. Counsel for Respondents also iterated in his closing argument that Ms. Queen did not recall new wallpaper at the Subject Property; however, that point was developed as well during cross-examination, regardless of whether it came out again when he read the deposition during Respondents’ defense case.

Petitioner asserts that the excerpts read into evidence during Respondents’ defense case also might have included some statements in which Ms. Queen admitted that Respondents occasionally sent people to the Subject Property to make repairs, a point Petitioner believes prejudices her by undermining the believability of Ms. Queen. If, however, counsel for Respondents in fact read into evidence this part of the deposition, the prejudice to Petitioner was not sufficient to warrant reversing the jury’s verdict in this case. First, Ms. Queen acknowledged during her direct examination that Respondents sent people to the Subject Property to make repairs, testifying that Daniel Realty “patched the hallway up and had some men on the roof.” Second, it is not apparent how the fact that Respondent sent repairmen to the Subject Property, if believed, likely influenced the jury to conclude erroneously that the Subject Property did not contain chipping or peeling paint, lead-based or otherwise.

Accordingly, the trial judge’s error in allowing Respondents, under Rule 2-419(a)(2), to read into evidence excerpts from Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony during their defense case was harmless on the record as presented to us. Because we conclude as such, we do not reach the issue of whether the deposition testimony alternatively was admissible under Maryland Rule 5-802.1, as so resolved by the intermediate appellate court. At least according to the parties’ stipulations, Rule 5-802.1 was not relied upon by the Circuit Court in allowing use of the deposition.²⁶

II. The Un-Redacted ARC Report.

Petitioner next contends that the Circuit Court committed reversible error by allowing Respondents to offer as evidence the Un-Redacted ARC Report. She maintains that it was irrelevant because it detailed the condition of the Subject Property five years after she and Ms. Queen moved out. She asserts that she was prejudiced by this evidence because it described the paint at the Subject Property, for the most part, as “intact.” Respondents, however, rejoin that Petitioner’s experts reasonably relied upon the un-redacted report in forming their opinions, therefore rendering it admissible under Maryland Rule 5-703.

Maryland Rule 5-703 provides, in pertinent part:

(a) In general. The facts and data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.

(b) Disclosure to the jury. If determined to be trustworthy, necessary to illuminate testimony, and unprivileged, facts and data reasonably relied upon by an expert pursuant to section (a) may, in the discretion of the court be disclosed to the jury even if those facts and data are not admissible in evidence. Upon request, the court shall instruct the jury to use those facts and data only for the purpose of evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert’s opinion or inference.

Thus, four elements must be satisfied for a document to be admissible under this rule. The document must be (1) trustworthy, (2) unprivileged, (3) reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming her or his opinion, and (4) necessary to illuminate that expert’s testimony.

Tn the present case, Petitioner does not argue that the UnRedacted ARC Report was privileged or untrustworthy. Instead, she asserts that it was neither relied upon by her experts, Dr. Paulson and Mr. Cavaliere, nor necessary to illuminate their testimonies. Petitioner contends that the trial judge abused her discretion in concluding otherwise because, so she claims, Mr. Cavaliere testified (in deposition) only that paint on the Subject Property contained lead and Dr. Paulson testified (in trial) only that Petitioner was poisoned there by ingestion of lead. We disagree.

“ ‘[TJhe admissibility of evidence, including rulings on its relevance, is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and absent a showing of abuse of that discretion, its rulings will not be disturbed on appeal.’ ” Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 628, 865 A.2d 603, 616 (2005) (quoting Farley v. Allstate Ins. Co., 355 Md. 34, 42, 733 A.2d 1014, 1018 (1999)). An abuse of discretion lies where no reasonable person would share the view taken by the trial judge. In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 347 Md. 295, 312, 701 A.2d 110, 118 (1997). Recently, this Court observed:

“[A] ruling reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard will not be reversed simply because the appellate court would not have made the same ruling. The decision under consideration has to be well removed from any center mark imagined by the reviewing court and beyond the fringe of what that court deems minimally acceptable.”

King v. State, 407 Md. 682, 697, 967 A.2d 790, 799 (2009) (quoting North v. North, 102 Md.App. 1, 13-14, 648 A.2d 1025, 1031-32(1994)). In the instant case, we cannot conclude that the trial judge’s ruling was so far removed from the center mark that no reasonable person could have taken the same view.

First, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in determining that Petitioner’s experts relied on the Un-Redacted ARC Report. As Petitioner’s counsel laid the foundation for Dr. Paulson’s opinion, it was patent that Dr. Paulson relied on the Un-Redacted ARC Report. Indeed, when Petitioner’s counsel presented Dr. Paulson with the Redacted Version, he asked, “Can you tell me [if] that’s a' fair and accurate yet redacted copy of the report, that you relied upon to determine that there was lead paint at [the Subject Property]?” (italics added). Dr. Paulson testified that it was. Additionally, Mr. Cavaliere testified in his de bene esse deposition that he formed his opinion that the Subject Property contained lead-based paint by reviewing the Un-Redacted ARC Report, which his technicians prepared.

Second, the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in concluding that the Un-Redacted ARC Report was necessary to illuminate the testimonies of Petitioner’s experts. In testifying to his expert opinion that Petitioner was poisoned by lead at the Subject Property, Dr. Paulson referred to the report generated by ARC, which, as we observed, apparently was the Un-Redacted ARC Report. He stated, “we have documentation from an inspection done of the home at that address that there was lead paint on the surface, on multiple surfaces at that address. Lead-based paint was found at over 20 sites at that address when the home was inspected in May of 1999.” (italics added). The Un-Redacted ARC Report clarified that the detection of lead-based paint at a particular location does not mean necessarily that the paint is peeling or chipping. It also undermined the connection asserted by Dr. Paulson between “lead paint on ... multiple surfaces” of the Subject Property and Petitioner’s poisoning by clarifying that, in the report cited by Dr. Paulson, the paint on the surfaces was actually intact.

Petitioner counters that Dr. Paulson’s reference to lead-based paint on the “surfaces” of the Subject Property is taken out of context, suggesting that what he really meant was only that there was lead-based paint in “places” or “areas” of the Subject Property. He did not mean, so Petitioner claims, that lead was in the top layer of paint. This may be so; however, as he was her expert witness, it was her responsibility to make certain that he explained himself in a manner that would not confuse the trier of fact (let alone appellate courts). If Dr. Paulson meant simply that lead-based paint was somewhere at the Subject Property and he did not rely on the Un-Redacted ARC Report in reaching that opinion, Petitioner had the opportunity to develop fully his testimony to be clear that that was the case. We, on appellate review, shall not reverse the discretionary ruling of the trial judge by assuming that Dr. Paulson meant what Petitioner now claims.

Petitioner next complains that, even if the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in admitting the Un-Redacted ARC Report under Rule 5-703, the report was not relevant to the condition of the paint at the Subject Property while Petitioner resided there from 1990 to 1994. She points out that Respondents, as reflected in their counsel’s closing argument, relied on the un-redacted report to bolster their winning argument that there was no peeling, chipping, or flaking paint at the Subject Property during that time-frame. According to Petitioner, Respondents did not lay a proper foundation for the proposition that the condition of the paint in May 1999 (as represented by the Un-Redacted ARC Report) accurately reflected the condition of the paint from 1990 to 1994.

Respondents counter that Petitioner waived this contention because she did not request a limiting instruction under Maryland Rule 5-703 and did not object to the manner in which they relied on the Un-Redacted ARC Report in their closing argument. We agree with Respondents. Neither the parties’ briefs, the joint stipulation, nor the record provided suggests to us that the Un-Redacted ARC Report was admitted for any purpose other than to illuminate the testimony of Petitioner’s experts. Thus, Petitioner’s assertion—that the un-redacted report was not relevant to the question of the paint’s condition while she resided at the Subject Property— takes aim only at the manner in which Respondents relied on the evidence.

Petitioner concedes that she never requested a limiting instruction under Rule 5-703(b) (“Upon request, the court shall instruct the jury to use those facts and data only for the purpose of evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert’s opinion or inference.”); however, she seeks to excuse her failure by claiming that Respondents did not raise Rule 5-703 as a basis for admitting the Un-Redacted ARC Report. Her excuse is not convincing. Even if Respondents never cited expressly the rule, the joint stipulation provided by the parties reveals that Respondents argued before the trial court that the un-redacted report was admissible because Petitioner’s experts relied on it. Additionally, as with any evidence that potentially could be misused, Petitioner could have requested a limiting instruction under Rule 5-105²⁷ as well. Moreover, Petitioner did not object when, during closing argument, Respondents’ counsel cited the Un-Redacted ARC Report as evidence that the paint at the Subject Property was “intact” while Petitioner resided there. See Farley v. Allstate Ins. Co., 355 Md. 34, 733 A.2d 1014 (1999) (“Even if Allstate’s comments during closing arguments were prejudicial and resulted in an inadequate verdict, it was incumbent upon Farley’s counsel to immediately object so that the trial judge could properly rule on the matter.”).

Accordingly, we resolve that Petitioner’s argument—that the Un-Redacted ARC Report did not constitute relevant evidence of the paint’s condition between 1990 and 1994—has been waived.

In addition to waiving her relevancy objection, Petitioner also fails to establish that she was prejudiced by the Respondents’ use of the Un-Redacted ARC Report, even if the report was admitted erroneously as evidence relevant to whether peeling, chipping, or flaking paint existed at the Subject Property between 1990 and 1994, as Judge Murphy’s dissent persuasively reasons. We are not persuaded that a different result would have obtained if the trial court excluded the Un-Redacted ARC Report. See Flores, 398 Md. at 34, 919 A.2d at 720. Ms. Queen’s testimony was the only evidence adduced by Petitioner to support the claim that the paint at the Subject Property was chipping, peeling, or flaking during Petitioner’s residence. Respondents, on the other hand, adduced evidence that the paint was intact when Petitioner initially moved into the Subject Property and that no “loose paint/plaster” was observed in 1992 by the Baltimore City Health Department. The report prepared by the Health Department also revealed that Ms. Queen informed the inspector that Petitioner was poisoned at another property. Additionally, Respondents adduced testimony by one of the manager’s of the Subject Property that Petitioner’s grandparents (the tenants identified on the lease) inspected the Subject Property before Petitioner moved in and did not find any defects, as well as evidence that the Subject Property was painted and wallpapered shortly before Petitioner began residing there and that the property manager did not receive any complaints about the paint.²⁸ Keeping in mind that, “[i]n any tort action, ... the burden is on the plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that it is more probable than not that the defendant’s act caused his injury,” Petitioner’s argument—that the Un-Redacted ARC Report likely changed the outcome of this case—falls short. See Med. Mut. Lib. Soc’y v. B. Dixon Evander & Assocs., 339 Md. 41, 54, 660 A.2d 433, 439 (1995).

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. Petitioner, on the record before us, was not shown to be harmed sufficiently by the trial judge’s decision (though found in hindsight to be erroneous) to permit Respondents to read into evidence excerpts from Ms. Queen’s deposition during the defense case, and the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in allowing Respondents to introduce into evidence the UnRedacted ARC Report under Md. Rule 5-703. Even had it been error to admit the un-redacted report, Petitioner failed to persuade us that she was prejudiced by its admission or its use at trial.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED; COSTS IN THIS COURT AND COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONER.

BELL, C.J., Dissents.

MURPHY, J., Concurs and Dissents.

1 . Meaning no disrespect, at times we shall refer to Lanay Brown by her first name.

2 . One of the disputed facts in this case was whether Lanay lived at another address as a newborn, where she possibly was poisoned by ingesting lead-based paint chips or dust.

3 . X-ray fluorescence.

4 . The existence of the Redacted Version was not a surprise to Respondents. It had been marked for identification during the de bene esse deposition of Mr. Cavaliere.

5 . The trial judge also granted Respondents’ motion for judgment on three counts of the complaint that was brought by Lanay, through Ms. Queen as her next friend, pursuant to Maryland's Consumer Protection Act.

6 . Though admitted at trial, the inspector's notes were not part of the record on appeal. They were added through a consent motion of the parties.

7 . Respondents’ counsel, during plaintiffs' case-in-chief, cross-examined Ms. Queen on whether she recalled telling the Health Department inspector that Lanay was poisoned at a different address before moving to the Subject Property. Ms. Queen testified that she did not remember saying that.

8 . The first two inspections apparently were the 1990 inspection of the premises by Ms. Queen's parents when they signed the lease for the Subject Property and the 1992 inspection by the Baltimore City Health Department's Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program.

9 . The verdict sheet instructed the jury to stop there, if it found in the negative on the first issue.

10 . Rule 5-802.1 provides, in relevant part:

The following statements previously made by a witness who testifies at the trial or hearing and who is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement are not excluded by the hearsay rule: (a) A statement that is inconsistent with the declarant’s testimony, if the statement was (1) given under oath subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding or in a deposition; ... or (3) recorded in substantially verbatim fashion by stenographic or electronic means contemporaneously with the making of the statement; ....

11 . Rule 2-419(a)(2) provides, in relevant part:

... The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 2-412(d) to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership, association, or governmental agency which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.

12 . Rule 5-803 provides, in relevant part:

The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness:

(a) Statement by party-opponent. A statement that is offered against a party and is:

(1) The party's own statement, in either individual or representative capacity;

(2) A statement of which the party has manifested an adoption or belief in its truth;

(3) A statement by a person authorized by the party to make a statement concerning the subject;

(4) A statement by the party’s agent or employee made during the agency or employment relationship concerning a matter within the scope of the agency or employment;....

13 . Rule 5-703 provides in relevant part:

(b) Disclosure to jury. If determined to be trustworthy, necessary to illuminate testimony, and unprivileged, facts or data reasonably relied upon by an expert ... may, in the discretion of the court, be disclosed to the jury even if those facts and data are not admissible in evidence. Upon request, the court shall instruct lite jury to use those facts and data only for the purpose of evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert's opinion or inference.

14 . Rule 5-401 provides:

Definition of "relevant evidence”.

"Relevant evidence" means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.

15 . Lanay also argued that the trial judge erred by allowing Respondents to read into evidence the de bene esse deposition of Mr. Cavaliere; however, she does not press that issue before this Court.

16 . With the benefit of full briefing, oral argument, and review of the record, we find the certiorari question, as phrased by Petitioner in her petition, to be a bit misleading. She petitioned us to decide:

If a witness was a party to a case at the time the witness’[sj deposition was obtained, but not a parly at the time of trial, is it proper for a trial court to permit a party to read portions of that deposition into evidence pursuant to Maryland Rule 2—419(a)(2)[,] even though the witness is no longer a party to the case and not unavailable.

The question, as articulated by Petitioner, is inaccurate as a matter of fact in that Ms. Queen indisputably was a party in her own right for at least a portion of the trial; it was not until the end of her and Petitioner's case-in-chief that her individual claims ceased to occupy the trial attention of the judge and jury. A more substantive problem is that the intermediate appellate court did not decide whether Rule 2-419(a)(2) allows a litigant to use the deposition of a former adverse party after the latter ceases to be a party to the case. The Court of Special Appeals wrote:

We need not resolve the interesting issues raised by the parties regarding the legal status of a next friend or the use of a deposition of a witness who was previously a party but is no longer a party to the case. In our view, the circuit court did not err by permitting appellees to read into evidence relevant portions of Ms. Queen's deposition, even though she was no longer pressing her individual claims against appellees by that point in the trial proceedings, because (1) the inconsistent deposition testimony was admissible as substantive evidence under Rule 5-802.1 [ ], and (2) to the extent that the deposition testimony was not inconsistent with the trial testimony, its admission was harmless error.

Brown v. Daniel Realty Co., 180 Md.App. at 121-22, 949 A.2d at 18. Petitioner contends that Respondents never argued Rule 5-802.1 as a basis for admitting the deposition testimony of Ms. Queen as substantive evidence and that Rule 5-802.1 did not factor into the trial court’s decision. In light of the peculiar problems with the transcript from the trial, we are inclined to overlook the technical issues and strict confines of Petitioner's first question. We note, however, that answering Petitioner's question in the negative would require necessarily that we decide the correctness of the intermediate appellate court's reported decision regarding Rule 5-802.1, even though Petitioner did not ask this Court expressly to address that in her Petition for a Writ of Certiorari.

17 . Nor do Petitioner or Respondents direct us to any decisions by any other state supreme courts, for that matter, interpreting a similarly worded rule of procedure.

18 . Rule 32 of the Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure provides, in pertinent part:

(a) Use of Depositions. At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had reasonable notice thereof, in accordance with any of the following provisions:

(2) The deposition of a party or of any one who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent of a public or private corporation, partnership, or association, or a governmental agency, which is a party, or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6) or 31(a) to testify on behalf thereof may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.

Colo R. Civ. P. 32 (LexisNexis 2009). The relevant provisions of Rule 32 were the same when the court decided Rojhani. See 22 P.3d at 559.

19 . Currently, Rule 32 of the Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure provides, “[a]t the trial ..., any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence applied as though the witness were then present and testifying, may be used against any party .... ” Ariz R. Civ P. 32(a) (LexisNexis 2009). The notes to the rule provide that the rule reads the way it does to make clear that “it is the status of the matter at trial which is controlling,” in accordance with Skok. In any event, when the Arizona intermediate appellate court decided Skok, the relevant rule of procedure w'as similar to Maryland Rule 2-419(a)(2), providing:

USE OF DEPOSITIONS

At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had due notice thereof, in accordance with any one of the following provisions:

2. The deposition of a party or of any one who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent of a public or private corporation, partnership, or association which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.

Skok, 413 P.2d at 587.

20 . Petitioner properly points out that New York since has changed its rule’s language to permit “any party who was adversely interested when the deposition testimony was given’’ to use for any purpose “the deposition testimony ... of any person who was a party when the testimony was given.” N.Y.C.P.L.R. 3117(a) (LexisNexis 2009). When State Univ. Constr. Fund was decided, however, the rale was similar to Maryland Rule 2-419(a)(2), providing:

(a) ... [a]t the time of trial ... any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used in accordance with any of the following provisions .. .

2. the deposition of a party or of any one who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, member, or managing or authorized agent of a party, or the deposition of an employee of a party produced by that party may be used for any purpose by any adversely interested party.

552 N.Y.S.2d at 473.

21 . See supra note 20.

22 . We also observed, in Fox, that the term “guardian ad litem," at times, has been employed by this Court and the General Assembly synonymously with the terms “next friend” and ‘‘prochein ami." 390 Md. at 625, 890 A.2d at 729. For present analytical purposes, we shall treat all three terms as having the same meaning.

23 . We granted certiorari before arguments were heard in the Court of Special Appeals. Berrain v. Katzen, 329 Md. 337, 619 A.2d 547 (1993).

24 . We granted certiorari before the Court of Special Appeals considered the case. Fulton v. K & M Assocs., 329 Md. 479, 620 A.2d 349 (1993).

25 . Currently, the "dead man's statute” is codified at Maryland Code (2006 Repl.Vol.), Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, § 9-116 and provides:

A party to a proceeding by or against a personal representative, heir, devisee, distributee, or legatee as such, in which a judgment or decree may be rendered for or against them, or by or against an incompetent person, may not testify concerning any transaction with or statement made by the dead or incompetent person, personally or thi-ough an agent since dead, unless called to testify by the opposite party, or unless the testimony of the dead or incompetent person has been given already in evidence in the same proceeding concerning the same transaction or statement.

26 . In passing, we observe that Rule 2-419(a)(2) is a rule of discovery. Accordingly, a deposition that satisfies the dictates of use under the rule nonetheless would not be admissible in a trial if otherwise barred by a rule of evidence. Conversely, where, as here, a deposition is of a witness who is not a "party” under Rule 2-419(a)(2), such a deposition in certain circumstances might be admissible at trial as a vicarious admission of a party under Rule 5—803(a)(2)—(5). Respondents argue in their brief that Ms. Queen's deposition testimony constituted a vicarious admission by Petitioner. They urge that (a)(2)-(4) is applicable here, asserting that Petitioner "manifested an adoption or belief in its truth”; that Ms. Queen was "authorized by [Petitioner] to make a statement concerning the subject”; and that Ms. Queen was Petitioner’s agent and gave her deposition "during the agency ... concerning a matter within the scope of the agency.”

There are two reasons why we decline the invitation to address Respondents’ argument. First, as stated, any error in allowing them to read Ms. Queen's deposition into evidence during their defense case was, in any event, harmless. Second, the lack of a complete transcript precludes this Court from reviewing the trial court's factual determination that Ms. Queen’s deposition testimony was the vicarious admission of Petitioner, assuming the trial court even made such a determination. See Maryland Rule 5-803(a), cmt. n. (“Where there is a disputed issue as to ... representative capacity, authorization to make a statement, ... or any other foundational requirement, the court must make a finding on that issue before the statement may be admitted.”).

27 . Rule 5-105 provides:

Limited admissibility.

When evidence is admitted that is admissible as to one party or for one purpose but not admissible as to another party or for another purpose, the court, upon request, shall restrict the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.

28 . The fact that the property manager did not teceivc any complaints came to light during Petitioner's re-direct examination of the property manager, Daniel Perlberg, whom she called as a witness:

Q You lold us on my direct examination that you never inspected |the Subject Property]. Is that correct?

A No.

I didn’t inspect it. There was no—can I answer that?

THE COURT: Yes.

Q Well—

A The only reason I would answer |sic| is if there was a complaint made and there weren't any complaints made.