B.O. v. S.O.

• Court: Court of Special Appeals of Maryland
• Decided: September 10, 2021
• Docket: 1202/20
• Status: Published

Opinion

B. O. v. S. O., No. 1202, Sept. Term 2020, Opinion by Wells, J.

FAMILY LAW— DE FACTO PARENTHOOD

A de facto parent generally describes a party who claims custody based upon the party’s relationship with a non-biological, non-adopted child. Establishing de facto parenthood requires that the third party meet a high bar, that cannot be achieved without knowing participation by both parents. Conover v. Conover, 450 Md. 51, 74 (2016); E.N. v. T.R., No. 44, Sept. Term 2020, Slip Op. at 70, (decided: July 12, 2021).

FAMILY LAW—DE FACTO PARENTHOOD

Under Conover and now E.N., the third party bears the burden of proving four factors. First, the third party must prove that “the biological or adoptive parent(s) consented to, and fostered, the petitioner’s formation and establishment of a parent-like relationship with the child.” Second, the third party must establish “that the petitioner and the child lived together in the same household.” Third, the third party must prove “that the petitioner assumed obligations of parenthood by taking significant responsibility for the child’s care, education and development, including contributing towards the child’s support, without expectation of financial compensation.” Finally, the third party must demonstrate “that the petitioner has been in a parental role for a length of time sufficient to have established with the child a bonded, dependent relationship parental in nature.” Here, the circuit court did not err in finding that the third-party was not a de facto parent because she could not establish that one of the parents, despite battling a drug addiction and facing housing challenges, among other things, had consented to the third-party establishing a parent-like relationship with the child.

FAMILY LAW—PARENTAL FITNESS

A third-party seeking custody must show the “unfitness of the natural parents or that extraordinary circumstances exist before a trial court could apply the best interests of the child standard.” Here, the circuit court did not err as the third-party could not establish that the natural parent was unfit, even though the parent suffered from depression, was a recovering drug addict and alcoholic, and had previously been the subject of a domestic violence petition filed by the third-party but ultimately dismissed by the court.

FAMILY LAW—ABUSE OF DESCRETION—EXCLUSION OF NON-PARTIES

Once a court determines that a third-party petitioner claiming de facto parentage has not sustained their burden, they are no longer a party to the case and have no standing to contest subsequent court decisions. FAMILY LAW—NEGLECT ALLEGATIONS—FINAL HEARING—FL § 9-101 FINDINGS

Where allegations of parental abuse or neglect have been made, before a court awards custody or unsupervised visitation of a minor child the court must engage in a two-step process. First, the court must consider whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that a child has been abused or neglected by a party to the proceeding. Second, the court must determine whether it has been demonstrated that there is no likelihood of further abuse or neglect by the party. Here, the court did not abuse its discretion in ordering DSS to do a follow-up investigation of Mother and child before awarding Mother final custody because of a prior finding that Mother had neglected the child. Circuit Court for Montgomery County Case No. 16322202FL

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 1202

September Term, 2020

______________________________________

B. O.

v.

S. O. ______________________________________

Kehoe, Wells, Wright, Alexander, Jr. (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

JJ. ______________________________________

Opinion by Wells, J. ______________________________________

Filed: September 8, 2021

Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

2021-09-10 15:48-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk This appeal concerns appellant, B. O.’s (“Aunt”), attempt to obtain custody of K, a

boy born on January 18, 2017, to appellee, S. O. (“Mother”), and L. R. (“Father”).1 After

the parties filed an extensive number of pleadings and participated in several hearings

regarding K’s custody, the Circuit Court for Montgomery County ultimately awarded

custody to Mother and Aunt appealed.2

Aunt poses several questions for our review which we have rephrased and

condensed for clarity,3

1 Because K is a minor, we will only use an initial, rather than his name. And because of the allegations raised below affecting the minor child involved allegations of physical abuse and neglect, we will use the parties’ initials only. 2 At the time that Aunt’s custody petition was filed in the circuit court, Father was serving multiple life sentences for murder. He failed to answer the pleadings and the court entered a default judgment against him. 3 Appellant’s verbatim questions are: I. Did the court err in failing to apply the Conover test? II. Did the court err in not finding defendant unfit? III. Did the court err in never considering K’s best interests? IV. Did the court err when it failed to strike defendant’s post-trial affidavits? V. Did the court err by denying plaintiff’s motion in limine? VI. Did the court err by excluding plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel? VII. Did the court err by conducting ex parte hearing?

Even though she did not file a counter-appeal, Mother posed the following verbatim questions: I. Did the Court err in upholding Mother’s constitutional right to parent? a. Did the Court err in finding Aunt is not a de facto parent under the first prong of Conover? b. Did the Court err in finding that Aunt failed to meet her burden of proving Mother’s parental unfitness? c. Did the Court err in not considering the best interests of the child where Aunt failed to prove that she is a de facto parent or that Mother is unfit? II. Did the Court abuse its discretion in not striking Mother’s interim Affidavits where the Court did not consider them in its ruling? I. Did the trial court err in concluding that Aunt was not entitled to custody because she did not prove that she was a de facto parent, nor did she prove that Mother was unfit? II. Did the trial court err in failing to consider K’s best interests when Aunt failed to establish that she was a de facto parent or that Mother was unfit? III. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it denied Aunt’s motion to strike Mother’s post-trial affidavits, even though the court stated it did not consider the affidavits? IV. Did the court abuse its discretion when it denied Aunt’s Motion in Limine to strike the testimony of Shanie Yates? V. Did the court abuse its discretion when it excluded Aunt and Aunt’s counsel from the final hearing because the court concluded that Aunt was no longer a party to the proceedings?

For the reasons that we discuss, we shall affirm the judgments. Specifically, we

hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Mother was entitled to custody

because Aunt could not prove that she was K’s de facto parent, nor could Aunt prove that

Mother was unfit to parent K. Despite Aunt’s protests to the contrary, the court did not

need to conduct a best interest of the child analysis because Aunt could neither prove de

facto parentage nor could she overcome the presumption that Mother was fit. The court

did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant Aunt’s motion to strike Mother’s post-trial

affidavits because they were not ex parte communications, as Aunt contended. And, Aunt

could not show that the affidavits influenced the court’s decision. The court properly

denied Aunt’s Motion in Limine to strike witness Shanie Yates’ testimony because Aunt’s

III. Did the Court abuse its discretion in allowing a witness to testify after she failed to appear for a deposition for which she was not properly served? IV. Did the Court abuse its discretion in conducting a final hearing without Aunt and Aunt’s counsel present? a. Did the Court abuse its discretion in excluding Aunt from a hearing where she is not a party? b. Did the Court abuse its discretion in holding a final hearing? 2 basis to exclude that testimony was that Ms. Yates failed to appear for a deposition. But

the record shows that Aunt failed to properly serve Ms. Yates with a notice of the

deposition. As a result, Ms. Yates had no notice of the deposition and was not obligated

to appear. Aunt was properly excluded from further custody proceedings because she has

no constitutional right to parent K after she could not prove de facto parenthood or that

Mother was unfit. Finally, in determining whether Mother was likely to neglect or abuse

K in the future under Family Law § 9-101, the court was within its discretion to order the

local Department of Social Services to perform a follow-up assessment of K and Mother.

In so doing, the court did not transform the proceedings into a CINA hearing, as Aunt

contends.

BACKGROUND FACTS

S. O. (“Mother”) is the biological parent of K, the minor child who is the focus of

this case. She is also the mother of two other children who are not involved in these

proceedings. Mother is a resident of Prince George’s County, Maryland. B. O. (“Aunt”)

is a Montgomery County resident. While Mother was pregnant with K, L. R., K’s father

was arrested for committing multiple murders and is serving multiple life sentences.

A. Aunt’s Efforts to Obtain Custody

Aunt cared for K when he was a few months old after he was removed from

Mother’s custody due to child neglect and domestic violence. On March 16, 2017, Aunt

filed a protective order against Mother on behalf of K in Prince George’s County. Mother

contested the order. The order was granted for one year based on a finding of neglect. The

order expired in 2018. Despite the protective order’s expiration, K continued to live with

3 Aunt up and until the trial court awarded temporary custody to Mother on December 4,

2020.

In May 2017, Mother enrolled in a substance use program run by Fields and Fields.4

While the protective order was in place, Mother saw K at Aunt’s sole discretion, usually

on the weekends.

At trial, Mother testified that she began living in the Fields and Fields residential

addiction treatment program in January 2019 and continued to reside there until spring

2020. Once Mother moved into the Fields and Fields facility, K began spending overnights

with Mother. The trial court found that K continued to primarily reside with Aunt while

Mother lived at Fields and Fields, despite Mother testifying that K lived with her at Fields

and Fields from January 2019 to July 2019.

On January 2, 2019, Aunt filed a new protective order against Mother on behalf of

K in the Circuit Court of Prince George’s County. The court entered a temporary protective

order on January 2, 2019 but denied a final protective order on January 9, 2019 because

Aunt failed to appear.

Following a visit to Kings Dominion amusement park in July 2019, which all parties

attended, Aunt filed several protective order petitions alleging that Mother had abused K.

On July 10, 2019, Aunt filed a protective order petition against Mother on behalf of K in

Prince George’s County. The court granted the temporary protective order that day but did

4 Fields and Fields is a Medicaid-funded substance use treatment center that provides group classes on substance use, GED preparation, group and individual therapy, and substance use screening. https://fieldsandfieldstreatmentcenter.com. https://bit.ly/3s5ZByy. (Last visited: August 8, 2021.) 4 not enter a final protective order one week later because Aunt did not meet the statutory

burden of proof.

On July 17, 2019, the same day the final protective order was denied in Prince

George’s County, Aunt filed an identical petition for protection on K’s behalf in the

Montgomery County District Court. That court issued a temporary protective order. At

the final hearing on July 24, 2019, the court dismissed the petition based on res judicata.

On the same day that the District Court dismissed the petition, Aunt filed for emergency

custody in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County. It is that case which forms the basis

of this appeal.

B. Mother’s Protective Orders Against Aunt

Mother filed a petition for protection against Aunt on July 9, 2019 before Aunt

initiated the July 2019 custody filings. At trial, Mother testified that she had applied for

public benefits for K in Maryland but was denied them because Aunt was already receiving

public benefits for K in the District of Columbia. Mother informed the authorities in the

District of Columbia that K did not live there and the authorities in the District subsequently

terminated K’s benefits, raising Aunt’s ire against Mother.

After the termination of benefits, Mother testified that Aunt made several threats

against her. At trial, Mother testified about Aunt’s repeated abuse towards her as a child

and how Aunt had assaulted Mother as an adult. Aunt consented to an order of protection.

The protective order did not involve custody. On July 26, 2019, Mother filed criminal

kidnapping charges against Aunt after Aunt refused to return K after the expiration of the

5 temporary protective order. The State entered those charges nolle prosequi on September

16, 2019.

C. Access to the Child

At trial, Mother testified that she was asked to leave Fields and Fields due to the

constant police presence caused by Aunt and Aunt’s counsel sending the police to the

facility. After she left Fields and Fields in February 2020, Mother moved into the home of

Shanie Yates’ uncle in Greenbelt, Maryland, but did not tell Aunt. Mother testified that

Aunt refused to allow her to see K unless Mother revealed where she was living. Mother

explained that because there was still an active protective order between Aunt and Mother,

she felt uncomfortable providing Aunt with the address. In the spring of 2020, Mother

moved in with the parties’ mother, C. O., in Clinton, Maryland. Mother moved in with C.

O. because Aunt refused to let Mother see K. Once Mother moved in with C. O., K began

spending time with both Aunt and Mother under the pendente lite access order. Mother

was living with C. O. at the start of the trial.

D. Withdrawal of Aunt’s Support following Trial

At the end of the trial on November 10, 2020, the court set a hearing for the ruling

on December 1, 2020. Between the close of the evidence and the court’s ruling, Mother

filed two affidavits with the court because Mother was asked to leave C. O.‘s home and

Aunt was withholding access to K.

On December 1, 2020, the court concluded that Aunt did not meet her burden of

proving she was a de facto parent or that Mother was unfit, thus the court awarded custody

of K to Mother. Following Md. Code Ann., Fam. Law Article (“FL”) § 9-101, the court

6 ordered the Prince George’s County Department of Social Services (“DSS”) and/or the

Montgomery County DSS to assess whether K was a Child in Need of Assistance (CINA)

and submit a full report. While the court acknowledged that Mother had made positive

strides since the 2017 finding of neglect, a further assessment was necessary to ascertain

any possibility of future neglect to comply with the requirements of FL § 9-101.

On December 21, 2020, the court reviewed the report provided by DSS and a

memorandum from Mother’s attorney that provided updates regarding Mother’s

employment and housing and K’s daycare situation. Before awarding full custody to

Mother, the court considered all the evidence as well as testimony from Mother regarding

her current circumstances.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews “both the law and evidence” when reviewing actions tried

without a jury. Rule 8-131(c). We “will not set aside the judgment of the trial court on the

evidence unless clearly erroneous.” Id. Custody decisions are reviewed for abuse of

discretion, but if the order “involves an interpretation and application of statutory or case

law, [then] we review the trial court’s conclusions de novo[.]” Kpetigo v. Kpetigo, 238

Md. App. 561, 568 (2018) (citing Walter v. Gunter, 367 Md. 386, 391-92 (2002)); North

v. North, 102 Md. App. 1, 13 (1994) (explaining that custody or visitation decisions are

reviewed based on Rule 8-131(c)). This Court gives “due regard to the opportunity of the

trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” Id. On review, we grant the trial court

broad discretion “because only [the trial court] sees the witnesses and the parties, hears the

testimony and has the opportunity to speak with the child.” Burak v. Burak, 455 Md. 564,

7 617 (2017) (quoting In Re Yve S., 373 Md. 551, 586 (2003)). Comparatively speaking, the

trial court “is in a far better position . . . to weigh the evidence” and determine custody,

than an appellate court that “has only a cold record before it.” Id.

This Court will not disturb the trial court’s decision if it was based upon “sound

legal principles and . . . factual findings that are not clearly erroneous.” See Davis v. Davis,

280 Md. 119, 125-126, cert. denied, 434 U.S. 939 (1977). We will not reverse a trial

court’s decision simply because we would not have made the same ruling. North v. North,

102 Md. App. 1, 14 (1994). An abuse of discretion occurs “where no reasonable person

would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Floyd v. Balt. City Council, 241 Md. App.

199, 208 (2019); In Re Yve S., 373 Md. at 586 (noting abuse of discretion may also occur

when “the court acts ‘without reference to any guiding rules or principles” (quoting In re

Adoption/Guardianship No. 3598, 346 Md. 295, 312-12 (1997))). The decision being

challenged “has to be well removed from any center mark imagined by the reviewing court

and beyond the fringe of what that court deems minimally acceptable.” Brown v. Daniel

Realty Co., 409 Md. 565, 601 (2009) (quoting King v. State, 407 Md. 682, 697 (2009)).

An abuse of discretion results when the trial court’s decision “does not logically follow

from the findings upon which it supposedly rests or has no reasonable relationship to its

announced objective.” Id. “An abuse of discretion should only be found in the

extraordinary, exceptional, or most egregious case.” Wilson v. John Crane, Inc., 385 Md.

185, 199 (2005).

8 DISCUSSION

I. THE TRIAL COURT PROPERLY GRANTED MOTHER CUSTODY BECAUSE AUNT DID NOT PROVE THAT SHE WAS A DE FACTO PARENT OR THAT MOTHER WAS UNFIT.

a. Parties’ Contentions

Aunt contends that the court erred in concluding that she was not a de facto parent

and in finding Mother was fit. Aunt argues that the trial court erred when it “totally

changed its mind” in awarding custody to Mother at the close of the trial. Aunt asserts that

the court only focused on Mother’s opposition to Aunt being a de facto parent during

litigation and the criminal case pending against Aunt that Mother filed after this case began.

Aunt also asserts that the trial court failed to conclusively determine whether Mother was

fit. Given that K had lived with Aunt since he was a few months old, Aunt asserts that the

court was “required to determine whether [Mother was] a ‘fit’ or ‘unfit’ parent.” Therefore,

she contends that the Custody Orders regarding both de facto parenthood and parental

fitness must be vacated with the case remanded for a new trial.

Mother contends that the court properly exercised its discretion in concluding that

Aunt did not establish de facto parenthood because Aunt could not establish that Mother

had consented to a parental relationship between Aunt and K. Mother contends that she

has a constitutional right to parent and that right can only be overcome through a finding

of unfitness or exceptional circumstances—neither of which Aunt proved. Mother argues

that the court’s decision to award her custody was not an abuse of discretion because it was

based on the evidence before the court.

9 b. Mother’s Constitutional Right to Parent

The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently recognized that the Due

Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment necessarily “protects the fundamental right

of parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.”

Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66 (2000); see also Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 652

(1972) (recognizing that a parent has a “substantial and cognizable interest in retaining

custody of their children”); Pierce v. Soc’y of the Holy Names of Jesus & Mary, 268 U.S.

510, 534-35 (1925); Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923) (holding that under the

Due Process Clause, liberty includes the rights of parents to “establish a home and bring

up children” as well as to control their education); Shurupoff v. Vockroth, 372 Md. 639,

650 (2003) (“The Supreme Court has long recognized the right of a parent to raise [their]

children as a fundamental one protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment.”).

In Maryland, “parents are the joint natural guardians of their minor child.” FL § 5-

203 (2014). “The right to rear one’s child has been deemed to be ‘essential’” and is

included within the parents’ “basic civil rights.” Wagner v. Wagner, 109 Md. App. 1, 37

(1996) (first quoting Meyer, 262 U.S. at 399, then quoting Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S.

535, 541 (1942)).

In a custody dispute between two fit parents, the court’s focus is on the child’s best

interests because “each fit parent’s constitutional right neutralizes the other parent’s

constitutional right,” thus the parents are viewed as “presumptive equals.” McDermott v.

Dougherty, 385 Md. 320, 353 (2005). Here, by contrast, we have a dispute between a

10 presumed fit parent and a third party. In this situation, “both parties do not begin on equal

footing in respect to rights to ‘care, custody, and control’ of the children.” Id. A third

party “has no fundamental constitutional right to raise the children of others.” Id.

c. De Facto Parenthood

Aunt’s primary argument is that the court failed to properly analyze whether she

was a de facto parent under the factors enunciated in Conover v. Conover, 450 Md. 51

(2016). Conover describes a de facto parent “a party who claims custody . . . based upon

the party’s relationship, in fact, with a non-biological, non-adopted child.” Id. at 62

(citation omitted). Establishing de facto parenthood requires that the third party meet a

high bar, “which cannot be achieved without knowing participation by the biological

parent.” Id. at 74.

After argument and the submission of this case on June 4, 2021, the Court of

Appeals decided E.N. v. T.R., No. 44, September Term, 2020 (decided: July 12, 2021).

There, the Court held that under the first factor of Conover, where there are two legal

(biological or adoptive) parents, the prospective de facto parent must demonstrate that both

parents consented to the express or implied fostering of a parent-like relationship between

the prospective de facto parent and the child. Slip op. at 70.5

5 Here, there was no consideration of the father’s consent, either expressed or implied, as he never answered the complaint and did not participate in any of the proceedings. As we discuss, because Aunt could not prove Mother’s consent to fostering a parent-like relationship between Aunt and K her claim falls regardless. The holding in E.N. should, of course, be followed in all subsequent cases of this kind.

11 Under Conover, now augmented by the holding in E.N., the third party bears the

burden of proving four factors. First, the third party must prove that the biological or

adoptive parents consented to, and fostered, the petitioner’s formation and establishment

of a parent-like relationship with the child.” Conover, 450 Md. at 74; E. N., slip op. at 70.

Second, the third party must establish “that the petitioner and the child lived together in the

same household.” Conover, 450 Md. at 74. Third, the third party must prove “that the

petitioner assumed obligations of parenthood by taking significant responsibility for the

child’s care, education and development, including contributing towards the child’s

support, without expectation of financial compensation.” Id. Finally, the third party must

demonstrate “that the petitioner has been in a parental role for a length of time sufficient

to have established with the child a bonded, dependent relationship parental in nature.” Id.

For the first prong, the consent and fostering by the biological parents “[are] critical

because it makes the biological or adoptive parent a participant in the creation of the

psychological parent’s relationship with the child.” Id. However, this factor also limits

the legal parent’s rights to “unilaterally sever” a relationship between a third party and the

legal parent where the legal parent has invited the third party into the child’s life and “that

invitation alters a child’s life by essentially providing [them] with another parent.” Id. at

76. If a parent has made a “conscious parenting decision to foster a parent-caliber

relationship between a third party and [the] child,” then the parent’s consent to a prior and

intentional parental relationship counterbalances (or supersedes) [their] otherwise

preemptive right to determine whether and to what extent another adult is involved in his

child’s life.” Kpetigo, 238 Md. App. at 574.

12 1. The Motion for Judgment

Aunt asserts that the court “totally changed its mind” in its final ruling compared to

the ruling made in response to Mother’s oral motion for judgment that was made at the

close of Aunt’s presentation of the case. Mother argued that Aunt failed to make a prima

facie showing of de facto parenthood. In reviewing a motion for judgment, the “court shall

consider all evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the party against whom

the motion is made.” Rule 2-519(a) and (b).

At the hearing on the motion for judgment, the court explained that under Conover,

“the plaintiff has to prove that the defendant consented to and fostered the relationship of

the plaintiff with the child in a variety of ways that go beyond that of simply a relationship

between an aunt and a child.” While the court found that there was no agreement, it

highlighted that there appeared to be “implicit consent of the defendant who, according to

the plaintiff’s testimony, never asked to have the child returned to her.” The court

concluded that “while there was no explicit oral or written statement, the Court does find

that, at this stage, and taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, that

there has been a demonstration of consent and fostering of the relationship between the

child and third party.” (Emphasis added.) The court specifically noted that it “found that

at this point” the first factor of Conover had been met. The court’s decision was based on

the evidence that had been presented in the light most favorable to the Aunt. See Rule 2-

519.

13 2. Final Ruling

In its final ruling, the court concluded that based upon all the evidence that had been

presented, Aunt did not meet the first prong of Conover because Mother did not “consent[]

to” or “foster” any type of “formation and establishment of a parent-like relationship”

between Aunt and the minor child. Aunt argues that this ruling ignored the evidence

presented and lacked any rationale. On review, we are focusing on the court’s decision

regarding the first factor as that is the main source of contention between the parties.

Aunt’s argument stems from the fact that at the close of Aunt’s case, the court found that

the Aunt’s evidence established a consensual parent-child relationship and then later, at the

close of the evidence, the court found that there was no consensual parent-child

relationship.

We review the decision of the circuit court to determine whether the ruling

“logically follow[s] from the findings upon which it supposedly rests” or whether it lacks

a “reasonable relationship to its announced objective.” North, 102 Md. App. at 14. Aunt’s

claims, that the court’s final ruling ignored the evidence and lacked a legal basis, are

unsupported by the record. The record shows that the court analyzed each of the Conover

factors and applied the law to the facts in reaching its ultimate conclusion on de facto

parentage. The court noted that Aunt “satisfied her burden of proof” for the second, third,

and fourth prongs of Conover. Aunt, however, did not meet the burden of proof for the

first prong.

We analyze the trial court’s decision regarding the first prong to ascertain whether

it was based upon “sound legal principles and . . . factual findings that are not clearly

14 erroneous.” Davis, 280 Md. at 125-126. The trial court’s decision discussed the

importance of the first prong and the “knowing participation by the biological parent.”

Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Aunt at the end of her case, the court

found that she had established a parental relationship with K.

But, when considering all the evidence, the court reached a different conclusion.

The court explained that “the establishment of a parent-child relationship between a third

party and a child must be voluntary and consensual.” The court then cited several facts to

support its conclusion that Aunt failed to meet the first prong:

• “In reviewing the evidence, the Court finds that [Mother] contested the original 2017 award of custody and judicial finding of neglect in the Prince George’s County Courthouse and in that protective order hearing.” Therefore, the court notes that Aunt’s custody “was clearly not voluntary or consensual from that through April of 2018.”

• “The Court also finds credible that [Mother] attempted several times to have [K] returned to her but with either refusal or no response.”

• “Undisputed is the fact that no written document between [Mother] and [Aunt] establishes consent to any legal or physical custody to [Aunt].”

• “Also undisputed is the factual finding that at no time did [Mother] make an oral statement to [Aunt] or anyone else that she was surrendering or encouraging legal or physical custody of [K] to be with [Aunt]. [Aunt] admitted in her deposition testimony of February 28, 2020 as read into evidence at trial that there was quote no agreement with [Mother] about care and custody. End quote.”

• “No evidence was presented of any conversation of which [Mother] was a participant as to who should raise [K] or serve as his parent.”

• “Mother contested [Aunt’s] every effort in this litigation to obtain temporary custody.”

15 Taking all of this into consideration, the court explained that “Aunt has not sustained her

burden of proof as to the first prong and therefore has not established her status as a de

facto parent.” Since Aunt could not meet her burden of proof, she failed to meet the “‘high

bar’ established by Conover to demonstrate [Mother’s] voluntary consent or fostering of a

parent-child relationship.”

Based on our review of the record, the court’s conclusion was “founded upon factual

findings that [were] not clearly erroneous.” North, 102 Md. App. at 13. Trial courts have

discretion to make findings of fact and apply those facts to the law, and we give the trial

court’s decision discretion because the trial court has had the opportunity to “weigh the

evidence” in a manner, unlike the way an appellate court does. Burak, 455 Md. at 617

(quoting In Re Yve S., 373 Md. at 586). Once all of the evidence was presented, the court

reviewed the totality of the evidence and found that the evidence demonstrated Mother did

not “consent[] to . . . the petitioner’s formation and establishment of a parent-like

relationship with the child.” Conover, 450 Md. at 74. Mother also testified as to the

numerous instances where she attempted to see K or regain custody and Aunt refused. The

court found credible Mother’s statement as to her attempts to access and gain custody of

K. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Aunt failed

to meet the first prong of the Conover standard, and thus could not establish de facto

parenthood. We hold that the court’s decision was based on “sound legal principles” and

its factual findings were “not clearly erroneous.” Davis, 280 Md. at 125-26; Floyd, 241

Md. App. at 208 (explaining that an abuse of discretion occurs when “no reasonable person

would take the view adopted by the trial court”).

16 d. Parental Unfitness

In Aunt’s Amended Complaint, she asserted a third-party standing claim based on

parental unfitness. Aunt argues that the court abused its discretion in not conclusively

determining whether Mother was fit. The court did not abuse its discretion in finding that

Mother was fit and further, the record does not support Aunt’s claim that the court did not

consider Mother’s fitness to parent.

Parents have a “fundamental constitutional right to raise [their] child.” McDermott,

Md. 418. The Court of Appeals of Maryland has explained that

the non-constitutional best interests of the child standard, absent extraordinary (i.e., exceptional) circumstances, does not override a parent’s fundamental constitutional right to raise [their] child when the case is between a fit parent, to whom the fundamental right to parent is inherent, and a third party who does not possess such constitutionally-protected parental rights.

McDermott, 385 Md. at 418. A presumption exists between a biological parent and a third

party that a child’s best interests are best served in the custody of the parent. Id. at 423

(quoting Hoffman, 280 Md. 172, 178-79 (1977)). The burden is on the third party to

establish that the parent is either unfit or that exceptional circumstances exist. Id. at 424

(citing Ross v. Pick, 199 Md. 341, 351 (1952)).

Aunt bore the burden of demonstrating that Mother was unfit. McDermott, 385 Md.

at 424. Aunt did not plead exceptional circumstances, so we are only focused on whether

Aunt met her burden in proving that Mother was unfit and whether the court abused its

discretion in finding Mother fit. Aunt presented three reasons as to why Mother was unfit:

(1) Mother’s mental health; (2) Mother’s marijuana/alcohol addiction; and (3) Mother’s

17 disciplinary practices. To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding

that Mother was fit, we will review each of the three grounds of unfitness asserted by Aunt.

1. Mental Health

Aunt contended that Mother was mentally unfit to parent K. The court noted that

testimony from Aunt’s and Mother’s mother, C. O., “identified [Mother’s] mood swings

and depression” was concerning, but neither party introduced any “professional testimony,

assessment, diagnosis, or opinion” as to Mother’s mental health. The court explained that

while at Fields and Fields, Mother attended therapy twice weekly with “Dr. Barton” and

once weekly with “Dr. Sam.” The court concluded that Aunt did not present “sufficient

evidence from which the Court could find unfitness due to mental health conditions.” We

do not find this decision to be an abuse of discretion as it is not “well removed from any

center mark imagined by the reviewing court” Brown, 409 Md. at 601.

2. Marijuana and/or Alcohol Addiction

Aunt contended that Mother’s addiction to marijuana and alcohol made her unfit.

As noted, Mother voluntarily entered the Fields and Fields program, which was designed

to help individuals dealing with substance use and addiction. Mother testified that she has

not used marijuana since leaving Fields and Fields. While she did initially test positive for

marijuana upon arrival to Fields and Fields, she has not tested positive in any of the random

drug tests that followed. The last random test was conducted in February 2020. Even

though neither party introduced the results of any substance testing, the court noted that it

was not “convinced by the evidence that [Mother] is currently using marijuana or alcohol

in excess to imbibing or introducing into her body any controlled – other controlled

18 dangerous substance.” While the court expressed concern about Mother’s lack of current

treatment and involvement with “recognized programs such as AA or NA,” the court,

nonetheless, concluded that “proof of unfitness had not been established regarding

substance addiction.” This decision is not an abuse of discretion as it is based on “sound

legal principles” and the factual findings are not clearly erroneous. North, 102 Md. App.

at 13.

3. Physical Punishment and Neglect

Aunt also contended that Mother was unfit because she had used improper

disciplinary measures on K and has a history of neglect. Aunt testified that Mother used

corporal punishment on K, locked K in a dark room, and required K to stand with his hands

above his head for long periods of time. C. O. testified to seeing Mother administer

corporal punishment via hand, but not a belt. Mother completed a parenting class at Fields

and Fields. The court noted that no complaints had been made regarding Mother’s conduct

to Child Protective Services. It also noted that the July 19th domestic violence petition that

Aunt filed after the Kings Dominion excursion had been denied for failure of proof. The

court concluded that it did not find that evidence of “improper or physical corporal

discipline” had been presented that showed Mother was unfit. The court did not abuse its

discretion because this was based on the evidence and was not so far “beyond the fringe of

what [the] court deems minimally acceptable.” Brown, 409 Md. at 601.

As for Aunt’s contention that Mother failed to adequately care for K and Mother’s

supposed over-reliance on family members and friends for babysitting services, the court

noted that Mother was employed as a waitress/hostess and worked long hours. It noted

19 that Mother had made daycare arrangements for her other child while working. The court

explained that “without a doubt, [Mother] has relied upon and called upon family and

friends to provide substantial babysitting services, paid and unpaid.” Nonetheless, it found

that Mother “has made positive strides since the 2017 judicial finding of neglect but does

not find that as of the close of trial evidence” there has been a demonstration of a current

neglectful condition for the minor child’s care by Mother. The court did not abuse its

discretion in making this finding as it was supported by the evidence and was not clearly

erroneous.

Since the court did not find that Mother was unfit on the grounds of mental health,

substance use, or physical discipline or neglect, the court concluded that Mother had a

fundamental and constitutional right to raise K. Importantly, the court properly noted that

the standard is not whether “a third party could provide a ‘better life,’ but rather the focus

is on the importance of maintaining the family bonds between a child and the parent.” See

In re Yve S., 373 Md. at 594 (“The fact that [a parent] has a mental or emotional problem

and is less than a perfect parent or that the children may be happier with their foster parents

is not a legitimate reason to remove them from a natural parent competent to care for them

in favor of a stranger.” (quoting In re: Barry E., 107 Md. App. at 220)).

We hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding Mother fit. The court

undertook an extensive analysis of the evidence and concluded that Aunt did not present

sufficient evidence to demonstrate that Mother was unfit. Cf. Floyd, 241 Md. App. at 208

(explaining an abuse of discretion occurs when “no reasonable person would take the view

adopted by the trial court”).

20 II. THE COURT DID NOT ERR IN NOT CONDUCTING A BEST INTEREST ANALYSIS BECAUSE AUNT DID NOT OVERCOME THE PRESUMPTION THAT MOTHER WAS FIT TO PARENT

Aunt contends that the court erred in not applying the best interest of the child

standard as enunciated in Conover. Mother contends that Aunt is mistaken in her reliance

on Conover because Aunt must first establish that she is a de facto parent or prove parental

unfitness before the court assesses best interests.

b. Best Interest of the Child Standard

The best interest of the child standard “embraces a strong presumption that the

child’s best interests are served by maintaining parental rights.” In re Yve S., 373 Md. at

571. This presumption stems from the belief that “the affection of a parent for a child is as

strong and potent as any that springs from human relations and leads to desire and efforts

to care properly for and raise the child, which are greater than another would be likely to

display.” Koshko v. Haining, 398 Md. 404, 424 (2007). While the best interest of the child

standard is of “transcendent importance,” this standard “does not ignore the interests of the

parents and their importance to the child” as “in almost all cases, it is in the best interests

of the child to have reasonable maximum opportunity to develop a close and loving

relationship with each parent.” McDermott, 385 Md. at 354 (quoting Boswell v. Boswell,

352 Md. 204, 220 (1998)).

In Maryland, the “best interest of the child” test is only to be considered where the

parents are unfit or exceptional circumstances exist. McDermott, 385 Md. at 418. A third-

party seeking custody must show “unfitness of the natural parents or that extraordinary

21 circumstances exist before a trial court could apply the best interests of the child standard.”

Conover, 450 Md. at 61. A prima facie presumption exists that the child’s welfare “will

be best subserved in the care and custody of its parents rather than in the custody of others,

and the burden is then cast upon the parties opposing them to show the contrary.” Ross v.

Pick, 199 Md. 341, 351 (1952). The court inquires into the best interests of the child if the

parent is deemed unfit or exceptional circumstances exist to the point that staying in the

parent’s custody is detrimental to the best interest of the child. Id. (citing Hoffman, 280

Md. at 178.

c. Analysis

Aunt’s argument that the court abused its discretion in failing to consider the best

interests of K lacks merit. Aunt’s argument that Conover mandated the use of the best

interest of the child standard is incorrect. Conover requires the best interest of the child

standard to be used once de facto parenthood is established or once the third party

establishes that the parent is unfit or exceptional circumstances exist. Conover, 450 Md.

at 60.

The best interest of the child standard does not apply to the specific facts of this

case. In a custody dispute where a third party seeks custody, the third party must establish

that the biological parents are unfit or that exceptional circumstances exist. Conover, 450

Md. at 60; McDermott, 385 Md. at 353 (explaining that parents are asserting fundamental

constitutional rights whereas the third party is not asserting a constitutional right); Koshko

v. Haining, 398 Md. 404, 445 (2007) (finding a grandparent visitation statute

22 unconstitutional where it did not first require the grandparents to establish that the

biological parents were unfit or that exceptional circumstances existed).

As discussed, the trial court did not find that Aunt established de facto parenthood.

For many of the same reasons, the court did not find that Mother was unfit. Specifically,

Mother had battled a drug and alcohol addiction, but she had succeeded in overcoming her

addictions by seeking appropriate treatment and by the time of the hearing, had remained

sober. Similarly, although Mother suffered from depression, she had successfully obtained

treatment. And, although Aunt had challenged Mother’s parenting style, Aunt had not

proven that Mother ever abused or neglected K since the 2017 incident. And, despite these

challenges, Mother maintained a presence in K’s life and tried her best to care for him. For

these reasons, the court found that Aunt could not overcome the presumption that K’s

welfare “will be best subserved in the care and custody of [Mother].” Ross, 199 Md. at

351. Because Aunt could not overcome the presumption that Mother was fit, and did not

allege that exceptional circumstances existed, the trial court was not required to apply the

best interest of the child standard. McDermott, 385 Md. at 418. Therefore, the court did

not abuse its discretion in failing to inquire into the best interests of K because Aunt did

not overcome the presumption of Mother’s fitness nor, as discussed, was Aunt able to

establish de facto parenthood.

III. MOTHER’S POST-TRIAL AFFIDAVITS WERE NOT EX PARTE COMMUNICATIONS NOR DID THEY IMPROPERLY INFLUENCE THE TRIAL COURT

23 Aunt argues that Mother’s post-trial affidavits were ex parte communications and

improperly tainted the court’s decision. Therefore, she contends that the custody orders

must be vacated, and the case remanded for a new trial. In response, Mother argues the

affidavits were not ex parte communications because she mailed copies of them to Aunt

and her counsel. Further, the court explicitly stated that the it did not consider the affidavits

in rendering its decision.

b. Analysis

Mother filed two post-trial affidavits where she expressed concern about K’s care

and safety, and her lack of access to K. These affidavits were filed with completed

certificates of service and copies were mailed to Aunt’s counsel. Aunt contends that these

two affidavits are ex parte communications and improperly influenced the trial court.

Ex parte communications occur when one party communicates with the

decisionmaker without notice to the other party. Anchor Packing Co. v. Grimshaw, 115

Md. App. 134, 168 (1996) (citing Caldwell v. State, 51 Md. App. 703 (1982)), vacated on

other grounds. Mother’s affidavits are not ex parte communication because Mother filed

them with certificates of service to Aunt’s counsel. Aunt did not dispute this fact. From

this we can conclude that Aunt had notice of Mother’s affidavits. Consequently, the trial

court’s exercise of discretion in not striking the affidavits was based on the “sound legal

principles” that define ex parte communication as those that occur without notice to the

other party, which was not the case here. North, 102 Md. App. at 13.

Additionally, Aunt did not show how the affidavits improperly influenced the trial

court. Indeed, the trial judge explicitly stated in his oral opinion that he had not “considered

24 any of the affidavits that have been filed. I have read them . . . but that had no part in my

decision.” Without a showing to the contrary, we take the judge at his word that the

affidavits were not considered.

IV. THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN DENYING AUNT’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO STRIKE SHANIE YATES’ TESTIMONY WHEN AUNT FAILED TO PROPERLY SERVE YATES FOR A DEPOSITION.

Aunt argues that the court abused its discretion in denying her Motion in Limine to

prohibit Shanie Yates from testifying. Aunt contends that the court improperly permitted

Ms. Yates to testify because she did not appear for her deposition. Aunt contends that the

custody orders must be vacated, and the case remanded for a new trial. Mother argues that

Ms. Yates was not properly served as required by Maryland rules. Mother also contends

that because Ms. Yates was not properly served, Ms. Yates had no obligation to appear at

the deposition. Consequently, Mother argues, the court did not abuse its discretion as it

had sufficient legal basis for denying the motion.

b. Maryland Rule 2-510

Maryland Rule 2-510(a)(1)(B) states that a subpoena is required to compel a

nonparty to give testimony and produce documents at a deposition. As for service of the

subpoena, Rule 2-510(d), in pertinent part, states that “[a] subpoena shall be served by

delivering a copy to the person named or to an agent authorized by appointment or by law

to receive service for the person named or as permitted by Rule 2-121(a)(3).”6

6 Rule 2-121(a)(3) states: 25 c. Analysis

Aunt sent the notice of deposition to 6108 Silver Hill Road, District Heights,

Maryland. This is the main office for Fields and Fields. The record reveals that Ms. Yates

never lived at that address. The trial court explained that “a messenger brought an envelope

with a series of subpoenas and deposition notices to an establishment which is not a

residence, at least for the people who were attempted to be served.” Further, the name on

the envelope containing all the deposition notices and subpoenas was Fields and Fields.

There was no personal service and most of the witnesses included in the envelope were not

residents at that address.

Because Aunt sought to compel Ms. Yates, a nonparty, to attend a deposition, proper

service could only be effectuated by serving her personally or serving someone Ms. Yates

had appointed to accept service or someone authorized at law to accept the subpoena for

Ms. Yates. Under Rule 2-121(a)(3) service could have been accomplished by restricted

mail delivery, but that alternative was not tried; personal service was only attempted.

Under Rule 2-510(d), Ms. Yates was not personally served. Not only did Ms. Yates not

live at the Fields and Fields rehabilitation center, apparently, someone simply dropped off

a number of subpoenas for various people at the Fields and Fields staff’s office and left.

Service of process may be made within this State or, when authorized by the law of this State, outside of this State by mailing to the person to be served a copy of the summons, complaint, and all other papers filed with it by certified mail requesting: “Restricted Delivery--show to whom, date, address of delivery.” Service by certified mail under this Rule is complete upon delivery. Service outside of the State may also be made in the manner prescribed by the court or prescribed by the foreign jurisdiction if reasonably calculated to give actual notice. 26 Consequently, Aunt could not show that Ms. Yates was personally served with a notice of

deposition or that alternate service was attempted. Aunt’s objection to Ms. Yates testifying

based on Ms. Yates supposedly not responding to a deposition subpoena was, in fact,

groundless. Based on this record, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

Aunt’s Motion in Limine.

V. THE COURT DID NOT ERR IN EXCLUDING AUNT FROM THE FINAL HEARING BECAUSE AUNT WAS NO LONGER A PARTY TO PROCEEDINGS

Aunt contends that the court barred her from appearing in her own case at the final

hearing, which she claims was an ex parte hearing that lacked any legal basis. She also

argues that the final hearing was improperly conducted as a CINA proceeding in juvenile

court. Finally, she contends that the trial court ignored trial evidence when it awarded

Mother full custody. Therefore, the court’s orders must be vacated, and a new trial must

be ordered.

Mother argues that these issues were not preserved for appellate review and were

presented only in the briefs for the first time. Aunt did not object on the record to being

excused from the final hearing and made no filings with the court. Even if the issues were

preserved, Mother contends that Aunt no longer had a right to be present to the hearing

when she had not established parental unfitness or de facto parenthood.

Maryland Rule 8-131 governs the scope of appellate review, especially as it pertains

to issues that are not preserved. “Ordinarily, the appellate court will not decide any other

27 issue unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial

court.” Md. Rule 8-131(a). “An objection cannot be made for the first time upon appeal.”

Tucker v. State, 237 Md. 422, 425 (1965); Cohen v. Cohen, 162 Md. App. 599, 608 (2005).

i. Aunt’s Exclusion from the Final Hearing

Aunt claims that the court excluded her prior to the claims being fully adjudicated,

thus denying her procedural and substantive due process rights that exist through the United

States Constitution and the Maryland Declaration of Rights. On December 1, 2020, the

trial court concluded that Aunt did not establish that she was a de facto parent, nor did she

establish that Mother was unfit. After the trial court judge explained his decision, he

informed Aunt that she was no longer a party to this case, and the following took place:

THE COURT: By my rulings, [Aunt] is no longer a party to these proceedings. So let’s set that date. [Aunt’s counsel], you and your client can be excused at this time.

[AUNT’S COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor.

* * *

THE COURT: You don’t have to stay here. [Aunt’s counsel], you can be excused if you wish. I’m just going to set up a date and arrange for that date with [Mother’s counsel] and her client.

[AUNT’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, with your permission, we’ll go ahead and withdraw and obviously review your order when we get it but I’ll make sure my client and the child are where they are supposed to be this afternoon.

Aunt did not object to the denial of custody nor did she object to being dismissed from the

case. Therefore, we hold this issue was not preserved for our review.

28 Even if the issue was preserved, the court properly excluded Aunt from the

subsequent proceedings because she no longer had an interest in the case. The court

specifically found that Aunt failed to establish de facto parenthood and failed to establish

that Mother was unfit. At that point, Aunt was a non-party to the custody proceedings.

Such persons have no standing in a custody proceeding since they are not de facto parents

and have no additional legally cognizable interest in the case. McDermott, 385 Md. at 353;

Conover, 450 Md. at 60.

Additionally, the court did not conduct an ex parte hearing on December 21, 2020

once Aunt was no longer a party to the case. A court cannot conduct an ex parte hearing

if a party has already been dismissed. An ex parte communication necessarily entails a

communication between a party and the court without the knowledge of an opposing party

or their counsel. See Grimshaw, 115 Md. App. at 168; Caldwell, 51 Md. App. at 703.

Here, Aunt was no longer a party when the court conducted its final custody hearing.

Therefore, we hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in holding the final hearing

without Aunt present because she was no longer a party.

ii. Final Hearing

Aunt argues that the court erroneously proceeded under CINA and ignored trial

evidence of Mother’s neglect by only focusing on the DSS report. Aunt identifies no

instances where the court ignored the trial evidence to exclusively focus on a DSS report

29 nor does she identify evidence that suggests the court improperly proceeded as a juvenile

court.

We note that Aunt presents this issue for the first time in her brief. Consequently,

it has not been preserved for review. Md. Rule 8-131(a).

Although Aunt’s argument is not preserved, we explain why the court acted

appropriately. At the December 1, 2020 hearing, the court noted that it was “referring [K]

to the Department of – to DSS whether appropriately Montgomery or Prince George’s

County for a full investigation as to whether [K] is a Child in Need of Assistance and [the

court was also] ordering that DSS assess the risk of neglect by [Mother] of [K].” The trial

court stated that it planned to schedule a hearing, if DSS did not file a CINA petition, to

determine final custody. The court explained that at the final hearing, it “expect[ed] to hear

about living arrangements and daycare and all other aspects of [Mother’s] and [K’s] life to

be updated.” The court also explained that at the final hearing it was required to make

certain findings as required by FL § 9-101 before awarding permanent custody. The court

noted that it was

mindful of Family Law § 9-101(a)’s requirement that where a previous finding of neglect has been made that a specific finding is required by the court that there is no likelihood of neglect reoccurring before custody can be granted.7

7 Maryland Code, Family Law Article § 9-101 states: (a) In any custody or visitation proceeding, if the court has reasonable grounds to believe that a child has been abused or neglected by a party to the proceeding, the court shall determine whether abuse or neglect is likely to occur if custody or visitation rights are granted to the party. (b) Unless the court specifically finds that there is no likelihood of further child abuse or neglect by the party, the court shall deny custody or visitation rights to that party, 30 Specifically, under FL § 9-101, the court must engage in a two-step process. First,

the court must consider whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that a child has

been abused or neglected by a party to the proceeding. The preponderance of the evidence

standard applies when the court determines whether reasonable grounds exist. Volodarsky

v. Tarachanskaya, 397 Md. 291, 308 (2007). Second, the court must determine whether it

has been demonstrated that there is no likelihood of further abuse or neglect by the party.

The court is explicitly prohibited from granting custody or unsupervised visitation to a

party who has abused or neglected a child unless the court specifically finds that there is

no likelihood of further abuse or neglect. Additionally, “[t]he burden is on the parent

previously having been found to have abused or neglected his or her child to adduce

evidence and persuade the court to make the requisite finding under § 9–101(b).” In re Yve

S., 373 Md. at 587.

The record does not suggest, as Aunt contends, that the final custody hearing had

been transformed into a CINA proceeding. Instead, the December 1 hearing was held

because of Mother’s prior finding of neglect as a result of Aunt’s 2017 protective order

petition that she filed on behalf of K. Under FL § 9-101, the court was required to conduct

a hearing to ascertain whether there was any likelihood of future abuse or neglect. The

statute states that unless the court “specifically finds that there is no likelihood of further

child abuse or neglect by the party, [then] the court shall deny custody.” The court did not

except that the court may approve a supervised visitation arrangement that assures the safety and the physiological, psychological, and emotional well-being of the child. 31 abuse its discretion in not summarily awarding final custody to Mother, but instead

ensuring that Mother was able to care for K. Under the circumstances, with a prior neglect

finding against Mother and Aunt’s insistence throughout the custody hearing that Mother

had neglected or physically abused K, we cannot say that the trial court’s decision to order

a follow-up DSS report before it made a final custody determination was so unreasonable

that “no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Floyd, 241

Md. App. at 208. The court’s factual findings were based on “sound legal principles” and

were not clearly erroneous. Consequently, we hold the court did not abuse its discretion in

awarding final custody to Mother.

JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY AFFIRMED; APPELLANT TO PAY COSTS.

32 The correction notice(s) for this opinion(s) can be found here:

https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/appellate/correctionnotices/cosa/1202s20cn.pdf