PELHAM, J.
The petition for habeas corpus filed in this case by W. A. Brown seeks to recover the possession or custody of a minor child about 3 1-2 years of age, Eugene Brown, Jr., by name, who is in the custody of his mother, Mataline Brown; the petitioner being a paternal grandparent of the child.
The petition was denied by the judge of the circuit court of Jefferson county, by whom it was heard, and petitioner brings this appeal for review of the ruling of the lower court; and the question here presented for review is whether, in deference to the infant’s welfare, [463]*463Avhich all the authorities recognize as the paramount consideration, the prima facie right of the parent to the custody of the infant should be interfered with by an order of this court.
The office of the writ of habeas corpus is to release one illegally restrained of liberty and generally is used as a “writ of liberty,” but in this case the writ is used for the purpose of contesting private rights; the illegal restraint complained of being only in the sense that the custody or restraint is illegal, in that it is not for the child’s best interest or welfare.
. The respondent, Mataline Brown, married the son of the petitioner, W. A. Brown, in June, 1906, and lived with her husband at the home in Birmingham of the petitioner and his wife, the parents of her husband, until after her baby, Eugene, Jr., for whose custody the petition is filed, was born. The father was improvident, intemperate, and addicted to other bad habits, and shortly after the child was born family differences arose that resulted in the young couple and their baby leaving petitioner’s home and going to live to* themselves in a home provided by petitioner in Graymount, a suburb of Birmingham. While living in this home the husband’s habits did not improve, nor did he provide for his family, and, after living thus unhappily together for some eight months in the house at Graymount, the husband deserted the Avife and child, leaving them entirely unprovided for, and Avent first to New York, and afteiuvards, returning through Birmingham and staying there a short period only, Avent to California, or somewhere in the West, Avhere he had been for about two years at the time this petition avus filed. After deserting his Avife and child and leaving them unprovided for, the father has con: tributed nothing to the support of the deserted wife and child, and the Avife and mother is without property, in[464]*464come, or means of support other than that she may derive from her daily labor, and the child has no estate of any kind.
The evidence, while in conflict with respect to the cause and details of the family troubles, and whose fault occasioned them, as is to be expected in a narration of domestic differences by the parties, yet leaves standing-out in bas relief practically uncontroverted one wholesome fact, and that is that either party to these proceedings may properly be intrusted with the care and custody of this infant child and that both are fit, proper, and suitable persons in so far as their good moral character is to be considered. There are, however, other matters of grave importance vitally affecting the infant’s present and future welfare that must be considered.
The status of the parties to the proceedings is fixed by settled principles of law. The general doctrine of the common law is established and followed by an unbroken line of decisions that the obligation to maintain, support, care for, and educate the child rests primarily upon the father (Ex parte Boaz, 31 Ala. 425; Neville v. Reed, 134 Ala. 317, 32 South. 659, 92 Am. St. Rep. 35), blit, having abandoned the infant without providing means for .its support he thereby, through his misconduct, forfeited his right to its care and custody (Neville v. Reed, supra; Winslow v. State, 92 Ala. 78, 9 South. 728), and, this duty and obligation of support and the rights of control having devolved upon the mother (Englehardt v. Yung’s Heirs, 76 Ala. 534), she became prima facie by the fact of maternity entitled to the custody of the child (Kirkbride v. Harvey, 139 Ala. 231, 35 South. 848).
The mother, thus having the prima facie maternal right to care for and have the custody and control of this infant child, transferred the custody of the child, as [465]*465sliovu by tlie undisputed evidence, in the record, to petitioner and his wife, the grandfather and grandmother of the child, during a period of the child’s illness in June, 1909, for two or three weeks, having sent the child t<¡ them to be cared for during its sickness, thus recognizing that, when the child was sick, the grandparents were more capable than herself of caring for it. The child, having been returned to its mother by its grandparents after recovering from its illness,-was again a few days afterwards in July, 1909, sent by its mother to its grandparents, the petitioner and his wife, together with a basket containing the child’s clothes. On this occasion the child and its clothes were sent to the grandparents without any solicitation upon their part, and without any explanation upon the mother’s part. The grandparents on the initiative of the mother and without objection on her part kept, the child about .16 months, or until in November, 1910, giving it kind and affectionate treatment, and caring for its wants and treating it as tenderly and providing for it as if it Avas their oaaui child, until November, 1910, Avhen the brother of the respondent requested the grandparents to alloAV him to take the child to see a street parade, representing that the mother Avould see the child at the parade, and that after the parade was over, he Avould return the child to the grandparents. This was not clone, but, on the contrary, the child was turned over by the respondent’s brother to the respondent, Avho kept the child and refused to give it up, Avhereupon its grandfather files the petition in this case, seeking custody of the child.
The petitioner, the grandfather of the child, and its grandmother, petitioner’s wife, are both people of good character and habits, past the meridian of life, and reasonably endowed with this world’s goods, their fortunes being shown to aggregate about $150,000, of which the [466]*466petitioner possesses the greater amount, or about $100,-000. The infant child, of the respondent is the only grandchild of petitioner and his wife, and has become very dear to their hearts during the time they have had its care and custody intrusted to them by the mother. The respondent, the mother, the unfortunate victim of a marriage to a thriftless man of had habits, who was cruel in his treatment of her, Avas deserted with his infant in her arms to care for Avithout means Avherewith to provide for herself and child. The evidence shows her moral character to be beyond reproach, and her efforts to earn a livelihood by her daily labors as a seamstress, and her willingness to share her scant earnings in the maintenance and support of her child, deserve commendation. But it is not the interests of the grandparents nor those of the mother, but the best interests of the child and its present and future Avelfare, that is the principal consideration for the court. Saunders v. Saunders, 166 Ala. 351, 52 South. 310. We find from the evidence in the record that the grandparents were loath to take the child and allow it to gain a stronghold in their heart’s affection unless they were to-be allowed to keep and rear the child.
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PELHAM, J.
The petition for habeas corpus filed in this case by W. A. Brown seeks to recover the possession or custody of a minor child about 3 1-2 years of age, Eugene Brown, Jr., by name, who is in the custody of his mother, Mataline Brown; the petitioner being a paternal grandparent of the child.
The petition was denied by the judge of the circuit court of Jefferson county, by whom it was heard, and petitioner brings this appeal for review of the ruling of the lower court; and the question here presented for review is whether, in deference to the infant’s welfare, [463]*463Avhich all the authorities recognize as the paramount consideration, the prima facie right of the parent to the custody of the infant should be interfered with by an order of this court.
The office of the writ of habeas corpus is to release one illegally restrained of liberty and generally is used as a “writ of liberty,” but in this case the writ is used for the purpose of contesting private rights; the illegal restraint complained of being only in the sense that the custody or restraint is illegal, in that it is not for the child’s best interest or welfare.
. The respondent, Mataline Brown, married the son of the petitioner, W. A. Brown, in June, 1906, and lived with her husband at the home in Birmingham of the petitioner and his wife, the parents of her husband, until after her baby, Eugene, Jr., for whose custody the petition is filed, was born. The father was improvident, intemperate, and addicted to other bad habits, and shortly after the child was born family differences arose that resulted in the young couple and their baby leaving petitioner’s home and going to live to* themselves in a home provided by petitioner in Graymount, a suburb of Birmingham. While living in this home the husband’s habits did not improve, nor did he provide for his family, and, after living thus unhappily together for some eight months in the house at Graymount, the husband deserted the Avife and child, leaving them entirely unprovided for, and Avent first to New York, and afteiuvards, returning through Birmingham and staying there a short period only, Avent to California, or somewhere in the West, Avhere he had been for about two years at the time this petition avus filed. After deserting his Avife and child and leaving them unprovided for, the father has con: tributed nothing to the support of the deserted wife and child, and the Avife and mother is without property, in[464]*464come, or means of support other than that she may derive from her daily labor, and the child has no estate of any kind.
The evidence, while in conflict with respect to the cause and details of the family troubles, and whose fault occasioned them, as is to be expected in a narration of domestic differences by the parties, yet leaves standing-out in bas relief practically uncontroverted one wholesome fact, and that is that either party to these proceedings may properly be intrusted with the care and custody of this infant child and that both are fit, proper, and suitable persons in so far as their good moral character is to be considered. There are, however, other matters of grave importance vitally affecting the infant’s present and future welfare that must be considered.
The status of the parties to the proceedings is fixed by settled principles of law. The general doctrine of the common law is established and followed by an unbroken line of decisions that the obligation to maintain, support, care for, and educate the child rests primarily upon the father (Ex parte Boaz, 31 Ala. 425; Neville v. Reed, 134 Ala. 317, 32 South. 659, 92 Am. St. Rep. 35), blit, having abandoned the infant without providing means for .its support he thereby, through his misconduct, forfeited his right to its care and custody (Neville v. Reed, supra; Winslow v. State, 92 Ala. 78, 9 South. 728), and, this duty and obligation of support and the rights of control having devolved upon the mother (Englehardt v. Yung’s Heirs, 76 Ala. 534), she became prima facie by the fact of maternity entitled to the custody of the child (Kirkbride v. Harvey, 139 Ala. 231, 35 South. 848).
The mother, thus having the prima facie maternal right to care for and have the custody and control of this infant child, transferred the custody of the child, as [465]*465sliovu by tlie undisputed evidence, in the record, to petitioner and his wife, the grandfather and grandmother of the child, during a period of the child’s illness in June, 1909, for two or three weeks, having sent the child t<¡ them to be cared for during its sickness, thus recognizing that, when the child was sick, the grandparents were more capable than herself of caring for it. The child, having been returned to its mother by its grandparents after recovering from its illness,-was again a few days afterwards in July, 1909, sent by its mother to its grandparents, the petitioner and his wife, together with a basket containing the child’s clothes. On this occasion the child and its clothes were sent to the grandparents without any solicitation upon their part, and without any explanation upon the mother’s part. The grandparents on the initiative of the mother and without objection on her part kept, the child about .16 months, or until in November, 1910, giving it kind and affectionate treatment, and caring for its wants and treating it as tenderly and providing for it as if it Avas their oaaui child, until November, 1910, Avhen the brother of the respondent requested the grandparents to alloAV him to take the child to see a street parade, representing that the mother Avould see the child at the parade, and that after the parade was over, he Avould return the child to the grandparents. This was not clone, but, on the contrary, the child was turned over by the respondent’s brother to the respondent, Avho kept the child and refused to give it up, Avhereupon its grandfather files the petition in this case, seeking custody of the child.
The petitioner, the grandfather of the child, and its grandmother, petitioner’s wife, are both people of good character and habits, past the meridian of life, and reasonably endowed with this world’s goods, their fortunes being shown to aggregate about $150,000, of which the [466]*466petitioner possesses the greater amount, or about $100,-000. The infant child, of the respondent is the only grandchild of petitioner and his wife, and has become very dear to their hearts during the time they have had its care and custody intrusted to them by the mother. The respondent, the mother, the unfortunate victim of a marriage to a thriftless man of had habits, who was cruel in his treatment of her, Avas deserted with his infant in her arms to care for Avithout means Avherewith to provide for herself and child. The evidence shows her moral character to be beyond reproach, and her efforts to earn a livelihood by her daily labors as a seamstress, and her willingness to share her scant earnings in the maintenance and support of her child, deserve commendation. But it is not the interests of the grandparents nor those of the mother, but the best interests of the child and its present and future Avelfare, that is the principal consideration for the court. Saunders v. Saunders, 166 Ala. 351, 52 South. 310. We find from the evidence in the record that the grandparents were loath to take the child and allow it to gain a stronghold in their heart’s affection unless they were to-be allowed to keep and rear the child. They have a comfortable home, an ample income, and are anxious and capable of bestOAving on the child the attention, advantages, and opportunities that its mother cannot. The grandmother is a hale, hearty Avoma.n of domestic character, who seldom goes from her home, and is so situated that she can give the infant care and attention throughout the day and night, and constantly, if need be, minister to its childish needs. That she, together with her husband, has formed a deep and lasting attachment for the child, there can be no question, and every act of hers while the infant was in the custody of herself and her husband bears testimony to this fact, and we doubt not, as she [467]*467states, that she feels an attachment for and loves the child as if it were her own, having had its almost constant care and training since it was learning to walk until the time of separation from her, when it was about 3 1-2 years of age. Both of these grandparents by their acts and statements consistently show a tender, loving affection that augurs well for the infant’s present and future welfare, and their capacity to care for the child in the present and provide for its future is far beyond the possibilities of the mother, who is compelled to leave the child during the long hours of the day, when she is engaged with her work away from home, to the care of a negro servan t who does the general housework, and to sub-tenants in her house who are comparative strangers, and can give the child only such attention as they gratuitously can spare from their own-children and household'duties; and the mother, when she gets home “usually late and always tired,” is necessarily unfitted to give the child the care and attention it should have. What if the child should be taken sick? The respondent is dependent upon her daily labors for her livelihood and support of the child, and could not leave her work to minister to the child without sacrificing her means of livelihood. What if she should become too unwell to work? Who would then care for the child? The present arrangement of leaving the child during the Avork hours with tenants, even if presently satisfactory, is but temporary and uncertain, even speculative, with respect to the future welfare of the child.
The proposition for the court to determine, put in question form, is this: “Will the best interests and welfare of the infant child, which we have seen are to be the primary considerations in controlling the court’s action, be sufficiently advanced and served by remanding its custody to the petitioner to outweigh the prima facie [468]*468maternal right of the respondent to have the custody of the infant?- When we consider the comforts, care, attention,. and advantages that petitioner is anxious to bestow upon the child, and the superior opportunities that are assured as a staple and continuing condition as tending to the health, happiness, and general well-being on the one hand, and the absence of any permanent arrangement and the impossibility of providing other than temporary arrangements of an unsatisfactory character upon the other hand, and when we take into consideration, also that the maternal feeling for possession was not so strong but that the child was sent to the petitioner’s home by the respondent in recognition of the fitness and superior capability of petitioner to care for it, and that the respondent visited and inquired about the child not more than five or six times during the entire seventeen or eighteen months it was left with petitioner, and that, when respondent regained possession, she did not do so, as she admits, with any intention of keeping the child permanently or even have such an idea in mind (or impulse in the heart, so far as the evidence disclosed), until after the child was brought up to see the street-parade by her brother; when we weigh these matters, together with all the other facts presented, in the light of the child’s well-being as of paramount consideration —the question presented answers itself, for the circumstances and conditions are such, as shown by the evidence in the record, that there is no escape from the conclusion that during the period of helpless infancy the care and custody of the child should be committed to the petitioner. The conclusion reached on the merits makes it unnecessary to pass upon the court’s rulings on the pleading. Whether or not the letters of apprenticeship issued by the probate court were void because no notice was given the mother, or voidable only, and not subject [469]*469to collateral attack; is also unnecessary to determine under the ruling made on the petition and answer.
The judgment appealed from will be reversed and' judgment here rendered granting the petition of appellant in so far that the custody of the minor child, Eugene Brown, Jr., is remanded to the petitioner on the condition that the respondent shall have the right, if she desires to exercise it, of visiting the child on one day in each week.
Under changed conditions, the respondent would not be estopped, after a reasonable lapse of time, from having her rights passed upon under such subsequent conditions and circumstances as might arise. In re King, 66 Kan. 695, 72 Pac. 263, 67 L. R. A. 783, 97 A. St. Rep. 399.
Reversed and conditional judgment rendered remanding custody of minor to appellant.