WR-26,178-03 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS Transmitted 5/26/2015 3:31:51 PM Accepted 5/27/2015 9:04:12 AM IN THE ABEL ACOSTA CLERK TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS RECEIVED § COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS § 5/27/2015 Ex parte ARTHUR BROWN, JR. § ABEL ACOSTA, CLERK Cause No. WR-26,178-03 § §
MOTION REQUESTING COURT TO FILE AND SET CAUSE
NOW COMES, Applicant, Arthur Brown, Jr. (“Mr. Brown”), and files this motion
requesting that the Court file and set this cause on the important and pressing issue whether the
Court will reconsider Ex parte Graves, 70 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), and apply the
equitable principles set out in the recent and groundbreaking decisions in Martinez v. Ryan, 132
S. Ct. 1309 (2012), and Trevino v. Thaler, 133 S. Ct. 1911 (2013), to allow the filing of a
subsequent application for writ of habeas corpus alleging a substantial claim of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel (“IATC”). In support of this motion, Mr. Brown would show the
Court the following:
I. Introduction
Mr. Brown was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death in November 1993.
After his conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal and his claims in state and
federal post-conviction proceedings were denied, the trial court set an execution date for October
29, 2013. The trial court subsequently withdrew the execution date in order to allow Mr. Brown
to retest ballistics evidence that the State used to obtain a conviction. On October 29, 2014, Mr.
Brown filed a subsequent application for writ of habeas corpus in the trial court. See Subsequent
Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus Filed in Accordance with Article 11.071, Section 5,
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure [hereinafter Subsequent Habeas Application]. Mr. Brown
1 asserted that the State presented false testimony and withheld favorable and material evidence in
violation of Mr. Brown’s rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. He also asserted that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right
to counsel because his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to investigate
mitigation evidence for use in the punishment phase of the trial. 1 This application is now
pending before the Court to determine whether it complies with Article 11.071, § 5(a), of the
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See TEX. CODE CRIM. P., art. 11.071, § 5(c).
In the writ application, Mr. Brown acknowledged that he could not satisfy any of the §
5(a) requirements with respect to the Wiggins claim, given the Court’s current construction of the
provision; however, he urged the Court to reconsider Graves, as well as Ex parte Davis, 947
S.W.2d 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), in which the Court upheld § 5(a) against a claim that it
unconstitutionally suspended the writ with respect to subsequent writ applications. See
Subsequent Writ Application, at 9-35. Recently, three judges of this Court expressed sympathy
with the argument that the Court should reconsider Graves in order to allow Texas courts to
adjudicate, in the first instance, substantial but otherwise defaulted IATC claims, thus restoring
the deferential review scheme for federal court review of this claims, as embodied in 28 U.S.C. §
2254(d). See Ex Parte Alvarez, No. WR-62,426-04, 2015 WL 1956254, *1 (Tex. Crim. App.
Apr. 29, 2015) (Yeary, J., joined by Johnson & Newll, JJ., concurring) (“I am sympathetic to the
argument that we should reexamine Graves . . . .”). Though the concurrence believed the time
had come for the Court to take up this important and pressing issue, the judges agreed that
Alvarez was not a proper case for resolving it because the petitioner presented his IATC claims
in a second subsequent writ application and provided no explanation for why he could not have
pressed the claim in the first subsequent writ application filed previously. Id. at *9. Unlike 1 This species of claim is often referred to as a Wiggins claim. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003).
2 Alvarez, Mr. Brown’s case provides an ideal vehicle for this Court to consider this issue—this is
the first subsequent writ application,2 which raises both a substantial IATC claim and significant
evidence that the original state habeas attorney provided ineffective assistance in failing to
investigate the Wiggins claim and support it with fully developed evidence.
Given the importance of the issue to this State’s death penalty jurisprudence and the ideal
nature of this case for addressing it, this Court should set this cause, order any additional briefing
that the Court may deem necessary, and permit the parties to present the issues in oral argument.
See TEX. CODE CRIM. P., art. 11.071, § 11 (“The court of criminal appeals shall expeditiously
review all applications for a writ of habeas corpus submitted under this article. The court may
set the cause for oral argument and may request further briefing of the issues by the applicant or
the state.”). See also Ex parte Briseño, 135 S.W.3d 1, 11 n.43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
II. Discussion
A. The interplay of this Court’s continued commitment to Graves with the equitable exception to federal procedural default doctrine in Martinez and Trevino gives rise to a federalism dilemma in which defaulted IATC claims can receive de novo review in federal court without any prior state court consideration.
In Martinez, the Supreme Court created an equitable exception3 to the general rule, set
out in Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752-53 (1991), that ineffective assistance of state
habeas counsel could not provide cause to excuse the default of a claim in state court. “This
opinion qualifies Coleman by recognizing a narrow exception: Inadequate assistance of counsel
at initial-review collateral proceedings may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural default of 2 Though the cause number assigned to this case designates it as “-03,” Mr. Brown’s first writ application under Article 11.071 received a designation “-02.” The “-01” cause number relates to a mandamus action filed in 1994. 3 The Court declined to reach the constitutional question left open in Coleman whether there might be a constitutional right to counsel in state post-conviction proceedings when those proceedings represented the first opportunity to raise an IATC claim. Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. at 1315. Thus, it remains an open question whether the Constitution might impose a right to counsel, whether sourced in the Sixth Amendment guarantee of counsel or in the Due Process Clause, in first round post-conviction proceedings in order to develop and present a potential IATC claim.
3 a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. C.t at 1315. The Court
expressly limited the exception to IATC claims that could only be raised, as a practical matter, in
initial state post-conviction proceedings. Id. Because adjudication of IATC claims bypassed
direct appellate review and occurred at a point in which there was no constitutionally guaranteed
right to counsel, the Court was primarily concerned that violations of the right to counsel, which
the Court characterized as the fundamental, bedrock principle underlying the proper functioning
of the entire criminal justice system, could escape review at any level—in both state and federal
court—unless an exception to the usual rules of procedural default were created. Id. at 1317-18.
In Trevino, the Court held that the Martinez exception applied to Texas cases, given that this
Court actively discouraged raising IATC claims in direct review and effectively routed virtually
all such claims to state post-conviction proceedings for initial and exclusive review. Trevino v.
Thaler, 133 S. Ct. at 1920. Thus, Martinez and Trevino recognized that the right to counsel is
not only singularly important in ensuring the fairness of criminal trials and the production of
reliable results, violations of the right are singularly unique in that the enforcement mechanism is
fixed at a point in the proceedings when there is no constitutionally guaranteed right to counsel.
This circumstance placed the necessary judicial remedy in jeopardy as a systemic matter.
In Graves, this Court held that ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel could not
constitute an independent, cognizable claim under Article 11.071, § 5(a)(1). Ex parte Graves, 70
S.W.3d at 104-05. Essentially, because there was no “right” to counsel in post-conviction
proceedings, there could be no cognizable “claim” in 11.071 proceedings. Prior to Graves, the
Supreme Court, in Murry v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1 (1989), and Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S.
551 (1987), had held that a capitally sentenced habeas petitioner, as a general rule, did not have a
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel in state habeas proceedings, and this Court
4 held in Graves that Article 11.071, § 2(a), which guaranteed “competent” rather than “effective”
counsel, did not create a statutory right to effective assistance of counsel. 70 S.W.3d at 113-17.
Without a right to effective counsel, sourced in either the Constitution or a statute, the Court
believed it was constrained from fashioning a new exception to the bar on subsequent writ
applications contained in § 5. Of course, the inevitable consequence of Graves was that a
petitioner with a substantial IATC claim, if burdened with incompetent counsel in state habeas
proceedings, would lose the right to have any court, state and federal, review the merits of the
claim. See id. at 124-25 (Price, J., joined by Holcomb, J., dissenting) (“Applicants only get one
shot at habeas corpus relief. If the attorney appointed on his first writ is incompetent, then a
defendant, who was deprived of effective assistance of counsel at trial, has no means to enforce
his constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel at trial.”).
This, of course, changed with Martinez and Trevino. Now IATC claims can receive
federal review, thus bypassing the state court system altogether. Moreover, the principles of
federalism, comity, and finality animating the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (“AEDPA”) do not apply to federal consideration of defaulted IATC claims falling under
the Martinez/Trevino exception. As a result, with respect to these claims, this Court is deprived
of its primary role to correct constitutional infirmities affecting Texas judgments. See Rose v.
Lundy, 455 U.S. 501, 518 (1982) (“Because ‘it would be unseemly in our dual system of
government for a federal district court to upset a state court conviction without an opportunity to
the state courts to correct a constitutional violation,’ federal courts apply the doctrine of comity,
which ‘teaches that one court should defer action on causes properly within its jurisdiction until
the courts of another sovereignty with concurrent powers, and already cognizant of the litigation,
have had an opportunity to pass upon the matter.’” (quoting Darr v. Burford, 339 U.S. 200, 204
5 (1950))). As a number of judges on this Court have recognized, 4 the Court should reassess the
situation under Graves and restore the opportunity to review substantial but otherwise defaulted
IATC claims in the first instance to this Court.
B. This Court has a number of options available to it to create a rule that would permit state court review of defaulted IATC claims and thus restore the federal- state balance underlying AEDPA.
The Alvarez concurrence was not only concerned that right to counsel claims can so
simply escape review, but with the larger implication that effective representation for developing
and presenting IATC claims in state post-conviction proceedings is vitally important to the
operation of the criminal justice system: “Thus, although there is (as yet) no constitutionally
recognized right to counsel for post-conviction proceedings, the advisability of the participation
of counsel at that stage—at least for claims that can be raised for the first time only at that
stage—is as urgent as on direct appeal, where there is a constitutional right to counsel (and
indeed, constitutionally effective counsel) so long as a state provides for direct appellate review.”
Ex parte Alvarez, 2015 WL 1956254, at *3. The concurrence believed a compelling argument
could be made for recognizing a right to effective representation in initial-review collateral
proceedings under Article 11.071, premised on the entitlement doctrine under the Due Process
Clause. Id. at *4 (quoting Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 401 (1985), for the proposition that
4 See Ex parte Alvarez, 2015 WL 1956254, at *1-*2 (Yeary, J., joined by Johnson & Newell, JJ., concurring) (“In my view, recent developments in federal habeas procedure, as well as, to a certain extent, the rationale underlying those new developments, counsel that the Court should revisit the holdings of Graves.”); Ex parte Diaz, No. WR-55,850-02, 2013 WL 5424971, at *4-*7 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 23, 2013) (urging the Court to stop turning “a blind eye to the failure—even the abject failure—of initial state habeas counsel to safeguard the constitutional rights of his client” and fashion a remedy the Court could apply to such cases); id. at *1-*2 (Alcala, J., joined by Cochran, J., concurring) (asserting that the Court should fashion an equitable exception to § 5 to allow state court review of defaulted IATC claims; but opining that this case was not the proper vehicle for fashioning the remedy); Ex parte McCarthy, No. WR-50,360-04, 2013 WL 3283148, at *7-*8 (Tex. Crim. App. Jun. 24, 2013) (Alcala, J., joined by Johnson, J., dissenting) (stating that based upon the sea-change in federal law marked by Martinez and Trevino, the Court should create an “equitable exception that would mirror the federal exception recognized in Trevino”); id. at *1 (Price, J., joined by Meyers, J., concurring) (though that “not unsympathetic with [Judge Alcala’s] idea that principles of federalism would justify this Court in taking a second look at the construction it gave Article 11.071 . . . in Ex parte Graves, in light of . . . Martinez and Trevino, opining that this case was not an adequate vehicle for doing so).
6 when the “State opts to act in a field where its action has significant discretionary elements, it
must nevertheless act in accord with the dictates of the . . . Due Process Clause”). Because
Texas guarantees counsel in capital post-conviction proceedings under Article 11.071, “it may
not arbitrarily take [this absolute right to counsel] away without impinging on the applicant’s due
process rights,” as would occur if it tolerated “counsel who was ineffective.” Id. The
concurrence distinguished Giarratano because, unlike Texas, Virginia did not provide “an
absolute statutory right to state habeas counsel in capital cases.” Id. at *5. Thus, the
concurrence demonstrated that this Court could step in and recognize a constitutional right to
state habeas counsel that the Supreme Court alluded to in Coleman and Martinez.
The concurrence also suggested that the Court should reconsider its construction of
Article 11.071, § 2(a), in Graves. Ex parte Alvarez, 2015 WL 1956254, at *5. To the
concurrence, § 2(a)’s guarantee of “competent” counsel embodied a right to counsel providing
effective representation. “It makes little sense for the Legislature to recognize the need for an
attorney who is competent—that is to say, who has the ‘qualifications, experience, and ability’ to
conduct the daunting factual investigation and to navigate the often-bysantine law involved in
post-conviction habeas corpus representation—with no expectation that he would then actually
provide his client with competent post-conviction habeas corpus representation.” Id. (emphasis
in original). By providing “competent” counsel, the Legislature must have contemplated both
aspects would apply to capital representation. Thus, the concurrence would have this Court
revisit a crucial aspect of the Graves holding.
Finally, the concurrence suggested that this Court’s holding in Ex parte Medina, 361
S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), in which the Court held that a perfunctory writ
application that failed to state any facts in support of otherwise cursorily pleaded claims was not
7 a true habeas application and did not trigger the § 5 bar on subsequent applications, could be
extended to defaulted IATC claims. Ex parte Alvarez, 2015 WL 1956254, at *6-*7. Though
Medina was limited to instances of extreme attorney malfeasance, the concurrence believed the
distinction between such a situation and one involving attorney negligence in failing to
investigate and develop an IATC claim did not “withstand[] scrutiny.” Id. at *7. “How is it
objectively less fair to a capital habeas applicant that he has been deprived of his one full and fair
opportunity at comprehensive habeas review by the incompetency—as opposed to the deliberate
gamesmanship—of his initial state habeas counsel? Either way, he suffers ‘through no fault of
his own.’” Id. (quoting Medina, 361 S.W.3d at 642). This is the solution advanced by Judge
Price in Diaz. Ex parte Diaz, 2013 WL 5424971, at *4-*7 (Price, J., dissenting). See also Ex
parte Kerr, 64 S.W.3d 414, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (Johnson, J., concurring) (stating that
the Court “can do better” than simply recasting certain writ applications non-applications under
Article 11.071 and could extend the principle to applications that were the result of a broader
range of attorney negligence).
As noted, supra, in McCarthy and Diaz, Judge Alcala, joined alternately by Judges
Johnson and Cochran, suggested that the Court could simply fashion an equitable remedy under
§ 5 to allow defaulted IATC claims to be considered in a subsequent writ application. Ex parte
Diaz, 2013 WL 5424971, at *1-*2 & n.1 (Alcala, J., joined by Cochran, J., concurring); Ex parte
McCarthy, 2013 WL 3283148, at *5-*8 (Alcala, J., joined by Johnson, J., dissenting).
Nevertheless, the Court historically has felt constrained by the text of § 5 and has expressed an
unwillingness to judicially create a fourth exception to its bar on subsequent writ applications.
See Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d 151, 156 n.21 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Ex parte Graves, 70
S.W.3d at 117. Moreover, the Court has demonstrated a reluctance to overrule Graves outright.
8 In this case, Mr. Brown posits another option that would allow the Court to consider
subsequent writ applications raising substantial but otherwise defaulted IATC claims without
having to overturn Graves or judicially create a fourth exception under § 5. See Subsequent
Habeas Application, at 9-35. Moreover, the Court would not have to grapple with a difficult
constitutional question. Article 11.071 does not vest this Court with habeas corpus jurisdiction;
rather, it merely regulates a jurisdiction that derives from the Texas Constitution. See TEX.
CONST. art. I, § 12 (establishing the writ of habeas corpus as an absolute “writ of right” but
granting the Legislature the power to “enact laws to render the remedy speedy and effectual”);
TEX. CONST. art. V. § 5 (vesting this Court with original jurisdiction over habeas corpus,
“[s]ubject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law.” Importantly, in Texas, the writ of
habeas corpus may never be suspended. See TEX. CONST. art. I, § 12. In Ex parte Davis, this
Court held that Article 11.071, § 5, did not suspend the writ, as a general matter, with respect to
subsequent writ applications and, thus, did not run afoul of the anti-suspension clause. Ex parte
Davis, 947 S.W.2d 216, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (McCormick, PJ., concurring). Instead, § 5
merely regulated “‘means, manner, and mode’” through which Court may exercise of its
constitutionally vested habeas jurisdiction. Id. (quoting Meshall v. State, 739 S.W.2d 246, 255
(Tex. Crim. App. 1987)). Effectively then, § 5 only “regulates when an applicant must seek
relief” and does not preclude entirely an applicant’s ability to present potential cognizable claims
in post-conviction proceedings. Id. at 225 (emphasis in original).
In the wake of Martinez and Trevino, it is clear that IATC claims are subject to a unique
and intractable risk of forfeiture that undermines the reasoning in Davis. These claims, as a
category, must be raised in post-conviction proceedings; involve an fundamental right essential
to the proper functioning of the criminal justice system; require effective representation to
9 develop and present; and are removed from proceedings in which effective representation is
constitutionally guaranteed. The mere ability to raise a right to counsel claim in state post-
conviction proceedings is inadequate to protect petitioners with a substantial IATC claim.
Cf.Trevino, 133 S. Ct. at 1920 (rejecting the argument that Martinez did not apply to Texas cases
because of the theoretical opportunity to raise IATC claims on direct appeal). Consequently,
without effective representation, there is a substantial risk that the writ will be suspended as to
IATC claims. Because § 5 can place a substantial IATC claim beyond any state review when
state habeas counsel ineffectively defaults the claim, this Court should hold that § 5, as applied,
unconstitutionally suspends the writ under Article I, § 12, and then draw its jurisdiction to review
the claim directly from the Texas Constitution.
C. This case presents an ideal vehicle for this Court to reconsider its § 5 jurisprudence.
As the Alvarez concurrence recognized, reconsidering this court’s § 5 jurisprudence in
light of the fundamental changes brought about by Martinez and Trevino “may have the added
benefit of ensuring state review of claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, so that as
many such claims as possible will be conducted according to the deference required by the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rather than de novo.” Ex parte Alvarez, 2015 WL
1956254, at *7. However, the concurrence found that Alvarez was not a good vehicle for this
reconsideration because the petitioner in that case had previously filed a subsequent writ
application without raising a substantial IATC claim. Id. at *9. Thus, the petitioner had
bypassed his opportunity to complain that he had lost his one and only bite at the apple because
of ineffective assistance of state habeas counsel. Id. Mr. Brown’s case is not so burdened. The
writ application currently pending before the Court represents his first opportunity, in the wake
10 of Martinez and Trevino, to complain that he was deprived of effective assistance of state habeas
counsel.
Mr. Brown’s writ application pleads and proves a substantial Wiggins claim—one that
has at least some merit. See Subsequent Habeas Application, at 104-41. The record before the
Court contains significant evidence that trial counsel failed to investigate substantial and
compelling mitigation evidence, basing her decision to cease her slight investigative efforts not
upon sound strategy resting on an investigation sufficient to support such a decision but rather
upon her belief that no mitigating evidence would make a difference. This is paradigmatic
ineffective assistance of counsel under Wiggins. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. at 526-27;
Lewis v. Dretke, 355 F.3d 364, 368 (5th Cir. 2003); Austin v. Bell, 126 F.3d 843, 848-49 (6th Cir.
1997). Moreover, Mr. Brown has pleaded and provided substantial proof that he was actually
deprived of effective assistance of state habeas counsel. Id. at 141-44. The Wiggins claim is not
only substantial under Martinez and Trevino, it also bears no relation to the bare-bones IATC
claim, constituting just four pages and supported with only one piece of admissible evidence (an
affidavit from Mr. Brown’s mother in which she admitted that she drank while pregnant with
him), that state habeas counsel presented, conceding that the claim he presented was not only
meritless, but that he provided ineffective assistance of counsel in developing and presenting it.
III. Conclusion
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Mr. Brown requests that the Court take this
opportunity to reconsider its § 5 jurisprudence, revise that jurisprudence in accordance with one
of the many alternatives presented to the Court over the years, and hold that the Court has
jurisdiction to consider Mr. Brown’s application for writ of habeas corpus. Mr. Brown requests
11 that the Court order any additional briefing it may deem necessary to assist the Court in resolving
this important issue and permit the parties to present oral argument.
Respectfully submitted,
PAUL E. MANSUR Texas Defender Service Senior Staff Attorney Texas Bar No. 00796078 P.O. Box 1300 Denver City, Texas 79323 (806) 215-1025 (telephone) (806) 592-9136 (facsimile) pmansur@midtech.net
By: /s/ Paul E. Mansur Paul E. Mansur
Attorney for Defendant, Arthur Brown, Jr.
Certificate of Service
I hereby certify that on May 26, 2015, I served, by email, the foregoing motion on counsel for Respondent at the following:
Ms. Lynn Hardaway Assistant District Attorney Post Conviction Writs Division Harris County District Attorney’s Office 1201 Franklin Street, Suite 600 Houston, Texas 77002-1923 (713) 755-6657 (713) 755-5240 (facsimile) hardaway_lynn@dao.hctx.net
/s/ Paul E. Mansur Paul E. Mansur