TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00582-CV
Britton Cherish Walters, Appellant
v.
Columbia/St. David’s Healthcare System, L.P.; Hospital Internists of Austin, P.A.; Steven Todd Cole, D.O.; and Louis J. Lux, M.D., Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. GN303043, HONORABLE PATRICK O. KEEL, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Britton Cherish Walters brought suit against St. David’s Healthcare
System, L.P., Dr. Steven Todd Cole, Dr. Louis J. Lux, and the Hospital Internists of Austin, P.A.1
Walters, a registered nurse, alleged a violation of the anti-retaliation statute2 against St. David’s,
defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress against St. David’s and HIA, and tortious
interference with a contract against HIA. Both St. David’s and HIA moved for summary judgment.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of St. David’s and HIA. Walters appeals,
1 Because Cole and Lux belong to the Hospital Internists of Austin practice group and the same claims are asserted against the doctors individually as against the group, these three appellees will be referred to, collectively, as “HIA,” except where the doctors are referred to individually. 2 See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 161.134(a) (West 2001). urging in seven issues that the summary judgment should be reversed on the grounds that she
produced sufficient evidence to support each of her claims against St. David’s and HIA, and that the
appellees did not conclusively establish any affirmative defenses. Finding that St. David’s and HIA
demonstrated their entitlement to summary judgment as a matter of law, and that Walters failed to
raise a fact issue on a material matter, we affirm the summary judgment.
BACKGROUND
Walters began working as a nurse at the South Austin Hospital location of St. David’s
on February 6, 2001. The majority of the patients at South Austin were considered “HIA patients”
because their treatment was assigned to physicians belonging to the HIA practice group, which
included Drs. Cole and Lux. Other physicians, who were not members of the HIA practice group
and were not assigned to treat HIA patients, also worked at South Austin.
Walters and Cole became romantically involved a few months after she started
working at the hospital. They dated from May to August 2001. According to Walters, their
relationship ended on bad terms. Shortly after terminating her relationship with Cole, Walters began
dating Daniel DiBona, a non-HIA physician who also worked at the hospital. After dating for
approximately one month, Walters and DiBona moved in together and were residing together at the
time this suit was brought.
On the evening of January 3, 2002, Walters was assigned to care for an HIA patient
who had undergone a heart catheterization earlier that day. Cole was assigned as the “on call”
physician for the patient. Based on the patient’s symptoms, Walters became concerned that the
patient was suffering a stroke. Walters called Cole around 9:30 p.m. and expressed her concerns.
2 Cole decided not to come into the hospital, but he ordered that a CT scan be performed and that
certain medications, including Narcan and Lovenox, be administered to the patient. Cole also
instructed Walters to monitor the patient’s vital signs and blood pressure. Walters complied with
Cole’s instructions, and a radiologist performed the CT scan. The radiologist reported back to Cole
that the results of the scan were inconclusive because they showed “no acute abnormality,” which
only ruled out the possibility of a hemorrhage.
Walters disagreed with Cole’s decision to not come to the hospital. Although Walters
testified at her deposition that she had no trouble contacting Cole, she testified that he behaved
“drunk” and “belligerent” on the telephone. Walters therefore sought guidance from DiBona, who
was not assigned as a treating physician for this patient and was not a member of the HIA practice
group.
Walters testified that she called DiBona and posed a “medical scenario” to him by
describing the patient’s age and symptoms without revealing the patient’s name. Walters testified
that she told DiBona, “I have a patient that came back from a heart catheterization only a few hours
later. She’s nonresponsive to pain on one side. She’s nonverbal. Her family says it’s different.
Does this seem like a stroke to you?” Walters testified that DiBona confirmed her suspicions by
responding that, “[y]es, this is a stroke that she is presenting with, more than likely.” Walters
acknowledged that her conversation with DiBona pertained to the possible medical treatment options
that were available for the patient. When asked during her deposition whether she and DiBona
discussed what medications would be appropriate for this patient, Walters testified that DiBona
“mentioned two possibilities . . . two different types of blood thinners. . . . They were Heparin and
3 Lovenox.” Walters also acknowledged that, when she called DiBona, she knew he was not assigned
as a treating physician for the patient.
At approximately 11:30 p.m., after talking to DiBona, Walters called the patient’s
treating cardiologist, Dr. Erol Ozdil. Walters testified that she told Ozdil she had run the medical
scenario by another doctor who agreed the patient’s symptoms sounded like a stroke. Walters also
testified that she asked Ozdil whether Heparin or Lovenox would be the more appropriate medicine
for this patient. Ozdil agreed to come to the hospital and evaluate the patient. It was later confirmed
that the patient had suffered a stroke.
Cole testified that, at some point the next day, January 4, Ozdil reported back to him
about the patient’s condition and told him that Walters had conferred with another physician about
the patient’s treatment. This information prompted Cole to review Walters’s nursing notes on the
patient. He discovered that Walters had included a comment in her notes about Cole’s decision to
not come to the hospital on the night of January 3. Cole discussed the situation with his supervisor,
Dr. Lux. Cole and Lux then went to see Carole McGhee, the Director of Nursing at St. David’s
South Austin Hospital. The doctors testified that their purpose for meeting with McGhee was to
express their concerns about Walters revealing confidential patient information to a non-treating,
non-HIA physician. Because they considered Walters’s conduct to have violated the hospital’s
confidentiality policy, Cole and Lux requested that Walters be permanently restricted from treating
HIA patients. McGhee expressed that she “could not accommodate that request on a permanent
basis given scheduling considerations,” but she agreed to temporarily restrict Walters from treating
HIA patients pending an investigation.
4 As McGhee stated in her affidavit, following her meeting with Cole and Lux,
McGhee discussed the situation with South Austin’s Chief Nursing Officer and with the Director of
Nursing Practice, who was responsible for the peer review program. McGhee then decided that
“Walters should receive a written counseling and that her conduct should be referred to the
Hospital’s Peer Review Committee for a formal determination regarding the patient’s confidentiality
issue.”
Walters testified that McGhee called her on January 4 and told her that she “definitely
need[ed] to come in” for a meeting. Walters testified that she told McGhee during their telephone
conversation that Cole “was a drunk and that [] was why he didn’t come in to see patients.”3 Later
that day, McGhee met with Walters and explained that Cole and Lux had reported that Walters
breached the confidentiality policy by discussing an HIA patient’s treatment with a non-treating
physician. Walters admitted that, on the night of January 3, she called DiBona and described the
patient’s symptoms, and that DiBona said the patient was most likely having a stroke. McGhee
prepared a peer review investigation form, titled “South Austin Medical Center Counseling
Statement,” on which she noted that Walters “spoke with a physician who was not on a patient’s case
regarding possible medical treatment options for that patient. (She did not specifically identify the
3 Walters claims that she also made reports about Cole abusing controlled substances in the fall of 2001, to Dennis Tweety of the Texas Medical Association, and on January 11, to hospital administrator Mark Bethel.
5 patient by name or age).4” Walters agreed that McGhee’s notation was an “accurate summary” of
her statement.
Given the doctors’ report and Walters’s admissions, McGhee concluded that Walters
“reveal[ed] information regarding the patient and the patient’s medical condition which would have
rendered it easy for Dr. DiBona to determine the patient’s identity given his frequent presence at the
hospital.” McGhee believed that Walters’s actions possibly violated the hospital’s confidentiality
policy, which Walters signed when she started working for St. David’s. The policy states, in relevant
part:
I understand that I may not discuss confidential patient information except to the extent that performance of my job requires it. Otherwise, I will not read, discuss, or release any information contained within the medical record of any patient without proper authorization from the patient or the patient’s legal representative. I will release information contained within patient medical records only with proper authorization by South Austin Hospital. . . . In the event that I breach any of the above statements, I understand I will be subject to immediate dismissal. . . .
Walters also signed a confidentiality agreement stating that,
[a]s a condition of employment, I agree to not divulge to any unauthorized persons, any confidential information obtained from observations, correspondence, personal records, clinical materials, and/or any other sources. . . . I understand that any violation of this confidentiality agreement is very serious and warrants disciplinary action.
4 At her deposition, Walters testified that the scenario she presented to DiBona was “something like, ‘60-year old female had a heart catheterization. . . .’” Walters also testified that she understood a patient’s age to be confidential information.
6 McGhee noted on the counseling statement that, “[b]ecause of [Walters’s] possible breach of
confidentiality, I am referring this situation to Nursing Peer Review for evaluation and
recommendation.” McGhee informed Walters of this decision and gave her the counseling
statement, which afforded Walters the opportunity to submit any additional written comments.
McGhee instructed Walters to fill out, sign, and return the form. Walters testified that she never
complied, despite the fact that McGhee reminded her on three subsequent occasions.
McGhee also explained during their January 4 meeting that, for a temporary period,
Walters would not be assigned to HIA patients. Although Walters’s assignments were more limited
after January 4, Walters testified that she was in fact assigned to care for HIA patients from January
5 until her last day of work on February 6; that she never saw a formal, written order restricting her
from HIA patients; and that she never received further instruction from McGhee to not care for HIA
patients.
On January 15, Walters called McGhee and told her that she was going to quit
because she “was feeling pressure to the point where [she] couldn’t concentrate on patient care.”
Walters also told McGhee that “I knew this wasn’t her fault” because “she was also under stress.”
In response, McGhee explained that Walters would not be able to collect her accrued vacation pay
unless she worked at least one full year. Accordingly, Walters submitted a written letter to McGhee
on January 18, stating that her resignation would be effective February 6, 2002, exactly one year
from the date Walters began working at the hospital. During the last three weeks of Walters’s
employment, she missed at least seven shifts, calling in sick on some days and claiming to have been
“stuck” out of town on the other days. Walters quit work on February 6, before the peer review
7 process was completed. Walters testified that the correct sequence of events was that she announced
her resignation and then found out that “because [she was] leaving, peer review had been dropped”;
it was “not the other way around.” (Emphasis added.)
Walters thereafter sued St. David’s, as well as Cole, Lux, and the HIA practice group,
asserting claims for defamation, retaliation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and tortious
interference with a contract. St. David’s and HIA moved for summary judgment on each of
Walters’s claims, asserting both traditional and no-evidence grounds for summary judgment, and
attaching supporting evidence. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); 166a(i). The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of St. David’s and HIA without specifying a ground for its order.
Walters appeals the summary judgment, claiming that she satisfied her burden as the nonmovant by
producing more than a scintilla of evidence to create a fact issue on at least one element of each
claim.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Joe v. Two Thirty
Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 156 (Tex. 2004). When a movant presents both traditional and
no-evidence grounds for summary judgment, and the district court does not specify the ground upon
which the motion is granted, as here,5 we must affirm the summary judgment if any of the theories
5 Walters disputes whether the appellees sufficiently presented both grounds for summary judgment. Parties are permitted to combine motions for summary judgment under subsections (a-c) and subsection (i) of Rule 166a, and the no-evidence motion shall not be disregarded simply because the movant attached evidence in support of its motion. See Binur v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 650- 51 (Tex. 2004).
8 presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious. Provident Life &
Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 217 (Tex. 2003). When reviewing a summary
judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every reasonable
inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690
S.W.2d 546, 549 (Tex. 1985).
A defendant who moves for summary judgment under Rule 166a(c) is entitled to have
its motion granted if it conclusively negates at least one of the essential elements of the plaintiff’s
cause of action or if it conclusively proves each element of its affirmative defense, thereby showing
that it, as the movant, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because no genuine issues of material
fact remain. Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 222-23 (Tex. 1999). The defendant
must support its motion with proper summary judgment evidence. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). Only
if the defendant meets its burden does the burden shift to the plaintiff, as the nonmovant, to establish
that a genuine issue of material fact remains. Id.
The defendant’s burden in moving for summary judgment under Rule 166a(i) is less
strenuous. The defendant must establish that “after adequate time for discovery . . . there is no
evidence of one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which an adverse party would
have the burden of proof at trial.” Id. 166a(i); Fort Worth Osteopathic Hosp., Inc. v. Reese, 148
S.W.3d 94, 98 (Tex. 2004). The burden then shifts to the plaintiff, in its attempt to defeat the
summary judgment motion, to produce sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact
supporting the disputed issue. Forbes Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 172 (Tex.
2003). The plaintiff must produce more than a scintilla of probative evidence, meaning that it must
9 not be “so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of a fact.” King Ranch v.
Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).
ANALYSIS
To support each of her four causes of action—retaliation, defamation, intentional
infliction of emotional distress, and tortious interference with a contract—Walters relies on
essentially the same allegations. Walters claims that, after reporting that Cole abused controlled
substances and acted negligently, she suffered adverse employment actions at the hospital, such as
being restricted from HIA patients and being the subject of rumors. She claims to have felt
“threatened” and “unsupported” by hospital managers who supported the peer review process, but
she also claims that it was “malicious” for the hospital to have failed to complete her peer review
after she resigned. Walters asserts that her workplace conditions became so stressful that she was
constructively discharged. She blames this series of events on the doctors, for “falsely” reporting
to McGhee that Walters violated the confidentiality policy, and on the hospital for “ratifying” the
doctors’ report. Walters asserts that these actions amounted to “extreme and outrageous” conduct
by the hospital and the doctors.
Both St. David’s and HIA assert that there is a lack of evidence to support at least one
element of each cause of action, and both raise affirmative defenses. Although we will address each
of Walters’s causes of action independently, we first turn to the appellees’ assertion that Walters’s
entire case fails because the report made by Cole and Lux to McGhee was true.
10 Violation of Confidentiality Policy
The specific statement by Cole and Lux, which Walters claims to be false, is that
“Walters did not follow hospital protocol and repeatedly shared confidential patient information with
a non-treating physician.” If it was true6 that Walters repeatedly violated the hospital’s
confidentiality policy, then it was not defamatory for the doctors to have reported this to McGhee,
nor improper for the hospital to have disciplined Walters based on it. It follows that St. David’s
actions of referring Walters to peer review and restricting her treatment of HIA patients would be
justified as legitimate business decisions and protected by the qualified immunity attached to peer
review actions. Further, the making of or acting upon a true report could not be considered
“malicious,” “extreme and outrageous,” or “tortious.” Thus, if the doctors’ report is true, then
6 HIA asserts that, although the evidence shows their report to be true, it is only necessary to prove the statements were “substantially true.” HIA cites Rodgers v. Dallas Morning News, Inc., for this proposition. 889 S.W.2d 467, 472 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, writ denied) (citing McIlvain v. Jacobs, 794 S.W.2d 14, 15 (Tex. 1990)). Walters does not challenge HIA’s assertion. We note, however, that the Texas Supreme Court has only applied the “substantial truth” defense in the context of media defendants. See, e.g., Turner v. KTRK Tel., Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 115 (Tex. 2000); Huckabee v. Time Warner Entm’t Co., 19 S.W.3d 413, 420 (Tex. 2000); Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d 577, 588 n.6 (Tex. 1994) (Hightower, J., dissenting); McIlvain, 794 S.W.2d at 16. The basis of the defense is that, in order to protect a media defendant’s constitutional right to free speech, an article or broadcast will not be considered defamatory, even if some details are inaccurate, so long as the “gist” of the report is substantially true. Turner, 38 S.W.3d at 115. Several of our sister courts have applied the substantial truth defense to private defendants without discussing the distinction between types of defendants. See, e.g., Cram Roofing Co. v. Parker, 131 S.W.3d 84, 90 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.); Austin v. Inet Techs., Inc., 118 S.W.3d 491, 496 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.); Larson v. Family Violence & Sexual Assault Prevention Ctr., 64 S.W.3d 506, 515 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied). We need not resolve this issue because the record in this case—primarily Walters’s deposition testimony—supports the actual truth of appellees’ report.
11 Walters cannot create a genuine issue of material fact on any element of her claims for retaliation,
defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, or tortious interference with a contract.
Walters’s own testimony establishes that she “did not follow hospital protocol and
repeatedly shared confidential patient information with a non-treating physician.” Walters
characterized DiBona as a “human reference book” who was “very accessible” to her. She explained
that, if she was working at the hospital and a medical situation arose for which she did not know the
answer, she would frequently call DiBona and ask him about “real life scenarios that [she] was
facing at the hospital . . . even though the scenarios dealt with patients who were not his patients.”
Walters testified that she did this approximately once a week for at least six months. Walters agrees
that she posed such a medical scenario to DiBona on the night of January 3, when she called him to
inquire about the “possible medical treatment options” for the heart catheterization patient.
However, Walters asserts that she never revealed the name of a patient about whom she was
inquiring. Walters also testified that she downloaded, printed, and took home documentation from
patients’ medical records without permission. She acknowledged doing this “typically . . . at the end
of each work day.”
Walters urges that her frequent discussions with DiBona did not violate the
confidentiality policy because she did not disclose the patients’ names. Walters additionally urges
that her actions on January 3 were not in violation of the policy, due to the policy’s exception
allowing nurses to reveal confidential information “to the extent that performance of [their] job
requires it.” Based on Cole’s decision to not come into the hospital that night, Walters claims it was
necessary for her to call DiBona, a non-treating physician, and discuss the treatment options for the
12 heart catheterization patient. Additionally, Walters claims she did not violate the policy by taking
home documentation of patients’ medical records because she was only interested in the portions
containing her own notes.
The hospital’s confidentiality policy, which Walters signed upon accepting
employment at St. David’s, expressly prohibits revealing “any information contained within the
medical record of any patient without proper authorization.” It is undisputed that Walters discussed
the treatment of a patient with a non-treating physician, including such details as the patient’s
diagnosis and appropriate medications. Nothing in the confidentiality policy or the confidentiality
agreement allows disclosure if the patient’s name is omitted. Walters also acknowledged that she
removed medical records from the hospital without authorization. Walters provides no authority to
show that the hospital permitted its staff to remove a patient’s medical records for any purpose.
In Texas, a patient’s medical information is generally considered to be “confidential,”
and is therefore broadly protected, with only a few, narrowly defined exceptions. The Texas
Occupations Code states that any “record of the identity, diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of a
patient by a physician that is created or maintained by a physician is confidential.” Tex. Occ. Code
Ann. § 159.002(b) (West 2004); see also id. § 159.004 (West 2004) (listing specific exceptions to
confidentiality, not including “omission of patient’s name” or “for one’s own interest”). Similarly,
the Texas Health and Safety Code protects a patient’s “health care information,” which is defined
as “information recorded in any form or medium that identifies a patient and relates to the history,
diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis of a patient.” Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 241.151(2)
(West 2001). Further, the Corpus Christi court has held that health care information does not lose
13 its confidential status simply because a patient’s identifying information is redacted. In re Columbia
Valley Reg’l Med. Cent., 41 S.W.3d 797, 800 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.)
(confidentiality not limited to cover only identity of patient). Thus, the information Walters revealed
to DiBona was confidential, even without the patient’s name.
Moreover, Walters’s actions on the night of January 3 do not fall within the policy’s
exception for revealing confidential information “to the extent that performance of [a nurse’s] job
requires it.” Walters does not dispute that, if a medical problem arises, the nurse should first contact
the patient’s treating physician. Walters complied with this by calling Cole, who gave treatment
orders for the patient. Walters also does not dispute that, if additional help is needed, other treating
physicians are available and should be contacted. Walters also complied with this by contacting
Ozdil, the patient’s treating cardiologist, who came to the hospital and treated the patient. Nothing
in the record supports Walters’s claim that, in the midst of these events, she was “required” to get
DiBona’s opinion about the patient’s diagnosis or treatment.
Thus, even when viewed in a light most favorable to Walters, the evidence establishes
that the report by Cole and Lux—“that Walters did not follow hospital protocol and repeatedly
shared confidential patient information with a non-treating physician”—was true. Walters failed to
present a scintilla of evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact about the veracity of their
report. If anything, her testimony supported the appellees’ affirmative defense of truth. The truth
of their report supports an affirmance of the summary judgment on each of Walters’s claims, either
by establishing an affirmative defense or negating the existence of a fact issue. We will,
nevertheless, discuss each of her claims.
14 Defamation
Walters claims in her fourth and fifth issues that HIA, Cole, and Lux defamed her by
falsely stating that she violated the hospital’s confidentiality policy, and that St. David’s ratified
these defamatory statements by limiting Walters’s assignments to HIA patients and by allowing the
doctors to mistreat her at work. To recover for defamation, a private plaintiff must prove that the
defendant (1) published a statement, (2) that was defamatory to the plaintiff, (3) while acting
negligently as to the truth of the statement. WFAA-TV, Inc. v. McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 571
(Tex. 1998). A statement is defamatory if it tends to injure one’s reputation, exposing her to public
hatred, contempt, and ridicule. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 73.001 (West 1997). In
defamation suits brought by private individuals, truth is an absolute defense, upon which the
defendant has the burden of proof. Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 646 &
n.6 (Tex. 1995).
We hold that the appellees satisfied their burden of conclusively establishing the truth
of the allegedly defamatory statements. See id. at 644. Walters’s fourth and fifth issues are
overruled.
Retaliation
In her second issue, Walters claims that St. David’s retaliated against her in response
to four reports she allegedly made about Cole’s substance abuse and/or his negligent care of a
patient. The health and safety code states that
[a] hospital . . . may not suspend or terminate the employment of or discipline or otherwise discriminate against an employee for reporting to the employee’s
15 supervisor, an administrator of the facility, a state regulatory agency, or a law enforcement agency a violation of law, including a violation of this chapter, a rule adopted under this chapter, or a rule adopted by . . . the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse.
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 161.134(a) (West 2001). Walters asserts that she is entitled to
a rebuttable presumption of retaliation because she suffered adverse employment actions within sixty
days of making a report. See id. § 161.134(f) (West 2001).
St. David’s contends that there is no evidence to support a causal link between any
report allegedly made by Walters and any adverse employment action taken by the hospital. The
hospital also urges that Walters is not entitled to a presumption of retaliation because the hospital
did not take any adverse actions against her and because, even if the presumption applied, it is
overcome by evidence that Walters violated the hospital’s confidentiality policy, which gave St.
David’s a legitimate business reason for any employment decisions it made. See Thomas v. Clayton
Williams Energy, Inc., 2 S.W.3d 734, 739 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (proof
of legitimate reason rebuts presumption of retaliation).
The four reports that Walters claims to have made about Cole’s substance abuse
and/or his negligent care of a patient were: (1) to Dennis Tweety of the Physician’s Health and
Rehabilitation division of the Texas Medical Association in fall 2001, (2) in her nursing notes on the
night of January 3, (3) to McGhee during their January 4 telephone conversation, and (4) to hospital
administrator Mark Bethel on January 11. Walters asserts that, because of these reports, St. David’s
retaliated against her by restricting her from HIA patients, referring her to peer review, not
completing the peer review following her resignation, allowing her to become the subject of “rumor
16 mongering,” failing to prevent Cole from physically confronting her at work, and generally making
her work conditions so intolerable that she was constructively discharged.
Walters’s own testimony shows the absence of a causal link because it establishes that
St. David’s did not have knowledge of any actionable report prior to making any employment
decision about Walters. First, Walters’s report to Tweety at the TMA was a verbal report, and she
testified that she never told anyone at the hospital about it. She adduced no evidence that anyone
at the hospital had knowledge of the report. Second, Walters’s nursing notes do not come within the
scope of the statute’s definition. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 161.134(a). The notes
simply state that “I asked Dr. Cole to come assess [patient]. Dr. Cole stated that he was not coming
to assess [patient], but wanted Narcan to be given . . . [and] have CT of head, with results called to
him.” This does not constitute a report “to the employee’s supervisor, an administrator of the
facility, a state regulatory agency, or a law enforcement agency” about any violation of law or
adopted rule. See id. Third, Walters’s statement to McGhee during their January 4 telephone
conversation does not support her retaliation claim because the evidence shows that, by this time,
the HIA doctors had already reported Walters’s violation, and McGhee had already decided to refer
Walters to peer review; McGhee summoned Walters to her office during this conversation.
Similarly, Walters’s January 11 report to administrator Bethel occurred after the hospital took the
actions about which Walters complains, and therefore does not support her claim for retaliation.
There is no evidence that the hospital or the doctors were otherwise aware of any
reports made by Walters. She confirmed that she never provided anyone at the hospital with a
written report about Cole’s alleged substance abuse and/or his negligent treatment of patients. She
17 testified that the only written complaint she lodged against Cole was to the State Board of Medical
Examiners on February 11, 2002. Because this report was made after Walters’s resignation from the
hospital and, hence, was subsequent to any adverse action taken against Walters, it provides no
evidence of a causal link between a report and a retaliatory action.
Any adverse actions that St. David’s took against Walters were not retaliatory because
they were justified, as legitimate business decisions, by Walters’s violation of the confidentiality
policy. See Thomas, 2 S.W.3d at 739. When an employer has knowledge that an employee violated
workplace policies, the employer is entitled to investigate the allegations and take appropriate
disciplinary actions. See Johnson v. Merrill Dow Pharm., Inc., 965 F.2d 31, 34 (5th Cir. 1992). As
set forth above, Walters’s testimony confirmed the truth of the doctors’ report that she had violated
hospital protocol by discussing a patient’s treatment with a non-treating physician. Thus, St. David’s
was justified in temporarily limiting Walters’s assignments to HIA patients and in referring her to
the nursing peer review process.
There is also no evidence in the record to support the other “retaliatory” actions
Walters claims to have suffered. Walters’s own actions caused the peer review to not be completed;
she testified that she never returned the counseling statement as requested by McGhee and that she
was absent several times during her last few weeks of work, when the peer review process was
ongoing. Walters further testified that she understood the reason the peer review process ended was
because she resigned. Walters provides no legal authority to support her claim that the hospital is
obligated to complete peer review after an employee quits. Conversely, St. David’s points to the
peer review policy, which states that the procedure applies to “current employees.” Thus, Walters
18 was not retaliated against when, following her resignation, the hospital did not conclude her peer
review.
Walters claims that the hospital allowed her to become the subject of “rumor
mongering” for a period of weeks. Walters testified that she heard “hushed whispers talked about
me when I walked into a room” and that she “believed” another nurse told co-workers that Walters
had engaged in sexual activity with Cole and DiBona on the hospital’s premises. But Walters
testified that this rumor could not be attributed to any of the appellees, and no other witness testified
to the existence of rumors. Walters also claims that Cole and Lux spread rumors about her by
requesting that she not be assigned to care for HIA patients. Because the doctors and the hospital
were justified in restricting Walters from HIA patients pending the investigation, this claim does not
evidence a violation of section 161.134(a). The record does not support Walters’s claim that “rumor
mongering” occurred, or if it did, that it was actionable, retaliatory conduct.
Walters claims that one night at the hospital, following the January 3 incident, Cole
confronted her, pinned her against the wall, “puffed up, got bigger, and moved closer,” and then said
“he didn’t have a problem with me taking care of HIA patients, [but] his bosses did.” Cole testified
that he told Walters his bosses did not want her assigned to HIA patients, but claims he was sitting
behind the nurses’ station when she approached him in a “heightened emotional state,” asking if he
“had a problem with her nursing skills.” Cole stated that the encounter was “tense” and “brief.”7
Taking Walters’s account of the confrontation as true, it does not support her retaliation claim
7 Cole acknowledged in his deposition that, over a five-year period, there had been two complaints made against him based on his interactions with nurses and that McGhee had counseled him to “state [his] grievances in a way that was not upsetting to nurses.”
19 because she testified that she never reported this incident to anyone at St. David’s or HIA, and that
she was not aware of anyone who witnessed the event. Cole also testified that he did not recall
anyone else being present at the time. Without notice that the alleged confrontation occurred, St.
David’s could not have retaliated against Walters by failing to act on it.
Regarding her claim of intolerable work conditions, Walters testified that McGhee
reprimanded her, along with other nurses, for wearing scrubs from different hospitals and for
chewing tobacco at work. Also, Walters testified that she felt unsupported at work because other
nurses left positive notes for each other on a break-room message board, and she did not remember
having any posted about her. She cites no authority to support her claim that these actions were
“retaliatory.”
Relying on University of Texas Medical Branch v. Hohman, Walters urges that such
proof is sufficient to survive summary judgment on her retaliation claim. 6 S.W.3d 767, 780 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, writ dism’d w.o.j.). The nurses in Hohman asserted that their
former employer retaliated against them in numerous ways, including reprimanding, threatening,
suspending, and humiliating them. Id. at 780 n.8. The Hohman court reversed and remanded the
summary judgment, based on its finding that a fact issue remained on the employer’s “official
immunity” defense, without reaching the sufficiency of the nurses’ evidence. Id. at 780. Thus,
Hohman does not support Walters’s claim that she has adduced sufficient evidence of “intolerable
conditions” to survive summary judgment on her retaliation claim. Walters’s proof does not amount
to more than mere surmise or suspicion and is, therefore, insufficient to raise a genuine issue of
material fact. King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751.
20 Because Walters failed to establish a causal link between any report she made and any
adverse employment action the hospital took, and because the hospital satisfied its burden of
rebutting any presumption of retaliation with proof of a legitimate reason for its actions, Walters’s
second issue is overruled.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Walters claims in her third and sixth issues that she suffered intentional infliction of
emotional distress based on the doctors’ report that she violated hospital protocol, St. David’s
decision to limit her care of HIA patients, St. David’s allowance of rumor mongering, and the
physical confrontation she allegedly had with Cole. To recover damages for intentional infliction
of emotional distress, a plaintiff must establish that: (1) the defendant acted intentionally or
recklessly; (2) the defendant’s conduct was extreme and outrageous; (3) the defendant’s actions
caused the plaintiff emotional distress; and (4) the resulting emotional distress was severe.
Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. v. Zeltwanger, 144 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. 2004).
St. David’s and HIA challenge that Walters failed to produce a scintilla of evidence
that they acted in an extreme and outrageous manner. Conduct should not be labeled as “extreme
and outrageous” unless it goes beyond all possible bounds of decency, such that it is “atrocious and
utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. Ordinary employment decisions may be unfair or
unpleasant, but they do not rise to the level of being extreme and outrageous, especially in an at-will
employment context. See id. at 449. Thus, it is “only in the most unusual of circumstances,” if a
plaintiff can show some conduct outside the realm of ordinary employment actions, that a claim for
21 intentional infliction of emotional distress will lie against an employer. GTE Southwest, Inc. v.
Bruce, 998 S.W.2d 605, 612-13 (Tex. 1999).
We have already addressed that the doctors’ report regarding Walters’s violation of
the confidentiality policy was true, and that St. David’s was justified, based on this report, in
referring Walters to peer review and limiting her treatment of HIA patients pending an investigation.
Also, Walters testified that the restriction was only temporary, and that she in fact cared for HIA
patients between January 5 and her resignation on February 6. Thus, these employment actions by
St. David’s and HIA do not constitute extreme and outrageous conduct.
We have similarly addressed the record’s lack of support for Walters’s claim that she
became the subject of rumors at the hospital. Because Walters failed to produce a scintilla of
evidence to show that such rumors occurred or that they were attributable to appellees, these claims
provide no evidence of conduct by the appellees that was “beyond all possible bounds of decency,
atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” See Zeltwanger, 144 S.W.3d at 445.
Assuming Cole physically confronted Walters as she testified, this evidence, while
disturbing, does not rise to the level of extreme and outrageous conduct by either HIA or the hospital.
Walters cites American Medical International, Inc. v. Guirintano as supporting authority, but that
case is distinguishable from the instant one. 821 S.W.2d 331 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1991, no writ). In Guirintano, a hospital administrator claimed that a group of doctors intentionally
inflicted emotional distress upon him by verbally and physically attacking him at a cocktail party;
he claimed that the doctors jumped all over him, raised their voices, expressed anger, cursed,
22 directed racist comments at him, threatened him, and ultimately blamed this confrontation on the
administrator, using it as a basis to have him fired. Id. at 341-42.
The conduct alleged in Guirintano was more severe and prolonged than the isolated
incident alleged by Walters. Even still, the court found that the cocktail-party incident alone was
insufficient to prove extreme and outrageous behavior. Id. at 342. Rather, the court held that the
proof was sufficient based on cumulative evidence that the doctors engaged in a “conspiracy . . . to
intentionally put Giurintano in confrontational situations and use his responses to these
confrontations for the purpose of opposing his appointment.” Id. Walters produced no such
evidence. Additionally, the standard of review in Guirintano was different from this case. There,
the court was bound to affirm a jury’s finding of intentional infliction of emotional distress unless
the doctors proved that no reasonable person could have made that finding. Id. at 343. Here, we
must affirm the summary judgment in favor of HIA and St. David’s unless Walters produces
sufficient evidence to support her claim that the appellees’ conduct was extreme and outrageous—a
burden Walters did not meet.
Because Walters failed to satisfy her burden of producing a scintilla of evidence to
raise a genuine issue of material fact about whether St. David’s or HIA intentionally inflicted
emotional distress upon her, Walters’s third and sixth issues are overruled.
Tortious Interference with a Contract
In her seventh issue, Walters claims that the HIA doctors tortiously interfered with
her employment contract by requesting that Walters be restricted from HIA patients. To recover for
tortious interference, a plaintiff must prove: (1) an existing contract subject to interference, (2) a
23 willful and intentional act of interference with the contract, (3) that proximately caused the plaintiff’s
injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Financial Review Servs.,
Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 1999).
Justification is an affirmative defense to tortious interference if the defendant’s
actions were based on either the exercise of its own legal rights or on a good-faith claim to a
colorable legal right, even if that claim ultimately proves to be mistaken. Id. at 80. A defendant who
has a legal right to interfere with the contract is privileged, regardless of his motivations for acting.
Id. Otherwise, the defendant must prove that his actions were in good faith; but he need not prove
that he asserted a “legally correct” right, only that the right has a colorable basis in the law.
Ballantyne v. Champion Builders, Inc., 144 S.W.3d 417, 426-27 (Tex. 2004). However, if the
defendant’s actions were tortious in themselves, then the defendant is not privileged nor justified,
despite the existence of a legal right for his actions. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 29 S.W.3d at 81.
HIA urges that its doctors were justified in requesting that Walters’s assignments to
HIA patients be limited because Walters violated the confidentiality policy and because the request
was made in the patients’ best interests.8 The Texas Occupations Code and the Health and Safety
Code broadly protect a patient’s medical information as “confidential.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann.
§ 159.002; Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 241.151. It is also well established in Texas that
physicians owe a duty of care to their patients and are obligated to protect a patient’s confidential
8 HIA also urges that, because Walters was an at-will employee, she lacked a contract subject to interference. However, “the terminable-at-will status of a contract is no defense to an action for tortious interference with its performance.” Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 689 (Tex. 1989).
24 information. See Edinburg Hosp. Auth. v. Trevino, 941 S.W.2d 76, 81 (Tex. 1997) (“physician’s
primary duty is to the patient”); see also Tex Occ. Code Ann. § 159.002 (physician cannot disclose
patient’s confidential information without proper authorization and physician may claim privilege
of confidentiality on behalf of patient). Cole and Lux, therefore, were justified in approaching
hospital personnel to request that Walters no longer be assigned to care for their patients, given their
concerns that Walters revealed their patients’ confidential medical information to a non-treating
physician. The doctors’ actions were not defamatory, nor otherwise “tortious in themselves,”
because their report that Walters violated the confidentiality policy was true. Because HIA
conclusively established its affirmative defense of justification, Walters’s seventh issue is overruled.
Qualified Privilege
In response to all of Walters’s claims, St. David’s asserts the affirmative defense of
qualified privilege, claiming that it is statutorily protected from any liability arising out of an action
related to the nursing peer review process. The occupations code states that “a cause of action does
not accrue for an act, statement, determination, or recommendation made, or act reported, without
malice, in the course of peer review against . . . a hospital.” Tex. Occ. Code Ann. §§ 160.010,
303.010(a)(2) (West 2004).
Walters claims in her first issue that St. David’s is not entitled to this immunity
because the hospital acted with malice and because the peer review was not completed. Actual
malice has been defined as “ill will, spite, evil motives, and purposely injuring another.” Texas Beef
Cattle Co. v. Green, 921 S.W.2d 203, 210 (Tex. 1996). An employer’s actions that are based on a
25 report of an employee’s wrongdoing, which the employer reasonably believes to be true, cannot be
labeled as “malicious.” Randall’s Food Mkts., 891 S.W.2d at 647.
We have already discussed that it was not retaliatory for St. David’s to terminate the
peer review process, given that Walters’s own actions—failing to return the counseling statement,
missing several days of work at the end of her term, and resigning prior to the conclusion of the peer
review—were the reason that her review was not completed. Because of this, and because there is
no other proof of an evil motive or ill will on behalf of St. David’s, it was not malicious for St.
David’s to terminate the peer review following Walters’s resignation. Further, Walters claims that
it was malicious for McGhee to include “false statements” in her counseling statement, but Walters
testified that she considered McGhee’s notes to be an “accurate summary” of what Walters told
McGhee during their January 4 meeting. Walters also claims St. David’s maliciously denied her
“minimum due process” by “unilaterally dropping” the peer review and by not affording her an
opportunity to submit a rebuttal statement. However, Walters testified that she understood the
process was terminated due to her resignation, and that she was provided the counseling statement,
which stated that she could submit any written comments; she chose not to return it, despite
McGhee’s repeated reminders to do so.
There is also no authority to support Walters’s claim that St. David’s was obligated
to complete the peer review process in order for the qualified privilege to apply. Walters
acknowledges that nothing in the occupations code requires hospitals to proceed with or complete
peer reviews of former employees. Tex. Occ. Code Ann. §§ 160.101, 303.010. Walters claims,
however, that this obligation is inherent in the statute’s purpose. We disagree. If the legislature had
intended to hinge the qualified privilege on a requirement that hospitals complete peer reviews, even
26 after the subject of the review resigned, it could have explicitly done so. The “purpose of the statute
is to foster a free, frank exchange among medical professionals” about possible violations by their
peers. Irving Healthcare Sys. v. Brooks, 927 S.W.2d 12, 16 (Tex. 1996). Once a hospital
commences a peer review, it follows that the actions it has taken continue to be shielded by the
qualified privilege when the peer process is not completed due to the employee’s actions. Finally,
contrary to Walters’s lack of authority, St. David’s points to the peer review policy itself, which
expressly states that it applies to “current employees.”
Because St. David’s did not act with malice and because the qualified privilege
applies regardless of whether the peer review was completed, we hold that, on these facts, St.
David’s “actions, statements, determinations, or recommendations” connected to Walters’s peer
review are entitled to immunity. Walters’s first issue is overruled.
CONCLUSION
Having found that St. David’s and HIA conclusively demonstrated their entitlement
to summary judgment as a matter of law, and that Walters failed to raise a fact issue on any material
issue, we affirm the summary judgment in favor of the appellees.
Jan P. Patterson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: March 17, 2005