OlabK, C. J.
This case was bere on a former appeal (144 N. C., 242), in which tbe facts, substantially the same as now, are fully stated, and can be referred to without repeating them here.
There were fifty exceptions taken at this trial, of which exceptions 1, 3, V, 1-2, 20, 35, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 are abandoned, not being in the assignment of errors grouped at, the end of the case on appeal. Exceptions 11, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 are abandoned, either expressly in the appellant’s brief or by not being mentioned therein. Bule 34 of this Court, 140 N. O., 666. The remaining twenty-three exceptions can be considered under a very few heads. It would much facilitate the argument and decision of causes if counsel would always thus carefully go over the exceptions, taken out of abundant caution during the trial, and eliminate all except those which on reflection are deemed vital, and thus concentrate their argument and our attention on the pivotal points of the case.
Exception 2, tbat tbe plaintiff was allowed to use a model to illustrate bis evidence, cannot be sustained. It is like an unofficial map or diagram used by a witness, not as substantive evidence, but “for tbe purpose of enabling tbe witness to explain bis testimony and enabling tbe jury to understand it.” Eor tbis purpose maps, diagrams, models and photographs have been allowed in both criminal and civil actions.
State v. Wilcox,
132 N. C., 1135;
Peebles v. Graham,
130 N. C., 262;
Riddle v. Germanton,
117 N. C., 387. These have often been sent up to tbis Court to enable us to better understand tbe testimony in tbe record and tbe arguments of counsel. Indeed, it seems tbis same model was used in tbe argument here on tbe former appeal and on tbis, and its use has been helpful to us, as it must have been to tbe jury, and, indeed, to counsel themselves in expressing their contention. Except when tbe map or model is agreed upon as correct, it must be taken only as a part of tbe testimony of tbe witness, for what it is worth.
Exceptions 4 and 19 are to tbe admission of evidence of mental suffering and an instruction to tbe jury tbat it was an element of damages if tbe plaintiff bad been injured by the negligent conduct of tbe defendant. Tbe charge on tbis point is a copy of tbat approved in
Clark v. Traction Co.,
138 N. C., 78;
Wallace v. Railroad,
104 N. C., 442. Mental suffering accompanying physical injury has always been held a proper element of damages to be considered by tbe jury.
Walker v. Railroad,
131 N. C., 536;
Smith v. Railroad,
130 N. C., 304. The defendant objects because tbe witness stated as part of bis mental suffering tbat be knew be could never be well again, and tbat it almost broke bis heart to know tbat be would be a cripple for life. Tbis, however, is a part of the suffering, like tbe physical suffering, tbe decreased earning capacity, tbe cost of nursing and medical attention, which are a part of the “present and prospective loss” resulting from tbe injury, and tbe immediate and necessary consequences thereof.
Exception 5 is that the witness was asked to state “whether or not, in your opinion, you could have straightened the log on the skid, before it fell and hurt you, by the use of your cant hook, if the team had not started when it did and, as you say it did, without warning.” The witness replied that he could. The answer was also excepted to. This was the statement of a physical fact peculiarly in the knowledge of the witness, of a matter which he saw -with his own eyes and to which his attention was acutely drawn. The weight to be given to his testimony was for the jury, but they were entitled to have it to weigh. It was not an expression of a theoretical opinion, nor an inference from facts stated by others. He spoke of'his own knowledge and experience. In
Arrowood v. Railroad,
126 N. C., 632, it was held competent for witness to state that, having seen the light cast by the headlight of an engine at a certain point on the track, the engineer could have seen a man lying on the track. This was held a matter of common observation, not requiring expert evidence. Here the witness occupied the same position as if the engineer himself had testified in the
Arrowood case.
In
Raper v. Railroad,
126 N. C., 565, it was held “clearly competent” to ask a witness: “If the roadbed beneath the rail and guard rail had been filled to within two inches of the top rail, would it have been possible for the shoe to have been caught in the rail?” In
Burney v. Allen,
127 N. C., 476, it was held competent for a witness who had personal knowledge of a room and the location of its furniture to testify whether the testator, lying in a position testified to by other witnesses, could have seen the subscribing witnesses at the spot testified to. All these matters of physical facts are not “opinion evidence,” in the legal sense of that term. They are not theoretical nor conclusions drawn by inference, but statements of facts from personal observation, and hence also they are not “expert” evidence.
Exceptions 6 and 8 are that the witness was allowed to state that the “V” chain or double chain would be safer than
tbe single chain; and exception 9 is that be gave as a reason for tbe double chain being safer: “Because we put one on each end of tbe log, and then there is no chance for tbe log to get away; one, end may be heavier and larger than tbe other, but tbe chain will keep it up.” 5 Encyc. Ev., 654, summarizes tbe decisions thus: “Tbe exception to tbe general rule that witnesses cannot give opinions is not confined to tbe evidence of experts testifying on subjects requiring special knowledge, skill or learning, but it includes tbe evidence of common observers testifying tbe results of their observations made at tbe time in regard to common appearances, facts and conditions which cannot be reproduced and made palpable to a jury,” citing, among other cases,
State v. Edwards,
112 N. C., 901. This is a clear statement of a well-settled principle, and is a common-sense restriction which keeps tbe wise general rule as to “opinion” and “expert” evidence from degenerating into absurdity. Numerous cases are cited in tbe plaintiff’s brief in support of this proposition, and many others can be added, but it is not necessary to cite them. There are no cases in our Court to the contrary. In
Cogdell v. Railroad,
130 N. C., 313, it was held, twb Judges dissenting, that it was incompetent for the witness to state that if the plank had been sound and not rotten it would have borne a man of Oógdell’s weight with safety. On rehearing, the former opinion was reversed (132 N. C., 852), though not on this point. "While that case is different from this, in that it was not shown that the witness had common observation of the weight planks would bear, we are inclined to doubt if it should be followed; but at any rate it is not a precedent against the ruling of the Judge in this case. Besides, the testimony in this case could be sustained as that of an expert, and it is too late now to object that the witness did not qualify as an expert. His evidence showed that he was. Moreover, the test was not whether the double chain was safer than a
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OlabK, C. J.
This case was bere on a former appeal (144 N. C., 242), in which tbe facts, substantially the same as now, are fully stated, and can be referred to without repeating them here.
There were fifty exceptions taken at this trial, of which exceptions 1, 3, V, 1-2, 20, 35, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 are abandoned, not being in the assignment of errors grouped at, the end of the case on appeal. Exceptions 11, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39 are abandoned, either expressly in the appellant’s brief or by not being mentioned therein. Bule 34 of this Court, 140 N. O., 666. The remaining twenty-three exceptions can be considered under a very few heads. It would much facilitate the argument and decision of causes if counsel would always thus carefully go over the exceptions, taken out of abundant caution during the trial, and eliminate all except those which on reflection are deemed vital, and thus concentrate their argument and our attention on the pivotal points of the case.
Exception 2, tbat tbe plaintiff was allowed to use a model to illustrate bis evidence, cannot be sustained. It is like an unofficial map or diagram used by a witness, not as substantive evidence, but “for tbe purpose of enabling tbe witness to explain bis testimony and enabling tbe jury to understand it.” Eor tbis purpose maps, diagrams, models and photographs have been allowed in both criminal and civil actions.
State v. Wilcox,
132 N. C., 1135;
Peebles v. Graham,
130 N. C., 262;
Riddle v. Germanton,
117 N. C., 387. These have often been sent up to tbis Court to enable us to better understand tbe testimony in tbe record and tbe arguments of counsel. Indeed, it seems tbis same model was used in tbe argument here on tbe former appeal and on tbis, and its use has been helpful to us, as it must have been to tbe jury, and, indeed, to counsel themselves in expressing their contention. Except when tbe map or model is agreed upon as correct, it must be taken only as a part of tbe testimony of tbe witness, for what it is worth.
Exceptions 4 and 19 are to tbe admission of evidence of mental suffering and an instruction to tbe jury tbat it was an element of damages if tbe plaintiff bad been injured by the negligent conduct of tbe defendant. Tbe charge on tbis point is a copy of tbat approved in
Clark v. Traction Co.,
138 N. C., 78;
Wallace v. Railroad,
104 N. C., 442. Mental suffering accompanying physical injury has always been held a proper element of damages to be considered by tbe jury.
Walker v. Railroad,
131 N. C., 536;
Smith v. Railroad,
130 N. C., 304. The defendant objects because tbe witness stated as part of bis mental suffering tbat be knew be could never be well again, and tbat it almost broke bis heart to know tbat be would be a cripple for life. Tbis, however, is a part of the suffering, like tbe physical suffering, tbe decreased earning capacity, tbe cost of nursing and medical attention, which are a part of the “present and prospective loss” resulting from tbe injury, and tbe immediate and necessary consequences thereof.
Exception 5 is that the witness was asked to state “whether or not, in your opinion, you could have straightened the log on the skid, before it fell and hurt you, by the use of your cant hook, if the team had not started when it did and, as you say it did, without warning.” The witness replied that he could. The answer was also excepted to. This was the statement of a physical fact peculiarly in the knowledge of the witness, of a matter which he saw -with his own eyes and to which his attention was acutely drawn. The weight to be given to his testimony was for the jury, but they were entitled to have it to weigh. It was not an expression of a theoretical opinion, nor an inference from facts stated by others. He spoke of'his own knowledge and experience. In
Arrowood v. Railroad,
126 N. C., 632, it was held competent for witness to state that, having seen the light cast by the headlight of an engine at a certain point on the track, the engineer could have seen a man lying on the track. This was held a matter of common observation, not requiring expert evidence. Here the witness occupied the same position as if the engineer himself had testified in the
Arrowood case.
In
Raper v. Railroad,
126 N. C., 565, it was held “clearly competent” to ask a witness: “If the roadbed beneath the rail and guard rail had been filled to within two inches of the top rail, would it have been possible for the shoe to have been caught in the rail?” In
Burney v. Allen,
127 N. C., 476, it was held competent for a witness who had personal knowledge of a room and the location of its furniture to testify whether the testator, lying in a position testified to by other witnesses, could have seen the subscribing witnesses at the spot testified to. All these matters of physical facts are not “opinion evidence,” in the legal sense of that term. They are not theoretical nor conclusions drawn by inference, but statements of facts from personal observation, and hence also they are not “expert” evidence.
Exceptions 6 and 8 are that the witness was allowed to state that the “V” chain or double chain would be safer than
tbe single chain; and exception 9 is that be gave as a reason for tbe double chain being safer: “Because we put one on each end of tbe log, and then there is no chance for tbe log to get away; one, end may be heavier and larger than tbe other, but tbe chain will keep it up.” 5 Encyc. Ev., 654, summarizes tbe decisions thus: “Tbe exception to tbe general rule that witnesses cannot give opinions is not confined to tbe evidence of experts testifying on subjects requiring special knowledge, skill or learning, but it includes tbe evidence of common observers testifying tbe results of their observations made at tbe time in regard to common appearances, facts and conditions which cannot be reproduced and made palpable to a jury,” citing, among other cases,
State v. Edwards,
112 N. C., 901. This is a clear statement of a well-settled principle, and is a common-sense restriction which keeps tbe wise general rule as to “opinion” and “expert” evidence from degenerating into absurdity. Numerous cases are cited in tbe plaintiff’s brief in support of this proposition, and many others can be added, but it is not necessary to cite them. There are no cases in our Court to the contrary. In
Cogdell v. Railroad,
130 N. C., 313, it was held, twb Judges dissenting, that it was incompetent for the witness to state that if the plank had been sound and not rotten it would have borne a man of Oógdell’s weight with safety. On rehearing, the former opinion was reversed (132 N. C., 852), though not on this point. "While that case is different from this, in that it was not shown that the witness had common observation of the weight planks would bear, we are inclined to doubt if it should be followed; but at any rate it is not a precedent against the ruling of the Judge in this case. Besides, the testimony in this case could be sustained as that of an expert, and it is too late now to object that the witness did not qualify as an expert. His evidence showed that he was. Moreover, the test was not whether the double chain was safer than a
single one (almost a self-evident proposition), bnt whether the single chain was in general nse; and if the admission of the evidence had been erroneous it would have been harmless error.
Exception 10 was as to an impeaching question asked a witness, and needs no discussion.
Exceptions 14, 15, 16 and 21 present the question as to the liability of the company and whether the plaintiff was its employee. This was fully discussed in the former opinion (144 N. C., 242), which held favorably to the plaintiff. The court below followed the opinion of this Court in its instructions submitting that question to the jury, and we will not hold that it erred in so doing. The jury, under a charge in accordance with our ruling, has found this fact with the plaintiff. The defendant, if dissatisfied, should have applied for a rehearing of our opinion. In
Holley v. Smith,
132 N. C., 36, it was held that a matter of law determined on appeal will be reviewed only on a rehearing, and cannot be again brought in question by another appeal in the same case. To same effect
Jones v. Railroad,
131 N. C., 133;
Best v. Mortgage Co., ib.,
70;
Perry v. Railroad,
129 N. C., 333;
Setzer v. Setzer, ib.,
296;
Hendon v. Railroad, 127
N. C., 110.
Exceptions 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33 are to special instructions given at request of the plaintiff. When read in connection with the general charge, we find in them nothing ,of error.
Exceptions 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44 are to the refusal of certain prayers of defendant. They were properly refused, except so far as covered in the general charge, because they asked the court to find the facts and, further, to direct the finding of an issue in favor of the defendant, on whom rested the burden of showing contributory negligence.
Exception 45 is to the refusal of a prayer which, so far as. it was proper, was substantially given in the charge.
All tbe other exceptions were abandoned, as heretofore stated.
After full and careful consideration of the entire record, and with the aid of a very able argument on both sides, we find
No Error.