SECOND DIVISION MILLER, P. J., HODGES and PIPKIN, JJ.
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June 29, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A0418. STEWARD et al. v. ARANDIA et al.
MILLER, Presiding Judge.
In this civil dispute between property owners regarding a water well, Brenda
Steward and Roosevelt Nelson (“Plaintiffs”) appeal from the trial court’s order
granting summary judgment to Liboria Arandia and John and Jane Doe and the trial
court’s order dissolving a temporary injunction. On appeal, the Plaintiffs argue that
the trial court erred by (1) refusing to strike a survey; (2) considering an untimely
affidavit; (3) granting summary judgment on their claim for declaratory judgment
when the Defendants did not move for summary judgment on that claim; (4) granting
summary judgment on their ejectment and trespass claims; (5) ruling that Nelson did
not have easement ripening from an express license under OCGA § 44-9-4; (6)
granting summary judgment on their quasi-easement claim; and (7) dissolving the temporary injunction. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, vacate in part,
and remand the case for further proceedings.
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In reviewing the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment, we apply a de novo standard of review, and we view the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.
(Citation omitted.) Gervin v. Retail Property Trust, 354 Ga. App. 11 (840 SE2d 101)
(2020).
So viewed, the evidence shows that Cecil Brown previously owned three
separate but adjoining tracts of land, Lots 11 through 13, on Social Circle-Fairplay
Road in Walton County, Georgia. In 1992, Brown constructed a water well near the
property line between Lots 12 and 13. In 2000, the Plaintiffs moved onto Lot 13, and
Brown moved into a home that was located on Lot 12. Brown told Nelson that the
well was on Lot 13, and the Plaintiffs agreed to allow Brown to use the well and the
common driveway. Nelson paid the electricity and maintenance expenses for the well
from 2000 until 2017. Brown’s health began to decline in 2012, so he vacated the
home on Lot 12 and conveyed Lot 13 to the Plaintiffs by warranty deed. Nelson then
2 disconnected the well from the home on Lot 12. The Plaintiffs subsequently divorced
in 2014, and as a result of the divorce decree, Steward was awarded one acre of the
property. In 2015, Wells Fargo foreclosed on Brown’s interest, and Arandia
subsequently acquired Lots 11 and 12. Nelson spoke with Arandia about the well, and
Nelson told Arandia that the well was located on his property but that he would allow
Arandia to use the well if Arandia agreed to pay the well’s electricity expenses.
According to the Plaintiffs, between 2017 and 2018, Arandia or someone
acting at his direction disconnected the well pump from the Plaintiffs’ electrical
system and powered the well pump with an extension cord connected to Arandia’s
house. The Plaintiffs also alleged that Arandia or someone acting at his direction
placed a fence around the well which prohibited them from accessing and using the
well.
The Plaintiffs filed the instant suit against Arandia and John Doe defendants,
asserting claims for ejectment and trespass, as well as claims for attorney fees and
injunctive relief. Arandia answered the complaint and counterclaimed, asserting
claims for fraudulent inducement, trespass, attorney fees, punitive damages, and a
declaratory judgment that he is the owner of the well. The Plaintiffs also filed a
motion for a temporary injunction preventing Arandia and others from disconnecting
3 the well, which the trial court granted after a hearing. Arandia later filed a motion for
summary judgment and a motion to dissolve the temporary injunction, arguing that
the Plaintiffs’ claims failed as a matter of law because he is the owner of the well. In
support of his motion, Arandia attached a survey (“Garmon Survey”) which showed
that the well is located entirely on his property, 2.61 feet from the boundary line at
the closest point. The Plaintiffs then filed an amended complaint, adding a claim for
declaratory relief that Nelson owned the well, that Nelson owned the well jointly with
Arandia, and that either Steward has a quasi easement in the well or that both Nelson
and Steward have a quasi easement in the well if it was determined that Arandia
owned the well. In responding to Arandia’s motion for summary judgment, the
Plaintiffs attached (1) an affidavit from Nelson stating that Arandia was aware that
the well was on Nelson’s property; (2) a 1994 survey that showed that the well is
located near the boundary line for the properties; and (3) sewage inspection reports,
all of which the Plaintiffs asserted support their claim that the well is located on their
property. The trial court later granted Arandia’s motion for summary judgment on all
of the Plaintiffs’ claims and his motion to dissolve the temporary injunction after a
hearing. This appeal followed.
4 1. In two related enumerations of error, the Plaintiffs argue that the trial court
erred by considering the Garmon Survey and supporting affidavit in adjudicating the
motion for summary judgment because there was no oral testimony offered in support
of the survey, and the affidavit was untimely. We conclude that the trial court erred
by considering Garmon’s affidavit and we remand the case to the trial court to
reconsider the admissibility of the Garmon Survey.
(a) As to the Plaintiffs’ claim that Garmon’s affidavit was untimely,
[t]he law is clear that affidavits relied upon in support of a motion for summary judgment must be on file for at least 30 days prior to the hearing. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c), which requires that a motion for summary judgment be served at least 30 days before the time fixed for a hearing, and OCGA § 9-11-6 (d), which requires that when a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion, have been construed together to mean that an affidavit relied on in support of a motion for summary judgment must be on file for at least 30 days prior to the hearing. This filing requirement is not waived unless the opposing party acquiesces in the use of the untimely materials or the party seeking to file a late affidavit seeks and obtains an extension from the court pursuant to OCGA § 9–11–6(b) to extend the time for filing[.] . . . Even if the court . . . extend[s] the time for filing, any such extension of time within which to file supporting affidavits should also ensure that the party opposing the motion will have 30 days within which to respond.
5 (Citations and punctuation omitted; Emphasis supplied.) Cordell v. Bank of North
Georgia, 295 Ga. App. 402, 405-406 (1) (b) (672 SE2d 429) (2008). Furthermore,
OCGA § 9-11-6 (b) provides in relevant part:
When by this chapter or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period, permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Cheung Kong Trading, Inc. v. Warrick-Sims, 271
Ga. App. 406, 407 (609 SE2d 759) (2005).
Here, the record shows that Arandia filed his motion for summary judgment on
January 22, 2020, but he did not file Garmon’s affidavit for the Garmon Survey until
February 27, 2020. At the summary judgment hearing held on March 2, 2020, the trial
court denied the Plaintiffs’ motion to strike the affidavit and ruled that the affidavit
would be considered in ruling on the motion for summary judgment.
We conclude that the trial court erred in considering Garmon’s affidavit
submitted in support of his survey. There is no evidence that Arandia requested an
extension of time to file the affidavit and Arandia did not present any evidence of
excusable neglect in failing to timely file the affidavit. Accordingly, Garmon’s
6 affidavit was not properly before the court and the trial court erred by relying on it in
adjudicating the motion for summary judgment. See Pierce v. Wendy’s Inter., Inc.,
233 Ga. App. 227, 229 (1) (504 SE2d 14) (1998) (trial court erred by considering
untimely affidavit in ruling on motion for summary judgment, where there was no
request made for an extension of time and no evidence presented to show excusable
neglect in failing to timely file the affidavit); Hershiser v. Yorkshire Condominium
Ass’n., Inc., 201 Ga. App. 185 (1) (410 SE2d 455) (1991) (trial court erred in
considering untimely filed supplemental affidavits where the movant did not request
an extension of time nor did the trial court find excusable neglect on the movant’s
part in failing to timely file the affidavits). Additionally, the trial court’s consideration
of the affidavit was not harmless because the trial court relied upon the affidavit in
support of the Garmon Survey in granting summary judgment to Arandia. See Maloof
v. MARTA, 330 Ga. App. 763, 767-768 (2) (769 SE2d 174) (2015) (holding that the
trial court’s evidentiary ruling was not harmless where the trial court noted in its
order that the evidence was sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in considering the affidavit in
adjudicating the motion for summary judgment.
7 (b) As to the Plaintiffs’ claim that the Garmon Survey was inadmissible,
because we determined in Division 1 (a) that Garmon’s affidavit in support of the
survey was improperly considered, we remand the case to the trial court to determine
the admissibility of the Garmon Survey. See Hungry Wolf/Sugar & Spice, Inc. v.
Langdeau, 338 Ga. App. 750, 752-753 (791 SE2d 850) (2016) (vacating summary
judgment award where the trial court relied on evidence not properly authenticated
and remanding the case for the trial court to determine the admissibility of the
unauthenticated evidence).
2. Next, in three related enumerations of error, the Plaintiffs argue that the trial
court erred by granting summary judgment on their declaratory judgment claim
because Arandia did not move for summary judgment on that claim, and that genuine
issues of material fact remain on the claim. We disagree and conclude that the trial
court did not err by granting summary judgment on the Plaintiff’s declaratory
judgment claim.1
1 Although Arandia agrees with the Plaintiffs that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment on the Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim because he did not move for summary judgment on that claim, Arandia’s concession of an alleged error is not controlling on appeal. See Northwest Ga. Contracting, LLC v. St. Germain, 350 Ga. App. 568, 571 (4) (829 SE2d 814) (2019) (“[T]his Court is not
8 (a) As to the Plaintiffs’ claim that they were not afforded an opportunity to
argue the merits of their declaratory judgment claim prior to the grant of summary
judgment, the law is well settled that
[n]othing in the applicable law places a burden on the nonmovant to respond to issues which are not raised in the motion for summary judgment. But a trial court may grant summary judgment sua sponte under certain circumstances, so long as it ensures that the party against whom summary judgment is rendered is given full and fair notice and opportunity to respond prior to entry of summary judgment.
(Citation omitted.) Stephens v. Alan v. Mock Constr. Co., Inc., 302 Ga. App. 280, 288
(3) (690 SE2d 225) (2010).
Here, the record shows that the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint and
added a claim for declaratory relief and requested that the court determine the owner
of the well. Specifically, the declaratory relief claim was predicated on their theories
that the Plaintiffs had a quasi-easement or an easement running with the land. In his
motion for summary judgment, Arandia argued only that there were no genuine issues
of fact on the Plaintiffs’ trespass, ejectment, and injunctive relief claims. The record
also shows, however, that in response to Arandia’s motion for summary judgment, the
bound by a party’s concession on appeal.”).
9 Plaintiffs argued the theories of their declaratory judgment claim. Specifically, the
Plaintiffs argued that they had a quasi-easement or an easement running with the land,
which were the same theories alleged in the amended complaint. Additionally, at the
hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the Plaintiffs further argued the merits
of their declaratory judgment claim that they had a quasi-easement or an easement
running with the land.
We conclude that the Plaintiffs have failed to show that they were not afforded
an opportunity to be heard on their declaratory judgment claim prior to the trial
court’s ruling. As shown above, the record is clear that the Plaintiffs argued the merits
of their declaratory judgment claim that they had a quasi-easement or an easement
running with the land in their response to Arandia’s motion and at the hearing for the
motion prior to the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Arandia. Accordingly,
their claim to the contrary fails. See Zions First Nat. Bank v. Macke, 316 Ga. App.
744, 754 (5) (730 SE2d 462) (2012) (holding that the trial court did not err by
granting summary judgment sua sponte where the appellant was fully heard on its
arguments and interpretation of loan documents).
(b) Turning to the merits of their declaratory judgment claim, we conclude that
the trial court did not err in its determination that there were no genuine issues of
10 material fact as to the Plaintiffs’ claim that they had a quasi easement or an easement
(i) As to a quasi-easement,
A quasi-easement is an easement implied from a prior or existing use. Under Georgia law, a quasi-easement arises when the owner of an entire tract uses one part of the tract for the benefit of another and thereafter the tract is divided so that the benefitted parcel, quasi-dominant estate, is separated from the burdened parcel, quasi-servient estate. If the quasi-dominant estate receives a benefit that is apparent, continuous, permanent in nature, and is necessary and beneficial to the enjoyment of the quasi-dominant estate, then an easement is implied from the prior use.
(Citations omitted; Emphasis supplied.) de Castro v. Durrell, 295 Ga. App. 194, 198
(1) (671 SE2d 244) (2008). “Put another way, a quasi-easement requires proof that
before the conveyance or transfer severing the unity of title, the common owner used
part of the united parcel for the benefit of another part, and this use was apparent and
obvious, continuous, and permanent.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; Emphasis
supplied.) Emson Investment Properties, LLC v. JHJ Jodeco 65, LLC, 349 Ga. App.
644, 647 (2) (824 SE2d 113) (2019).2
2 To the extent the Plaintiffs rely on law from other jurisdictions to argue that a single united tract is not required, we decline to adopt that rule as our case law is
11 Here, the record is clear that at the time Brown obtained title to Lots 11 through
13, the lots were already divided and thus there was no single united parcel at the
time Brown constructed the well in 1992. Therefore, because there was no evidence
presented that, prior to severance, Brown used a portion of a united tract for the
benefit of another portion of a united tract, no genuine issue of material fact remained
on the Plaintiffs’ quasi-easement claim and the trial court therefore did not err by
granting summary judgment to Arandia on this claim.
(ii) As to the Plaintiffs’ claim of an easement running with the land, under
OCGA § 44-9-4, “[a] parol license to use another’s land is revocable at any time if
its revocation does no harm to the person to whom it has been granted. A parol
license is not revocable when the licensee has acted pursuant thereto and in so doing
has incurred expense; in such case, it becomes an easement running with the land.”
“[U]nder the statute, a parol license is an express license. Thus, the statute is
operative only where there is an express oral license.” (Citations and punctuation
clear that to establish a claim of a quasi-easement, before a transfer of title, the common owner must have used part of the united parcel for the benefit of another part of the parcel. See Rowland v. Woods, 259 Ga. 832, 833 (1) (388 SE2d 684) (1990) (“A quasi-easement arises when the owner of an entire tract uses one part of the tract for the benefit of another and thereafter the tract is divided so that the benefited parcel, quasi-dominant estate, is separated from the burdened parcel, quasi-servient estate.”).
12 omitted.) Postnieks v. Chick-Fil-A, Inc., 285 Ga. App. 724, 727 (1) (647 SE2d 281)
(2007).
Here, the Plaintiffs do not point to any specific facts, nor were we able to glean
any facts from our overview of the record, that shows an agreement between the
Plaintiffs and Brown, whereby the Plaintiffs sought and received permission from
Brown to use the well. Indeed, the only evidence of any agreement regarding the use
of the well was that, since Brown believed that the well was located on the Plaintiffs’
property, Brown sought and obtained permission from the Plaintiffs to use the well
for his property. Therefore, because the record is devoid of any evidence purporting
to show that the Plaintiffs sought and received permission from Brown to use the
well, no genuine issues of material fact remain as to whether, assuming the well is on
Lot 12, the Plaintiffs had an easement running with the land. See Postnieks, supra,
285 Ga. App. at 727 (1) (no parol license to use a curb cut found where the property
owner never provided express permission to use the curb cut). Thus, the trial court
did not err by granting summary judgment to Arandia on this claim.
3. Next, in two related enumerations of error, the Plaintiffs argue that the trial
court erred by granting summary judgment on their trespass and ejectment claims.
The trial court’s grant of summary judgment on these claims was based on its
13 conclusion that the Plaintiffs had no interest in the well because the Garmon Survey
showed that the well was located on Arandia’s property. In light of our holding in
Division 1 (b) remanding the case to the trial court to determine the admissibility of
the Garmon Survey, we vacate the trial court’s order granting summary judgment on
these claims and remand the case to the trial court to reconsider the motion for
summary judgment on the these claims. See An v. Active Pest Control South, Inc., 313
Ga. App. 110, 116-117 (720 SE2d 222) (2011) (vacating the award of summary
judgment and remanding the case to the trial court to resolve evidentiary issues and
to reconsider the motion for summary judgment).
4. Lastly, the Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by dissolving the
temporary injunction. Because the trial court’s order dissolving the injunction was
based on its determination that there were no genuine issues of fact that remained on
any of the Plaintiffs’ claims, and, for the reasons stated above in Division 3, that
determination was erroneous, we also vacate the trial court’s order dissolving the
injunction.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s order
granting summary judgment on the Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim, which was
predicated on their alternative claims of a quasi easement or an easement running
14 with the land. We vacate, however, the trial court’s order granting summary judgment
to Arandia on the Plaintiffs’ trespass and ejectment claims and we remand the case
to the trial court to determine the admissibility of the Garmon Survey and to
reconsider the motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiffs’ trespass and ejectment
claims.
Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded. Hodges and
Pipkin, JJ., concur.