Bravado International Group Merchandising Services, Inc. v. John Does 1-100

• Court: District Court, D. Colorado
• Decided: October 9, 2025
• Docket: 1:25-cv-03110
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer

Civil Case No. 25-cv-03110-PAB

BRAVADO INTERNATIONAL GROUP MERCHANDISING SERVICES, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

JOHN DOES 1-100, JANE DOES 1-100, and XYZ COMPANY,

Defendants. _____________________________________________________________________

ORDER _____________________________________________________________________

This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff’s Ex Parte Application for: a Temporary Restraining Order; a Seizure Order; and an Order to Show Cause Regarding Why a Preliminary Injunction and Seizure Order Should Not Issue [Docket No. 8]. The Court has jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a). I. BACKGROUND1 Plaintiff Bravado International Group Merchandising Services, Inc. (“Bravado”) is a California corporation that is engaged in the manufacture, distribution, and sale of various types of merchandise sold and distributed at concerts. Docket No. 1 at 1-2, ¶¶ 2, 6. Paul McCartney (“Paul McCartney” or the “Artist”) is a musical artist who owns the federally registered trademark “PAUL MCCARTNEY.” Id. at 2-3, ¶¶ 7-8. Paul

1 The following facts are taken from plaintiff’s complaint, the declaration of Ashley Fogerty, and the declaration of Cara Burns. See Docket Nos. 1, 10, 12. McCartney granted Bravado the exclusive right to use all federally registered trademarks, service marks, likenesses, logos, and other indicia of the Artist in connection with tour merchandise sold and offered for sale during the Artist’s current U.S. tour (“Authorized Tour Merchandise”). Id. at 3, ¶ 9; see also Docket No. 10 at 2, ¶ 3. Annually, Bravado and Paul McCartney earn substantial income from the sale of

the Authorized Tour Merchandise bearing the Artist’s trademarks. Docket No. 1 at 4, ¶ 12. Paul McCartney will perform at Coors Field in Denver, Colorado on Saturday, October 11, 2025. Id., ¶ 13; Docket No. 10 at 1, ¶ 1. Defendants, various Doe individuals and a Doe company, sell and distribute unauthorized T-shirts, jerseys, caps, and other merchandise bearing the Artist’s trademarks (the “Bootleg Merchandise”) in the vicinity of Paul McCartney’s concerts. Docket No. 1 at 2, 4, ¶¶ 3-4, 14. The Bootleg Merchandise is not authorized by the Artist or Bravado. Id. at 4, ¶ 15. Ashley Fogerty, Senior Vice President, Business & Legal Affairs for Bravado, states that the sale of the Bootleg Merchandise typically

occurs outside the concert venues. Docket No. 10 at 2, 7, ¶¶ 2, 15. The Bootleg Merchandise is of the same general appearance as Bravado’s merchandise, except the Bootleg Merchandise is of an inferior quality. Docket No. 1 at 4, ¶ 15. Ms. Fogerty states that the fans can be confused as to the source of the Bootleg Merchandise and therefore blame the performer for the poor quality. Docket No. 10 at 8, ¶ 18. The Bootleg Merchandise harms Bravado’s and the Artist’s reputations. Id. The Bootleg Merchandise sells for approximately half of the price of Bravado’s Authorized Tour Merchandise. Id. at 9, ¶ 19. Bravado submitted several exhibits, Docket No. 10-3 and Docket No. 10-4, containing photographs of the Bootleg Merchandise and photographs of various individuals selling the Bootleg Merchandise at the Artist’s concerts in Palm Springs, California on September 29, 2025 and Las Vegas, Nevada on October 4, 2025. See Docket No. 10 at 5, ¶ 11. Ms. Fogerty states that the Bootleg Merchandise sold on this

tour has “the same or similar” designs. Id. at 6, ¶ 12. Bravado filed this case on October 3, 2025. Docket No. 1. Bravado asserts two causes of action: (1) a violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1114 for unauthorized use of the registered trademark; and (2) a violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) for false designation of origin. Id. at 5-6. Bravado seeks a nationwide preliminary injunction and nationwide permanent injunction enjoining defendants from manufacturing, distributing, selling, offering for sale, holding for sale, or advertising any unauthorized merchandise bearing the Artist’s trademarks, service marks, likenesses, logos, and other indicia and from representing that any such merchandise is sponsored or authorized by Bravado. Id. at

6. Bravado also requests that the Court issue an order permitting law enforcement officers and authorized agents of plaintiff to seize any Bootleg Merchandise that defendants attempt to sell near the Artist’s concerts on this tour. Id. On October 6, 2025, Bravado filed a motion for an ex parte temporary restraining order (“TRO”) and a seizure order. Docket No. 8. Bravado seeks a TRO enjoining defendants from manufacturing, distributing, and selling unauthorized merchandise bearing the Artist’s trademarks. Docket No. 8-1 at 4. Bravado also seeks a nationwide seizure order pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d), authorizing law enforcement to seize Bootleg Merchandise found during the Artist’s tour, from four hours before to four hours after any performance on the tour and within the vicinity of the concert arenas, including but not limited to the October 11, 2025 concert at Coors Field. Id. Bravado requests that the Court order defendants to show cause why a preliminary injunction and seizure order should not issue. Id. at 2-3. Plaintiff’s attorney, Cara Burns, filed a declaration in support of the TRO motion

and seizure order. Docket No. 12. Ms. Burns, who has obtained seizure orders in numerous cases, states that, in her experience, defendants typically do not appear in judicial proceedings. Id. at 8, ¶ 7. Ms. Burns believes that, based upon her knowledge in prior cases for similarly-situated performers, defendants will likely transfer, hide, or destroy any Bootleg Merchandise if the merchandise is not immediately subject to an ex parte seizure order. Id., ¶ 8. Ms. Burns affirms that Bravado has followed the procedures of the Anti-Counterfeiting Act and has notified the United States Attorney for this District by letter of their intention to bring this action, and of the nature of this action. Id. at 17, ¶ 26.

The Court held a hearing on the motion for a TRO and seizure order on October 8, 2025. Docket No. 16. Counsel for plaintiff appeared. Id. No defendants appeared, which is not surprising given that the motion was ex parte and the defendants are unnamed. II. LEGAL STANDARD A. Temporary Restraining Order To succeed on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show (1) a likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a likelihood that the movant will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) that the balance of equities tips in the movant’s favor; and (4) that the injunction is in the public interest. RoDa Drilling Co. v. Siegal, 552 F.3d 1203, 1208 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 US. 7, 20 (2008)); see Little v. Jones, 607 F.3d 1245, 1251 (10th Cir. 2010). “[B]ecause a preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy, the right to relief must be clear and unequivocal.” Beltronics USA, Inc. v. Midwest Inventory Distrib.,

LLC, 562 F.3d 1067, 1070 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting Greater Yellowstone Coal. v. Flowers, 321 F.3d 1250, 1256 (10th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Granting such “drastic relief,” United States ex rel. Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Okla. v. Enter. Mgmt. Consultants, Inc., 883 F.2d 886, 888–89 (10th Cir. 1989), “is the exception rather than the rule.” GTE Corp. v. Williams, 731 F.2d 676, 678 (10th Cir. 1984). The same considerations apply to the issuance of a temporary restraining order. See Lundgrin v. Claytor, 619 F.2d 61, 63 (10th Cir. 1980). B. Seizure Order under 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d) Section 1116(d) authorizes a district court to grant an ex parte order to seize

goods when a defendant uses a counterfeit mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or distribution of goods. 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(1)(A). A court “may” issue a seizure order only if the following criteria are met: (A) the person obtaining an order under this subsection provides the security determined adequate by the court for the payment of such damages as any person may be entitled to recover as a result of a wrongful seizure or wrongful attempted seizure under this subsection; and

(B) the court finds that it clearly appears from specific facts that-- (i) an order other than an ex parte seizure order is not adequate to achieve the purposes of section 1114 of this title; (ii) the applicant has not publicized the requested seizure; (iii) the applicant is likely to succeed in showing that the person against whom seizure would be ordered used a counterfeit mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or distribution of goods or services; (iv) an immediate and irreparable injury will occur if such seizure is not ordered; (v) the matter to be seized will be located at the place identified in the application; (vi) the harm to the applicant of denying the application outweighs the harm to the legitimate interests of the person against whom seizure would be ordered of granting the application; and (vii) the person against whom seizure would be ordered, or persons acting in concert with such person, would destroy, move, hide, or otherwise make such matter inaccessible to the court, if the applicant were to proceed on notice to such person.

15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(4); see also Merch Traffic, LLC v. Does 1-100, 2023 WL 5286948, at *1-3 (D.N.J. Aug. 4, 2023).2 Unless waived by all parties, the Court shall hold a hearing, no sooner than ten days and no later than fifteen days after issuance of the order. 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(10)(A). “At such hearing the party obtaining the order shall have the burden to prove that the facts supporting findings of fact and conclusions of law necessary to support such order are still in effect. If that party fails to meet that burden, the seizure order shall be dissolved or modified appropriately.” Id. III. ANALYSIS Based upon the complaint, the TRO motion and brief, the declarations of Ms. Fogerty and Ms. Burns, and the hearing on the TRO motion, the Court finds that Bravado has demonstrated each of the factors necessary to obtain a temporary restraining order. See RoDa Drilling Co., 552 F.3d at 1208. Regarding the first factor, Bravado has shown a likelihood of success on the merits of its infringement claims

2 Any seizure order under Section 1116(d) shall set forth: “a particular description of the matter to be seized, and a description of each place at which such matter is to be seized;” “the time period, which shall end not later than seven days after the date on which such order is issued, during which the seizure is to be made;” “the amount of security required to be provided under this subsection;” and “a date for the hearing required under paragraph (10) of this subsection.” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(5)(B)-(E). under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) and 15 U.S.C. § 1114. The elements of an infringement claim under § 1125(a) are (1) “that the plaintiff has a protectable interest in the mark;” (2) “that the defendant has used ‘an identical or similar mark’ in commerce;” and (3) “that the defendant’s use is likely to confuse consumers.” 1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. Lens.com, Inc., 722 F.3d 1229, 1238 (10th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted).3 The elements

for a claim under § 1114 are the same as the elements for a claim under § 1125(a). Derma Pen, LLC v. 4EverYoung Ltd., 773 F.3d 1117, 1120 (10th Cir. 2014). Bravado has the exclusive right to use Paul McCartney’s trademarks. Docket No. 1 at 3, ¶ 9. Bravado has submitted evidence suggesting that defendants have sold merchandise bearing the Artist’s trademarks near his concerts on this tour. Docket Nos. 10-3, 10-4; see also Docket No. 10 at 5-6, ¶¶ 11-12. Ms. Fogerty states that fans are confused as to the source of the Bootleg Merchandise. Docket No. 10 at 8, ¶ 18. The Bootleg Merchandise is similar to that sold by Bravado, except the Bootleg Merchandise is of an inferior quality. Id. Accordingly, Bravado has demonstrated a likelihood of success on

the merits for its infringement claims. Regarding the second factor, the Court finds that Bravado will suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief. Under the 2020 Trademark Modernization Act, a plaintiff seeking a temporary restraining order on the basis of trademark

3 The Tenth Circuit has identified the following factors as relevant to whether a likelihood of confusion exists: “(a) the degree of similarity between the marks; (b) the intent of the alleged infringer in adopting its mark; (c) evidence of actual confusion; (d) the relation in use and the manner of marketing between the goods or services marketed by the competing parties; (e) the degree of care likely to be exercised by purchasers; and (f) the strength or weakness of the marks.” 1-800 Contacts, 722 F.3d at 1239 (quoting King of the Mountain Sports, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 185 F.3d 1084, 1089–90 (10th Cir. 1999)). infringement “shall be entitled to a rebuttable presumption of irreparable harm upon . . . a finding of likelihood of success on the merits.” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(a). Moreover, Bravado specifically argues that it will suffer a loss of goodwill due to the sales of the inferior quality merchandise. Docket No. 9 at 8. The sale of counterfeit goods can “diminish the [authentic] brand in ways that [the brand] will find difficult to

correct.” Bikinvention 2 CC v. Squirt, LLC, No. 14-cv-01178-CMA-MEH, 2014 WL 1758142, at *3 (D. Colo. May 2, 2014) (finding that failure to issue a TRO against a counterfeiter selling goods of inferior quality would cause irreparable harm to plaintiff’s goodwill). As a result, Bravado has satisfied the second element for issuance of a TRO. Finally, the Court finds that the third and fourth factors weigh in favor of granting a temporary restraining order. A defendant “faces no hardship in refraining from willful trademark infringement.” Audi AG v. D’Amato, 469 F.3d 534, 550 (6th Cir. 2006). The “public has an interest in avoiding the customer confusion that can result from trademark infringement.” Rylee & Cru, Inc. v. Zhu, No. 23-cv-00120-PAB, 2023 WL

355945, at *4 (D. Colo. Jan. 23, 2023) (citing Century 21 Real Estate LLC v. All Prof’l Realty, Inc., 2011 WL 221651, *13 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2011) (“In the trademark context, the public interest is usually the right of the public not to be deceived or confused”) (citing Internet Specialties West, Inc. v. Milon-DiGiorgio Enters., Inc., 559 F.3d 985, 993-94 (9th Cir. 2009))). As a result, Bravado has demonstrated each of the factors necessary to obtain a temporary restraining order. See RoDa Drilling Co., 552 F.3d at 1208. Furthermore, Bravado has met the standard for an ex parte seizure order under 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d). The Court will order Bravado to provide adequate security. See 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(4)(A). The Court finds that the factors under 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(4)(B)(i)-(vii) are satisfied. First, an order other than an ex parte seizure order is not adequate to achieve the purposes of § 1114 because Bravado “has no other legal remedy that would prevent unauthorized sales without allowing bootleggers to conceal infringing goods and sell them later.” See Merch Traffic, LLC v. Various John Does, 21-

cv-00576-BJB-CHL, Docket No. 12 at 2 (W.D. Ky. Sept. 23, 2021). Counsel for Bravado states that, in her experience, defendants in these cases do not appear in judicial proceedings. Docket No. 12 at 8, ¶ 7; see also In re $uicideboy$ Trademark Litigation, 2025 WL 2491135, at *7 (N.D. Ga. Aug. 5, 2025) (“no defendant has appeared in these cases, a common feature of [Trademark Counterfeiting Act] litigation.”). Counsel also states that, based upon her knowledge in prior cases, defendants will transfer, hide, or destroy any Bootleg Merchandise if the merchandise is not immediately subject to an ex parte seizure order. Id., ¶ 8. Second, the Court finds that Bravado is likely to succeed in showing that defendants used a counterfeit mark in

connection with the sale of goods because Bravado possesses the exclusive right to use the PAUL MCCARTNEY trademark that defendants will likely use to sell unauthorized merchandise at the Coors Field concert in Denver, Colorado. See Docket No. 1 at 3, ¶ 9; Docket No. 10 at 5-6, ¶¶ 11-13. Third, the Court finds that Bravado will suffer an immediate and irreparable injury if a seizure is not ordered because the unauthorized sales of Bootleg Merchandise will likely cause customer confusion and harm plaintiff’s reputation. Docket No. 10 at 8, ¶ 18. Fourth, the Court finds that the merchandise to be seized will be located at the place identified in the application: the vicinity of Coors Field in Denver, Colorado. Fifth, the Court finds that the harm to Bravado outweighs the harm to defendants because “the bootleggers have no right to sell infringing merchandi[s]e, which they could move to another location and offer for sale again if not confiscated, and because any inadvertent seizure of merchandise that is not infringing may be remedied in a subsequent hearing in this case.” Merch Traffic, LLC, 21-cv-00576-BJB-CHL, Docket No. 12 at 2; see also

Merch Traffic, LLC, 2023 WL 5286948, at *3 (finding that the harm to plaintiff outweighed the harm to defendants because plaintiff faced financial losses and defendants had no legitimate interest in selling infringing merchandise). Sixth, the Court credits the declaration of Ms. Burns, which states that, in her experience, without a seizure order, defendants would likely transfer, hide, dispose of, or destroy any Bootleg Merchandise, see Docket No. 12 at 8, ¶ 8, thereby making such evidence inaccessible to the Court. Accordingly, because Bravado has met the standard under 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(4), the Court will issue a seizure order. However, the seizure order will be

limited to the October 11, 2025 concert at Coors Field in Denver, Colorado. The Court rejects Bravado’s request for a nationwide seizure order. Bravado has not sufficiently established that the Court has personal jurisdiction over defendants in other states to support the issuance of a nationwide seizure order. The “Lanham Act provides for nationwide service, not jurisdiction.” Merch Traffic, LLC v. Does, 620 F. Supp. 3d 644, 652-53 (W.D. Ky. 2022) (discussing how the Court would have jurisdiction over bootleggers served at the Louisville concerts, but would not have jurisdiction over bootleggers in other jurisdictions); see also Bravado Int’l Grp. Merch. Servs., Inc. v. Smith, 2012 WL 1155858, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 27, 2012) (collecting cases discussing personal jurisdiction problems with nationwide seizure orders and injunctions); Brockum Co., a Div. of Krimson Corp. v. Various John Does, 685 F. Supp. 476, 477-78 (E.D. Pa. 1988) (granting TRO for a concert within the court’s jurisdiction, but denying nationwide preliminary injunction due to personal jurisdiction and enforceability problems); but see $uicideboy$ Trademark Litigation, 2025 WL 2491135, at *14 (presuming the existence

of nationwide personal jurisdiction). Furthermore, the time period for conducting the seizure “shall end not later than seven days after the date on which such order is issued.” 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(5)(C); see also Bravado Int’l Grp. Merch. Servs., Inc. v. Does 1-100, 2019 WL 3425990, at *7 (E.D. Cal. July 30, 2019) (noting that, even if plaintiff met the requirements of § 1116(d), any seizure order is limited to seven days pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(5)(C), which is “a fraction of the duration requested by plaintiff” in its request for a nationwide seizure order). IV. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, it is

ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Ex Parte Application for: a Temporary Restraining Order; a Seizure Order; and an Order to Show Cause Regarding Why a Preliminary Injunction and Seizure Order Should Not Issue [Docket No. 8] is GRANTED IN PART. It is further ORDERED that defendants John Does 1-100, Jane Does 1-100, and XYZ Company, the unauthorized sellers of any clothing, jewelry, photographs, posters, and other merchandise (collectively the “Infringing Merchandise”) bearing the federally registered trademarks, service marks, likenesses, logos or other indicia of the Artist known as “PAUL MCCARTNEY” (collectively, the “Artist’s Trademarks”), are temporarily restrained from manufacturing, distributing, selling or holding for sale, any Infringing Merchandise bearing the Artist’s Trademarks. It is further ORDERED that this temporary restraining order is being issued at on October 9, 2025 at 1:45 p.m. Mountain Time and shall expire on October 23, 2025 at 1:45 p.m. Mountain Time. It is further

ORDERED that the United States Marshal for this District, the state police, local police, or local deputy sheriffs are authorized to seize and impound any and all Infringing Merchandise bearing any or all of the Artist’s Trademarks which defendants attempt to sell or are holding for sale, including any from any carton, container, vehicle, or other means of carriage in which the Infringing Merchandise is found from four hours before to four hours after the October 11, 2025 Paul McCartney concert within a two- mile vicinity of the Coors Field in Denver, Colorado. It is further ORDERED that plaintiff and defendants shall appear before Philip A. Brimmer, Chief United States District Judge, in Courtroom A701 of the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado, located at 901 19th Street, Denver, Colorado, 80294 on October 24, 2025 at 1:30 p.m. for a hearing pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1116(d)(10)(A). It is further ORDERED that this order is hereby conditioned upon plaintiff filing with the Clerk of this Court an undertaking in the form of a bond, certified check, bank check, or cash in the amount of $500.00 no later than October 10, 2025 at 5:00 p.m. Mountain Time, to secure the payment of such costs and damages not to exceed such sum as may be suffered or sustained by any party who is found to be wrongfully restrained hereby. It is further ORDERED that this order is conditioned upon plaintiff advancing to law enforcement officers such sum as is required by the same to cover the fees for their said services, in the event plaintiff seeks their services. It is further ORDERED that service of a copy of this order, together with the complaint, be made upon the defendants by the United States Marshal, state or local police, local

deputy sheriffs, or by any person over the age of eighteen years not a party to this action selected for that purpose by plaintiff, at the time of the seizure provided herein is effected and that such service shall be deemed good and sufficient. It is further ORDERED that the process server shall offer a receipt to each person from whom Infringing Merchandise is seized and that plaintiff shall be deemed the substitute custodian for all Infringing Merchandise seized. It is further ORDERED that plaintiff shall file a declaration on or before October 21, 2025 detailing all Infringing Merchandise seized at the October 11, 2025 Paul McCartney concert at Coors Field in Denver, Colorado. It is further ORDERED that any defendant who is served with a copy of this order who objects to the provisions hereof may submit his or her objections to this Court or otherwise move for relief from this Court according to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including that, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(4), any defendant can apply to this Court to modify or dissolve this order on two days’ notice or shorter notice as this Court may allow, but no such application shall serve to suspend this Order or to stay its terms unless otherwise ordered by this Court.

DATED October 9, 2025.

BY THE COURT: ia of PHILIP A. BRIMMER Chief United States District Judge