Opinion of the Court by
Justice VENTERS.
Appellant, Robert Bratcher, appeals as a matter of right, Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b), from a judgment of the Muhlenberg Circuit Court sentencing him to a total of twenty-one years imprisonment following his conditional guilty plea to manufacturing methamphetamine and second-degree persistent felony offender (PFO) status. In connection with his guilty plea, Appellant reserved for appeal the issue of whether the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the drug-related evidence seized during a warrantless search of his residence by a state police officer and a parole officer.
At the time of the search, Appellant was a parolee under the supervision of the Kentucky Department of Corrections. He bases his argument upon the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and the United States Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001), holding that a war-rantless intrusion upon a probationer’s “significantly diminished privacy interests” is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment only when an officer has “reasonable suspicion” that the probationer is engaged in criminal activity. Id. at 121, 122 S.Ct. 587.
Because Appellant bases his argument exclusively upon the federal constitution and judicial interpretations thereof, we limit our review accordingly and need not evaluate his arguments under any corresponding provisions of the Kentucky Constitution. We conclude that the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), negates the argument upon which Appellant relies and, therefore, we affirm his conviction and sentence.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Testimony presented at the suppression hearing discloses the following facts. While investigating suspected illegal activity of William Zguro, police officer Troy Gibson was informed by Zguro that Appellant had at his home items used to manufacture methamphetamine, and that Appellant had said he was then planning to “do a cook.”1 Officer Gibson also had independent knowledge of Appellant’s prior criminal activity and so, accompanied by another police officer, he went to Appellant’s home and asked Appellant for permission to search the residence. Appellant declined the request.
Using his cell phone, Gibson then contacted Appellant’s parole officer, Cynthia Moore, and informed her that he was at Appellant’s residence investigating allegations of illegal activity, and that Appellant had not permitted him to conduct a search. Gibson then allowed Appellant to use the phone to speak with Moore. Moore reminded Appellant that his parole agreement required him to allow parole officers to search his residence. Moore told Appellant that he should consent to the search and consequently, Appellant consented.
Gibson then recruited another parole officer, Paul Newman, to assist in the search because Newman was closer than Moore to [413]*413Appellant’s residence. Gibson and Newman searched Appellant’s residence and discovered various items used for the manufacture of methamphetamine, including 144 pseudoephedrine tablets. Appellant was subsequently charged for the offense of manufacturing methamphetamine and for being a first-degree PFO.
In his pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence, Appellant argued that the search violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free of an unreasonable search because Newman, the parole officer involved in the search, did not have sufficient information to constitute a “reasonable suspicion” that Appellant was engaged in illegal conduct. The trial court concluded that the officer had .reasonable suspicion to justify the search so it denied the suppression motion. Thereafter, Appellant and the Commonwealth negotiated a conditional plea agreement reserving the suppression issue for appeal. The trial court accepted the plea and judgment was entered accordingly. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Appellant reiterates his argument that the search of his residence was not supported by information sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion. Specifically, he contends that because Officer Gibson never informed the parole officers of the source of his information about Appellant’s illegal activity, the parole officers could not have properly assessed the veracity of the information to form reasonable suspicion. He argues that, without reasonable suspicion, the search did not comply with any exceptions to the warrant requirement and was therefore in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be free of an unreasonable search.
We begin by noting that the trial court specifically found that after discussing his situation with his parole officer, Appellant consented to the search of his residence. Consent to a police search of a residence by a person who has the authority to give the consent is a valid exception to the rule against warrantless searches. Payton v. Commonwealth, 327 S.W.3d 468, 479 (Ky.2010) (citing Cook v. Commonwealth, 826 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Ky.1992)). This finding alone would have been sufficient to support the legality of the war-rantless search.
Nevertheless, the trial court focused its analysis on Appellant’s parole status and the constitutional standards relating thereto, defining the issue as follows: “did Newman have reasonable suspicion that Bratcher was violating his parole and was the subsequent search therefore lawful.” The trial court resolved that issue by citing the “reasonable suspicion” requirement of Knights and concluding that Newman, the parole officer on the scene, had sufficient information of Appellant’s alleged illegal activity to form a reasonable suspicion that Appellant was engaged in illegal conduct. Since this question (rather than consent) was the focus of the trial court’s analysis and the focal point of the parties’ arguments to this court, we address the issue so as to highlight the impact of Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), on this aspect of our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.
In Knights, the United States Supreme Court held that “[w]hen an officer has reasonable suspicion that a probationer subject to a search condition is engaged in criminal activity, there is enough likelihood that criminal conduct is occurring that an intrusion on the probationer’s significantly diminished privacy interests is reasonable.” Knights, 534 U.S. at 121, 122 S.Ct. 587. The decision attached particular significance to the probationer’s acceptance of a clear and unambiguous search condition, [414]*414finding that this fact “significantly diminished Knights’ reasonable expectation of privacy.”2 Id. at 119-20, 122 S.Ct. 587.
Although Knights considered the war-rantless search of a probationer’s residence, by analogy we specifically applied the decision’s reasoning to parolees in Riley v. Commonwealth,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion of the Court by
Justice VENTERS.
Appellant, Robert Bratcher, appeals as a matter of right, Ky. Const. § 110(2)(b), from a judgment of the Muhlenberg Circuit Court sentencing him to a total of twenty-one years imprisonment following his conditional guilty plea to manufacturing methamphetamine and second-degree persistent felony offender (PFO) status. In connection with his guilty plea, Appellant reserved for appeal the issue of whether the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the drug-related evidence seized during a warrantless search of his residence by a state police officer and a parole officer.
At the time of the search, Appellant was a parolee under the supervision of the Kentucky Department of Corrections. He bases his argument upon the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and the United States Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001), holding that a war-rantless intrusion upon a probationer’s “significantly diminished privacy interests” is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment only when an officer has “reasonable suspicion” that the probationer is engaged in criminal activity. Id. at 121, 122 S.Ct. 587.
Because Appellant bases his argument exclusively upon the federal constitution and judicial interpretations thereof, we limit our review accordingly and need not evaluate his arguments under any corresponding provisions of the Kentucky Constitution. We conclude that the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), negates the argument upon which Appellant relies and, therefore, we affirm his conviction and sentence.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Testimony presented at the suppression hearing discloses the following facts. While investigating suspected illegal activity of William Zguro, police officer Troy Gibson was informed by Zguro that Appellant had at his home items used to manufacture methamphetamine, and that Appellant had said he was then planning to “do a cook.”1 Officer Gibson also had independent knowledge of Appellant’s prior criminal activity and so, accompanied by another police officer, he went to Appellant’s home and asked Appellant for permission to search the residence. Appellant declined the request.
Using his cell phone, Gibson then contacted Appellant’s parole officer, Cynthia Moore, and informed her that he was at Appellant’s residence investigating allegations of illegal activity, and that Appellant had not permitted him to conduct a search. Gibson then allowed Appellant to use the phone to speak with Moore. Moore reminded Appellant that his parole agreement required him to allow parole officers to search his residence. Moore told Appellant that he should consent to the search and consequently, Appellant consented.
Gibson then recruited another parole officer, Paul Newman, to assist in the search because Newman was closer than Moore to [413]*413Appellant’s residence. Gibson and Newman searched Appellant’s residence and discovered various items used for the manufacture of methamphetamine, including 144 pseudoephedrine tablets. Appellant was subsequently charged for the offense of manufacturing methamphetamine and for being a first-degree PFO.
In his pre-trial motion to suppress the evidence, Appellant argued that the search violated his Fourth Amendment right to be free of an unreasonable search because Newman, the parole officer involved in the search, did not have sufficient information to constitute a “reasonable suspicion” that Appellant was engaged in illegal conduct. The trial court concluded that the officer had .reasonable suspicion to justify the search so it denied the suppression motion. Thereafter, Appellant and the Commonwealth negotiated a conditional plea agreement reserving the suppression issue for appeal. The trial court accepted the plea and judgment was entered accordingly. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Appellant reiterates his argument that the search of his residence was not supported by information sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion. Specifically, he contends that because Officer Gibson never informed the parole officers of the source of his information about Appellant’s illegal activity, the parole officers could not have properly assessed the veracity of the information to form reasonable suspicion. He argues that, without reasonable suspicion, the search did not comply with any exceptions to the warrant requirement and was therefore in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be free of an unreasonable search.
We begin by noting that the trial court specifically found that after discussing his situation with his parole officer, Appellant consented to the search of his residence. Consent to a police search of a residence by a person who has the authority to give the consent is a valid exception to the rule against warrantless searches. Payton v. Commonwealth, 327 S.W.3d 468, 479 (Ky.2010) (citing Cook v. Commonwealth, 826 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Ky.1992)). This finding alone would have been sufficient to support the legality of the war-rantless search.
Nevertheless, the trial court focused its analysis on Appellant’s parole status and the constitutional standards relating thereto, defining the issue as follows: “did Newman have reasonable suspicion that Bratcher was violating his parole and was the subsequent search therefore lawful.” The trial court resolved that issue by citing the “reasonable suspicion” requirement of Knights and concluding that Newman, the parole officer on the scene, had sufficient information of Appellant’s alleged illegal activity to form a reasonable suspicion that Appellant was engaged in illegal conduct. Since this question (rather than consent) was the focus of the trial court’s analysis and the focal point of the parties’ arguments to this court, we address the issue so as to highlight the impact of Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), on this aspect of our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.
In Knights, the United States Supreme Court held that “[w]hen an officer has reasonable suspicion that a probationer subject to a search condition is engaged in criminal activity, there is enough likelihood that criminal conduct is occurring that an intrusion on the probationer’s significantly diminished privacy interests is reasonable.” Knights, 534 U.S. at 121, 122 S.Ct. 587. The decision attached particular significance to the probationer’s acceptance of a clear and unambiguous search condition, [414]*414finding that this fact “significantly diminished Knights’ reasonable expectation of privacy.”2 Id. at 119-20, 122 S.Ct. 587.
Although Knights considered the war-rantless search of a probationer’s residence, by analogy we specifically applied the decision’s reasoning to parolees in Riley v. Commonwealth, 120 S.W.3d 622 (Ky.2003).3 Thus, because Knights applied the “reasonable suspicion” standard in probationer cases, Riley incorporated that same standard into the parolee search situation. We also noted that Riley had agreed as a condition of parole that he would “be subject to search and seizure if [his parole officer] has reason to believe that [he] may have illegal drugs, alcohol, volatile substance, or other contraband on [his] person or property.” Id. at 627.
More recently, however, the United States Supreme Court has specifically considered Fourth Amendment jurisprudence pertaining to the warrantless search of a parolee, in contrast to the search of a probationer’s residence as in Knights. In Samson v. California, 547 U.S. 843, 126 S.Ct. 2193, 165 L.Ed.2d 250 (2006), comparing parolees with regular probationers, the Court held:
[P]arolees are on the continuum of state-imposed punishments. On this continuum, parolees have fewer expectations of privacy than probationers, because parole is more akin to imprisonment than probation is to imprisonment. As this Court has pointed out, parole is an established variation on imprisonment of convicted criminals.... The essence of parole is release from prison, before the completion of sentence, on the condition that the prisoner abides by certain rules during the balance of the sentence. In most cases, the State is willing to extend parole only because it is able to condition it upon compliance with certain requirements ... On the Court’s continuum of possible punishments, parole is the stronger medicine; ergo, parolees enjoy even less of the average citizen’s absolute liberty than do probationers.
Id. at 850,126 S.Ct. 2193.
In Samson, the Court examined the constitutionality of a California statute requiring parolees to agree “to be subject to search or seizure by a parole officer or other peace office at any time of the day or night, with or without a search warrant and with or without cause.”4 Upon review, the Supreme Court upheld the statute, concluding that “the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit a police officer from conducting a suspicionless search of a parolee.” Id. at 856, 126 S.Ct. 2193. Hence, while the requirement for a war-rantless search of a probationer’s residence remains the “reasonable suspicion” standard enunciated in Knights, based upon Samson, there is no analogous requirement under the federal constitution for the search of a parolee’s residence.
In summary, the current state of Fourth Amendment analysis under United States Supreme Court precedent is that a warrantless search of a probationer who [415]*415has given consent as part of his probation satisfies the Fourth Amendment if there is reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, but the Fourth Amendment presents no impediment against a warrantless and sus-picionless search of a person on parole. In view of Samson, it remains undecided whether a warrantless search without reasonable suspicion of a probationer, rather than parolee, is consistent with the Fourth Amendment. United States v. Seigle, 628 F.Supp.2d 784, 797 (E.D.Tenn.2008); see also United States v. Herndon, 501 F.3d 683 (6th Cir.2007) (discussing Samson).
Under the Fourth Amendment analysis set forth in Samson, it is immaterial whether the information available to the officers who searched Appellant’s residence rose to the standard of reasonable suspicion. The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit a police officer from conducting a suspicionless search of a parolee. Samson, 547 U.S. at 857, 126 S.Ct. 2193. Without a constitutional right underpinning his motion to suppress, Appellant has no basis for application of the exclusionary rule. Copley v. Commonwealth, 361 S.W.3d 902, 905 (Ky.2012) (“Suppression of evidence pursuant to the exclusionary rule applies only to searches that were carried out in violation of an individual’s constitutional rights.”).
As noted in Riley, we are aware of Department of Corrections Policy No. 27-16-01 11(D),5 which authorizes the Department’s officers to search a parolee when there is “reasonable suspicion to believe that an offender is in possession of contraband or in violation of the conditions of his supervision,” and “when the officer has possession of evidence of a violation of the terms and conditions of [the offender’s] supervision.”
Although these provisions may be seen as more stringent than Samson, they do not alter the Fourth Amendment analysis. It is fundamental that by administrative rule or statute a state may impose upon its police authorities more restrictive standards than the Fourth Amendment requires. Such standards, however, cannot expand the scope of the Fourth Amendment itself. Virginia v. Moore, 553 U.S. 164, 128 S.Ct. 1598, 170 L.Ed.2d 559 (2008) (a state is free to prefer one search and seizure policy among several constitutionally permissible options, but its choice of a more restrictive option does not render less restrictive ones violative of the Fourth Amendment). Moreover, as noted above, under Copley, even when a search of a parolee is conducted in derogation of Department of Corrections policy, the evidence obtained would not be subject to suppression by application of the exclusionary rule.
The dissent is mistaken when, in contrasting this case with our opinion in Helphenstine v. Commonwealth, 423 S.W.3d 708, 2014 WL 683829 (Ky.2014), it suggests that in Helphenstine we considered whether the search of Helphenstine’s residence was based upon reasonable suspicion. In [416]*416that opinion we gave no consideration at all to the claim that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct the search. We said this in Helphenstine:
Helphenstine spends a good portion of his brief arguing the absence of reasonable suspicion, but we find the search conducted by law enforcement officials of Helphenstine’s residence to be rea-'sbriable because consent was given. So we see no reason to rely on reasonable suspicion. First, it is important to point out that the law enforcement officials had a legal right to be at Helphenstine’s residence and engage Helphenstine with or without the information provided in the anonymous tip letter.
423 S.W.3d at 715, 2014 WL 683829 at *4. Thus, in considering the propriety of the search of Helphenstine’s residence, we never looked beyond the fact that Hel-phenstine consented to it.
Neither did we suggest in Helphenstine, as the dissent indicates, that Kentucky case law affords parolees greater privacy protections than the United States Supreme Court accorded to the Fourth Amendment in Samson v. California. Helphenstine, like this opinion, refers only to the privacy interests protected by the Fourth Amendment as described in United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 122 S.Ct. 587, 151 L.Ed.2d 497 (2001), and prior opinions of this court citing to Knights. These cases, as noted, are applicable to probationers not parolees, which is the subject matter of Samson v. California. We have not, either in Helphenstine or in this case, affirmed a construction of parolees’ privacy rights against police searches based upon the Kentucky Constitution.
III. CONCLUSION
Despite its application of Knights, rather than the more appropriate standard of Samson, we determine that the trial court ultimately reached the correct conclusion when it denied Appellant’s motion to suppress the evidence seized from his residence. The judgment of the Muhlenberg Circuit Court is affirmed.
MINTON, C.J., ABRAMSON, CUNNINGHAM, KELLER and SCOTT, JJ., concur.
NOBLE, J., dissents by separate opinion.