MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
Petitioner has filed a Motion for Award of Reasonable Litigation Costs in the amount of $ 36,870 pursuant to section 7430 and Rule 231. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code as amended and in effect for the relevant years, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. The Court has concluded that a hearing on the motion is unnecessary. Rule 232(a)(3).
The issue for consideration is whether respondent's position in this civil proceeding was substantially justified within the meaning of section 7430(c)(4)(A)(i). We conclude that it was.
FINDINGS OF FACT 1
By statutory notice of deficiency dated January 27, 1989, respondent determined deficiencies in the Federal income tax of petitioner Carol L. Brailsford (petitioner) and her former husband, Lawrence J. Brailsford (Brailsford), in the amounts of $ 133,128.30 and $ 124,598.22 for the taxable years 1979 and 1980, respectively. Respondent also determined additions to tax under section 6653(b) for fraud on the part of Brailsford only. On April 27, 1989, petitioner timely filed a petition with this Court. At the time the petition was filed, petitioner resided in Washington, D.C.
Petitioner's original petition placed into dispute the full amount of the deficiency for each year. That original petition contained two assignments of error: (1) increasing the taxpayers' taxable income by "unreported income" and "false deductions and credits" attributable to Brailsford totaling $ 249,510.57 for 1979, and $ 164,794.25 for 1980, and (2) alternatively, "if any of the amount of unreported income and false deductions and credits is properly included in the Taxpayers' taxable income," then erroneously failing to relieve petitioner of liability under section 6013(e). That original petition did not challenge the fraud on the part of Brailsford nor raise any statute of limitations issue. The only issues raised were the amount of the deficiencies and petitioner's status as an innocent spouse under section 6013(e).
In June of 1989, petitioner's first counsel, Robert W. Annand (Annand), met for the first time with respondent's appeals officer, Yale Wiesberg (Wiesberg). They discussed that the tax years at issue were only open because of the fraud committed by Brailsford. 2 Brailsford had been the subject of a grand jury investigation and had been indicted for two counts of income tax evasion under section 7201 for the years 1979 and 1980. He had pleaded guilty to filing a false return under section 7206(1) for the taxable year 1980 and had served one year in a Federal prison. Annand requested that Wiesberg obtain the grand jury documents offered against Brailsford, believing they would demonstrate petitioner's lack of benefit from or involvement in Brailsford's business activities. Wiesberg declined, stating that it was petitioner's responsibility to obtain evidence to prove her case. However, Annand did not pursue this matter, and subsequent discussions with Wiesberg focused on the innocent spouse issue.
After the initial meeting in June of 1989, Wiesberg tried unsuccessfully for several months to reach Annand to continue discussions about petitioner's case. On January 30, 1990, Annand and Wiesberg finally met to discuss petitioner's innocent spouse claim. Annand stated that an analysis of one of Brailsford's business bank accounts demonstrated that petitioner did not benefit from the unreported income and that she qualified for innocent spouse treatment. Wiesberg explained that benefit was only one factor to be considered in granting innocent spouse relief.
On February 6, and February 16, 1990, Annand sent letters to Wiesberg, describing petitioner's lifestyle during the years at issue and her lack of knowledge of Brailsford's business ventures. Annand explained that petitioner had not lived extravagantly during her marriage to Brailsford and had not benefited from his unreported income. Therefore, Annand concluded that these facts further bolstered his position that petitioner satisfied the requirements for innocent spouse treatment. He promised that documents supporting this position as well as petitioner's affidavit would be forthcoming.
From February to June of 1990, Wiesberg once again tried numerous times to contact Annand. By Order dated June 1, 1990, this Court calendared petitioner's case for trial during the Washington, D.C. trial session, commencing November 5, 1990. Upon receipt of this Order, Karen E. Chandler (Chandler), respondent's trial counsel, discussed petitioner's case with Wiesberg. He advised her that he believed the case could be settled but that Annand had failed to provide him with requested documents and was not returning his calls. Chandler advised Wiesberg to continue working toward a settlement.
On June 11, 1990, Annand returned Wiesberg's calls and promised an affidavit from petitioner as well as a settlement proposal by June 14, 1990. When Wiesberg did not hear from Annand, he called Annand on June 29, 1990, and left a message on his answering machine advising him that the case would be transferred to a District Counsel attorney if a settlement offer were not submitted.
On July 6, 1990, Annand proposed a settlement of $ 3,500 for 1979 and $ 3,500 for 1980, based on petitioner's ability to pay. Wiesberg responded that he was not authorized to settle a case based upon ability to pay, but rather on the hazards of litigation. Wiesberg thus rejected Annand's offer. At that time, Annand stated that he did not have any expertise in tax litigation and would recommend that petitioner retain other counsel.
Since Wiesberg's settlement efforts were proving ineffective, Chandler sent a letter to Annand requesting informal discovery on both the amount of the deficiencies and the innocent spouse issue. She arranged a meeting for July 25, 1990. At that meeting, Annand did not provide Chandler with the requested documents, nor did he provide any new information on either of the issues of the case. During this discussion, however, Annand stated that he believed petitioner would litigate only the innocent spouse issue.
After this meeting, Chandler also attempted to keep in contact with Annand to pursue a settlement, but he never returned her calls or responded to her requests for discovery. About a month passed, with no further action by petitioner's counsel. On August 29, 1990, Wiesberg received a letter from Annand stating that Gerald A. Kafka (Kafka) would be representing petitioner. On August 31, 1990, Kafka filed his entry of appearance in the case with this Court.
Chandler contacted Kafka and told him about Annand's written settlement offer and that Annand had indicated he would pursue only the innocent spouse issue. She asked Kafka to confirm this position. She again made the discovery requests with which Annand had not complied. Kafka advised that he would contact Chandler after he had reviewed Annand's settlement proposal and met with petitioner.
On September 11, 1990, petitioner's case was reassigned from Chandler to another trial counsel, Barbara B. Walker (Walker). 3 On September 14, 1990, Walker telephoned Kafka, told him that the case had been reassigned to her, and asked him if Annand's representation about litigating only the innocent spouse issue was correct. Kafka was noncommittal. On September 21, 1990, Walker met with Kafka to discuss settlement possibilities. Kafka agreed to bring petitioner to respondent's offices for an informal interview to permit respondent's counsel and the appeals officer to assess her credibility. At that meeting on September 21, 1990, Kafka briefly mentioned the statute of limitations and fraud. This was the first time either the statute of limitations or fraud had been mentioned by petitioner or her representatives as a possible issue in this case.
On September 28, 1990, Walker met with Kafka, Kafka's associate Rita A. Cavanagh (Cavanagh), Wiesberg, District Counsel Melvin Lefkowitz (Lefkowitz), and petitioner. Over the course of one and one-half hours, petitioner provided and clarified information regarding her lifestyle and lack of knowledge of her former husband's business activities. Kafka stated that petitioner was unaware of any settlement offers made by Annand and that petitioner also had had difficulty with Annand's not returning her calls.
As a result of Kafka's raising the statute of limitations matter on September 21, 1990, respondent's counsel decided that it would be necessary to obtain the evidence used to establish that Brailsford had committed fraud. She interviewed several persons, sought information from several sources, and initiated an effort to obtain the grand jury materials.
On October 3, 1990, respondent's counsel filed a request with the U.S. Attorney's Office for an Order under Rule 6(e), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (the Rule 6(e) Order). This Rule 6(e) Order would allow respondent's counsel to gain access to the evidence that the Government had presented to the grand jury to establish that Brailsford had fraudulently understated his income in 1979 and 1980. Walker had asked Kafka to join in the request for the Rule 6(e) Order, but he would join only if respondent would agree to concede all issues if the materials used to indict Brailsford showed that petitioner was not involved. Respondent's counsel determined that those terms were unacceptable. Rather than join with the Government's motion, Kafka tried unsuccessfully to intervene in order to oppose the action brought on respondent's behalf by the U.S. Attorney's Office. 4
On October 4, 1990, Walker sent a copy of her request for the Rule 6(e) Order and supporting documents to Kafka. On October 5, 1990, Kafka spoke with respondent's counsel to inquire whether or not petitioner needed to amend her petition to raise the issue of the statute of limitations. Respondent replied that such a defense must be raised in the pleadings. On October 9, 1990, petitioner's counsel filed with this Court a Motion to Amend Petition, raising the affirmative defense of the statute of limitations for the first time. This Court granted petitioner's motion on October 12, 1990.
On October 15, 1990, petitioner's counsel filed a motion in limine in the Tax Court to limit respondent's use of the grand jury materials being sought on behalf of respondent. Petitioner complained that respondent's "eleventh hour efforts to obtain certain grand jury materials raises numerous evidentiary issues and will unnecessarily prolong the trial." This Court denied that motion in limine on October 17, 1990. On October 25, 1990, the United States Attorney's Office contacted respondent's counsel to inform her that the United States District Court for the District of Columbia had granted theRule 6(e) Order. On October 30, 1990, the 29 boxes of grand jury materials were located. The following day respondent's counsel located among the grand jury materials the checks the Government used to establish Brailsford's understatement of income in 1979 and 1980 and petitioner's bank and credit card records.
While pursuing the Rule 6(e) Order and other trial preparations, respondent's counsel again discussed with petitioner's counsel the possibility of settling the case. On October 18, 1990, petitioner's counsel represented that petitioner was in a precarious financial situation and that he would advise his client to settle only if respondent assisted her in arranging the terms of payment with the Internal Revenue Service Collection Division. Respondent's counsel made arrangements for petitioner to meet a revenue officer to complete financial statements and to provide the documentation necessary for the terms of payment. On October 30, 1990, petitioner and her counsel met with a revenue officer assigned to the Baltimore District Director's office to complete the financial statements.
On November 2, 1990, Walker and Kafka reached a settlement agreement, and in a conference telephone call, so advised the Court. The case was called from the trial calendar on November 5, 1990, and recalled on November 12, 1990, for reports to the Court. The Court allowed the parties additional time, to and including December 12, 1990, within which to file their stipulated decision document. That time was later extended to January 11, 1991.
On November 6, 1990, respondent's counsel sent a memorandum and supporting documents to the Internal Revenue Service's Baltimore Collection Division office requesting approval of the terms of payment. The Collection Division evaluated petitioner's proposal. The Acting District Director accepted the terms of payment on December 19, 1990.
On January 9, 1991, the parties submitted a stipulated decision document reflecting no deficiency for 1979 and a deficiency of $ 15,000 for 1980. The Court adopted and entered that decision as the decision of this Court. Subsequently, petitioner's counsel moved to vacate and set aside that decision in order to move for an award of litigation costs. The motion to vacate was granted February 8, 1991. The parties filed a Stipulation of Settled Issues on February 22, 1991, with petitioner reserving the right to move for an award of litigation costs. The present motion followed.
OPINION
Petitioner is seeking litigation costs incurred only after August 31, 1990, when her new attorney entered the case. Petitioner contends she has incurred unnecessary litigation costs in order to oppose respondent's "eleventh hour fraud investigation," to perfect her statute of limitations defense, and to substantiate her innocent spouse status, despite previous evidence submitted.
Section 7430(a)(2) provides that "the prevailing party" may be awarded reasonable litigation costs incurred in connection with a Tax Court proceeding. To be "the prevailing party," petitioner must establish that: (1) the position of the United States in the proceeding was not substantially justified; (2) she substantially prevailed with respect to the amount in controversy or with respect to the most significant issue or set of issues presented; and (3) she had a net worth not in excess of two million dollars at the time the proceeding was commenced. Sec. 7430(c)(4)(A). In addition, she must have "exhausted the administrative remedies available to * * * [her] within the Internal Revenue Service." Sec. 7430(b)(1).
Petitioner contends that she met all of the requirements of section 7430. Respondent concedes that petitioner exhausted the administrative remedies available to her. Respondent also concedes that petitioner has substantially prevailed and has satisfied the net worth limitations. However, respondent asserts that respondent's position was substantially justified and that petitioner's claimed litigation costs are unreasonable. If we determine that respondent's position was "substantially justified," it will not be necessary to consider the reasonableness of the litigation costs.
Effective for proceedings commencing after November 10, 1988, section 7430(c)(7)(A) provides that the term "position of the United States" means: (A) the position taken by the United States in a judicial proceeding to which subsection (a) applies, * * *.
Section 7430(c)(6) defines the term "court proceeding" to mean any civil action brought in, among other courts, the Tax Court. Thus, we must examine the events occurring after the filing of the petition.
In the notice of deficiency dated January 27, 1989, respondent determined that petitioner was jointly and severally liable with Brailsford for the deficiencies attributable to unreported income and fraudulent deductions and credits for 1979 and 1980, and that Brailsford was liable for the fraud addition under section 6653(b) for both years. It is well established that the fraud of one spouse will keep the statute of limitations open as to the other spouse who signed a joint return with him. Ballard v. Commissioner, 740 F.2d 659, 662-663 (8th Cir. 1984), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Vannaman v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 1011, 1018 (1970). 5
In her petition filed April 27, 1989, petitioner made two assignments of error: (1) that the Commissioner's determination of the deficiencies was erroneous, and (2) that the Commissioner erroneously failed to accord her innocent spouse treatment, both of which respondent denied in his answer. Rule 34(b)(4) provides that: The assignments of error shall include issues in respect of which the burden of proof is on the Commissioner. Any issue not raised in the assignment of errors shall be deemed to be conceded. [Emphasis supplied.]
There was no assignment of error as to the fraud determination nor was an affirmative defense of the statute of limitations pleaded (Rule 39), either of which pleadings would have required respondent, in his answer, to have set out -- a clear and concise statement of every ground, together with the facts in support thereof on which the Commissioner relies and has the burden of proof. [Rule 36(b).]
There was nothing in the petition to alert respondent or this Court that either the fraud determination or the statute of limitations was an issue in this proceeding. 6 Petitioner's argument that the petition "generally alleged sufficient facts to put Respondent to its [sic] proof on the fraud issue" is disingenuous, to say the least.
Petitioner alleged no facts in support of her claim of error in the deficiency determinations. In regard to her innocent spouse claim, she alleged in her petition that she is divorced from Brailsford and is entitled to relief under the innocent spouse provisions of section 6013(e) because she did not significantly benefit, directly or indirectly, from the unreported income at issue. Respondent's answer, filed June 5, 1989, denied those allegations for lack of present knowledge and information. We will first discuss whether respondent's position in regard to the innocent spouse claim was "substantially justified."
To determine whether or not respondent's position was substantially justified, we must consider the reasonableness of that position, based on all of the facts and circumstances, and the legal precedents relating to the case. 7 The basis for respondent's legal position and the manner in which it was maintained are critical inquiries. Wasie v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 962, 969 (1986).
As to the innocent spouse issue, petitioner asserts that respondent belatedly conceded the merits of her position. It is petitioner's burden to prove that she is entitled to relief under the innocent spouse provision. 8Sec. 6013(e)(1)(C) and (D); Rule 142(a); Sliwa v. Commissioner, 839 F.2d 602, 608 (9th Cir. 1988); Fox v. Commissioner, 61 T.C. 704, 716 (1974); Adams v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 300, 303 (1973); see also New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440, 78 L. Ed. 1348, 54 S. Ct. 788 (1934). Reasonableness of respondent's position turns greatly on when certain facts became known to respondent.9Respondent is given a reasonable period of time in which to resolve a factual issue after receiving all relevant information. Sokol v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 760, 765 n.10 (1989). 10 Furthermore, respondent's loss or concession of a case does not establish an unreasonable position. Phillips v. Commissioner, 271 U.S. App. D.C. 265, 851 F.2d 1492, 1499 (D.C. Cir. 1988); Sokol v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at 767.
For long periods of time, petitioner's first counsel did not maintain adequate contact with the appeals officer or respondent's counsel and was not forthcoming with necessary information and documents. Annand's correspondence set forth how the provisions of the innocent spouse defense applied to petitioner's situation. However, those letters provided no independent evidence to support petitioner's assertions or to demonstrate to respondent that petitioner would be able to meet her burden of proof with respect to this issue. Any delay from June of 1989, when Annand first met with the appeals officer, through the end of August 1990, when petitioner's new counsel entered the case, was caused by Annand's repeated failure to return telephone calls and his failure to produce requested documents and the affidavit from petitioner that he had promised to supply.
Three weeks after petitioner's new counsel entered the case, he met with respondent's counsel on September 21, 1990, and agreed to produce petitioner so that respondent's counsel and the appeals officer could assess her credibility. Respondent did not have an opportunity to interview petitioner to assess her knowledge and credibility until September 28, 1990. The case was reported to the Court as settled on November 2, 1990. Settlement was reached within 35 days once petitioner's new counsel presented requested information and made petitioner available for informal discussions. Any delays after November 2, 1990, were necessitated by the special arrangements for payment that petitioner was seeking. Thus, respondent did not unreasonably delay concession of the merits of petitioner's innocent spouse issue. See and compare Sliwa v. Commissioner, 839 F.2d at 609 (reasonable for concession not to have been made until the Internal Revenue Service had opportunity to review records obtained some six months prior); Harrison v. Commissioner, 854 F.2d 263 (7th Cir. 1988), affg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court (concession some six months after answer filed, after respondent had an opportunity to verify information, held reasonable); Ashburn v. United States, 740 F.2d 843 (11th Cir. 1984) (11-month delay in conceding case not unreasonable); White v. United States, 740 F.2d 836, 842 (11th Cir. 1984) (Government's concession of issue three months after issue raised was reasonable).11
The Court finds that respondent concluded settlement negotiations and settled the case rather expeditiously, particularly in view of the new issues that petitioner belatedly raised.
Petitioner also contends that respondent's course of conduct was not substantially justified because respondent did not timely conduct a pretrial investigation to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to prove the fraud committed by petitioner's former husband. Most of petitioner's complaints are directed against what she calls respondent's "eleventh hour fraud investigation." However, neither the fraud determination nor any statute of limitations defense was at issue in the case until the eleventh hour.
Petitioner's first counsel did not plead the statute of limitations in the original petition. The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that must be pleaded or it is waived. Rules 34(b)(4), 39, 142(a); Pesch v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 100, 136 (1982); Long v. Commissioner, 71 T.C. 1, 5-6 (1978); Groetzinger v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 309, 312 (1977).
In the initial settlement discussion, Wiesberg mentioned that the years were open only because of Brailsford's fraud, but Annand either did not understand or failed to act. See supra note 2. Petitioner's argument that respondent "did not disclose or acknowledge his duty to prove fraud" is disingenuous. The facts as to the statute of limitations were equally available to both parties. Respondent had no duty to discuss or prove an issue that petitioner had not raised, either directly (an assignment of error as to the fraud determination) or indirectly (pleading the statute of limitations).
It was not until September 21, 1990, that petitioner's new counsel mentioned the issue of the expiration of the statute of limitations for the first time and not until October 9, 1990, that he sought to amend the petition to bring this issue before the Court. The Court granted that motion, possibly improvidently, on October 12, 1990. 12
The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense. The burden of pleading and proving that an assessment is barred by the general limitations period of three years is on the party raising the issue. 13 Only when the taxpayer has presented pleadings and proof establishing a prima facie case that assessment is barred does the burden of going forward with the evidence shift to the respondent to plead and prove an exception to the general period. Robinson v. Commissioner, 57 T.C. 735, 737 (1972). Therefore, petitioner's suggestion that, throughout the case, respondent was somehow furtive in not disclosing or acknowledging his duty to prove fraud is meritless.
Petitioner's reliance upon Don Casey Co. v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 847 (1986), and Rutana v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 1329 (1987), is misplaced. In those cases fraud was at issue from the outset, and both cases went to trial. In both instances, respondent failed to meet his burden of proving fraud. This Court, under the facts and circumstances in both cases, held that respondent should not have pursued litigation if he did not have "a reasonable basis for believing that he could prove fraud by clear and convincing evidence." Don Casey Co. v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. at 862; Rutana v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. at 1337-1338. We awarded reasonable litigation costs to taxpayers in both cases. Here, having raised the statute of limitations issue at the last minute and hence requiring respondent, for the first time, to shoulder the heavy burden of proving fraud, petitioner should not assume that respondent would have failed to sustain his burden had the case proceeded to trial. 14 The Court will not so assume.
We conclude that respondent's course of conduct in regard to the fraud investigation was entirely reasonable. Petitioner's complaints are not well taken.
Therefore, we conclude that respondent's position in this case was substantially justified. For the above reasons, petitioner's motion for an award of litigation costs is denied.
An appropriate order and decision will be entered.