Mr. Justice Barbour
delivered the opinion of the Court.—
This case is brought before us by a writ of error to a judgment of the Circuit Court of the- District of Columbia, for the county of Washington.
It was an action of assumpsit, brought by the defendants in error, against the plaintiff in error, to recover a sum claimed for the hire of the steamboat Franklin.
The claim was founded upon a written contract, concluded between the parties, by the following correspondenceOn the 19th of November, 1831, the plaintiff" in error wrote to the defendants in error, a note, of which the following is a copy: “ I agree to hire the steamboat Franklin until the Sydney is placed on the route, to commence to-morrow, 20th instant, at ($35) thirty-five dollars per day, clear of all expenses other than the wages .of Captain Nevitt. W. A. Bradley.” ;
To this note, W. Gunton, as president of the company, replied on the same day, in the following words: “ On the part of the Washington, Alexandria, and Georgetown Steam Packet Company, I agree to the terms Offered by William A. Bradley, Esq., for the [95]*95use of the stearp boat Franklin, until the Sydney is placed On the route to Potomac creek, which is thirty-fivé'dollars per day, dear of all expenses, other .than the wages of Captain Nevitt, which are to be paid by our company,”
Upon the trial qf the cause, on issue joined, upon the plea of non assumpsit, a .bill of exceptions was taken by the defendant; from which if appears that the plaintiffs in the Court below, having given in evidence the correspondence already stated, further gave in evidence, a note, signed by William A. Bradley, dated December the 5th, 1831, addressed to Pishey Thompson, requesting him to advise the. president' and directors of the Steam Packet Company, that the navigation of the Potomac being closed by ice, they had that day commenced carrying the mail by land, under their winter arrangement,' and had, therefore, no further occasion for the steamboat Fr'anMin, which Was then in Alexandria, in charge of Captain Nevitt; and.offering to pay the balance due.for the use of the Franklin, on the presentationof a bill, and receipt therefor; and also a letter from W. Gunton, addressed to Wm. A. Bradley, dated the. 6th December, 1831, ip which, after stating that the letter of the fifth, from Bradley to Thompson, had been submitted to the board of directors of the company., he informed him, that the board could not admit his right to terminate his agreement, on the grounds which he had stated in his note to_Thompson; and that they regarded it as being still in full force, and the boat as being in his. charge. The plaintiff also proved, that the steamboat Sydney was not placed on the route until thq.7.th of February, 1832; that the Sydney belonged to the defendant, and that she was not finished so. as to be al to start from Baltimore, until the 25th of January. And thereupon, the plaintiffs claimed the hire of the steamboat Franklin from the 2.6th of November, 1831, to the 6th of February, 1832, seventy-nine days, at thirty-five dollars per day; allowing, credit for three hundred and fifty dollars, paid by the defendant, and leaving a balance of $2,415.
It appears from the bill of exceptions, that after'the plaintiff had. closed his evidence,- the defendant, amongst other things, offered to prove, that he for several, years had been, and then was, contractor for the transportation of the mail, from Washington to Fredericksburg ; that the customary route of said mail was by steamboat from Washington to the Potomac creek, thence by land to Fredericksburg, and that passengers ■ were also transported on that route; that he kept an establishment of horses and stages, for the transportation of the said" mail all the way by land from Washington to Fredericksburg, at seasons when the navigation of steamboats was stopped by ice; and had been obliged for a considerable portion of every winter, during the time he had been so employed in the transportation of the mail, to use his said stages and horses, for the transportation of the mail, all the way by land to Fredericksburg, in the mean time.laying up his steamboat; that just before the daté of the contract, the defendant’s own steamboat, usually [96]*96employed on said route, had heen disabled, and the defendant was at’ the time, about completing a new boat called the Sydney, which had been built at Washington, and sent found to Baltimore for the purpqse of being fitted with her engine and other equipments; that in January, 1832, the Sydney, being completely equipped, left Baltimore for. Washington, as soon as the state of the ice made it practicable to attempt the voyage, was stopped by ice, and obliged to put in at Annapolis, whence she proceeded to Washington, as soon as the ice left it practicable; arrived at Washington on the 6th of February, 1832, and was a'n the ' next day placed by defendant on the route; that on the 5th of December, 1831, Captain Nevitt, the commander of the Franklin, refused to go on the said route of the defendant, in consequence of the ice then foriping in the river, unless he was directed to do so by the plaintiffs; that upon, application to the president of the company, he directed the captain to proceed as required, and obey the orders of the defendant; 'that the captain did then proceed on the route, and returned as far as Alexandria, where he stopped, and sent up the mail by land; and although required by defendant’s agent, refused to"come up to Washington with, the said boat, in consequence of the ice which had formed in the river; and that the said boat lay at Alexandria, frozen up in .the harbor, from' that time to the 5th o.f February, 1832; that it was matter of notoriety, and known to and understood by the plaintiffs, at the time the contract in question was made, that as Soon as the navigation should be closed by the ice, the United States mail from Washington to Frederifeksbürg would have to be transported all the way by land "carriage, instead- of being transported by steamboat to Potomac creek, and thence by, land to Fredericksburg; and that the steamboat Franklin would not be required by defendant, and could not be used under said contract, when the navigation should be closed.
• The Court, refused to permit the evidence thus offered by the defendant to.go-to the jury. And-then, on the motion of the plaintiffs, instructed, the jury, that if they believed from ,the evidence, that the defendant wrote to the plaintiffs the paper of the 19th November, 1831, and that the plaintiff accepted the offer, by the same date, and that plaintiffs arid' defendant respectively wrote- to each other the papers bearing date the 5th and 6thDecember,1831,and that the steamboat Sydney did in fact first- arrive in the river Potomac on the 6th February, 1832, and was placed on the route to Potomac creek, on the 7th of February, 1832, that'then the' plaintiffs were erititled to recover, under the contract so proved, at the rate of thirty-five dollars per diem, from the 20th of November, 1831, to the 6th.of February, 1832, both inclusive. ■
The questions then arising upon this record, are: first, whether the Court erred in refusing to permit the evidence offered by thg defendant to go to the jury ? And, secondly, whether they erréd in giving the instruction to the jury which they did give, at .the instance of the plaintiffs ?
[97]*97As to the first question. It is a principle recognised and acted upon by all Courts of -justice, as a cardinal rule in the construction of all contracts, that the intention of the parties is tobe inquired into; and if not forbidden.by law, is to be effectuated. But the law has laid down certain rules, declaring by what kind of proof in any given cáse this intention is to- be ascertained.
Amongst these rules, a leading one in relation to written contracts, to which class the one in question belongs, is this: That extrinsic evidence is not admissible to. explain a patent ambiguity; that is,.one apparent on the face of the instrument: but that it is admissible to explain á latent ambiguity; that is, one not apparent on the face of the instrument, but one arising from extrinsic evidence ; for this is but to remove the ambiguity by the same kind of . evidence as that by -which- it is created. The rule thus stated seems to be in itself quite plain and intelligible, and yet much difficulty has arisen in its application. The illustration most usually given of the operation of this rule in the admission of extrinsic evidence, is that of a description of a devisee, or of an estate, in a will, where it turns out that there are two persons, or two estates, of the same .ñame and description.. These, however, are put, not as measuring the extent of the rule, but as exemplifying its application;.- and all. other cases within the scope of the principle are, in like manner, open to explanation, by the same kind of evidence.
Accordipgly.it is. laid down, in'a very accurate writer on the subject of evidence, 3 Starkie, 1021, that extrinsic parol evidence is admissible to give effect to’a written instrument, by applying it to its proper subject matter.
Let us examine some of the many cases which have "been decided upon the subject of the. admissibility of this evidence, in relation to written instruments.
Ih the first- placé, wherever there is. a doubt as to the extent of the subject devised by will, or demised, or sold, it is matter of extrinsic evidence to show what is included under the description, as .parcel of it. Accordingly, in 1 Term Rep. 701, Buller, Judge, said, whether parcel or not, of the thing demised; is always matter of evidence. So where a grantor in a/deed described the premises, as the farm on which he then dwelt, this was held to be a latent ambiguity, which might be explained by evidence aliunde; and evi-, dence was admitted, that a particular piece of land, claimed under the. deed, was. at the time of the grant in a state of nature, unenclosed, and separate from the rest of the farm, and that the grantor remained in possession, and occupied it as his own till his death— to show that it was not within the grant . 4 Dav’s Rep. 265.
In 8 John. 116, the case was this,: • A, by a written contract, agreed to receive of B sixty shares of the Hudson Bank, on which ten dollars per share had been paid, and to deliver B his note for $667, and ..pay him the balance in cash, and also to pay five per - cent-, ad vafee' It was decided that this was a case of latent ambiguity, and '¿he-nominal value of-each, share being fifty dollars, parol [98]*98evidence was admitted, to show whether the five per cent, advance was to be paid on the sum paid in, only, or on the nominal amount.
- In 2 Leigh, 630, the principle is laid down by the Court, that parol evidence is not admissible to vary, contradict, add to, or explain, a written agreement; but in cases of equivocal written agreements, the circumstances under which they were made may be given in evidence to explain their meaning. Jn the case of Birch vs. Depeyster, 1 Starkie’s Cases, 210, the charter party stipulated, that the captain should receive a specific sum, in lieu of privilege and ' primage, and the question was, whether the terms Of the contract excluded all right oh the part of the captain to use the cabin for tíre carriage of goods, on his own account. Gibbs, Chief Justice, said':- evidence may be received to show the sense in which the mercantile., part of the nation use the term privilege, just as you would look into a dictionary to ascertain the meaning- of a word; and it must be taken to be used by the parties in its mercantile and establishe.dsense.
So where a.charter party stipulated that a freighter should pay a certain- sum per pound, &c., British weight;' it was held, that as the word weight had two meanings, gross and neat, this was such a latent ambiguity as to warrant the introduction of parol testimony. 1 Nott and M'Cord, 45.
In the case of Peish vs. Dickson, 1 Mason’s Rep. 11, it is said by the judge, that if by a written contract, a party were .to assign his freight in a particular ship, it seemed to him that parol evidence bright be admitted of the circumstances under which the contract was made, to ascertain whether it referred to goods on board the ship, or an interest iri the earnings of the ship; or'in other words, to show in what sense the parties intended to use the term.
Nor is this principle at ah confined to mercantile contracts-; for in Robertson vs. French, 4 East, 130, Lord Ellenborough, speaking on this subject, said, that the same rule which applied to all other instruments, applied also to a policy of insurance. The admission of this -kirid of proof has been carried to. a great extent top, with a view to á correct construction of wills. In the case of Shelton’s executors vs. Shelton, 1 Wash. Rep. 56, it is said, that to discover the intention of a testator, parol evidence may be- admitted of his . circumstances, situation, connection with the legatees, and his transactions between the • making of his will and his death. And this same doctrine is advanced by the same Court, in 3 Hen. and. Mun. 283.
We will close this reference to cases with that of the Mechanic’s Bank vs. The Bank of Columbia, 5 Wheat. 326. In that case, it was held by this Court, that where a check was drawn by a person who was the cashier of an incorporated bank, and it appeared doubfful upon the face of the instrument whether it was an official or á private act, parol evidence was admissible to show that it was an official act; and accordingly, many facts and circumstances were given iri evidence, to prove in what character it was drawn-
[99]*99The cases which we have thus collected together from amongst the very many which exist, will serve to show in how many.aspects the question of the admissibility of extrinsic evidence in relation to written contracts has been presented and decided; and in how many, forms, according to the various circumstances of the cases, the principle which we have, been considering has been applied. Some? .times it has been applied to deeds, sometimes to wills, and sometimes to mercantile and other contracts. In some cases it has been resorted to .to ascertain which of seyéral perso.ns was intended; in others, which of several estates. In some, to ascertain the identity of the subject; in others, its extent.. In some, to ascertain the meaning- of a term, where it had acquired by use a particular meaning; in others, to ascertain in what sense it was used, where it admitted of several meanings. But, in all the purpose was-the same. To ascertain by this medium of proof the intention of the parties, where; ' without the aid of such evidence that could hot he done; so as to give a just interpretation iq the-contract.
* Without - attempting To do-what" others have said that they were unable to accomplish; that is, to reconcile all'the decisions on the-subject; we think -that we may lay down this principle ás the just result. That in giving effect to' a written contract, by applying it to its proper subject matter, extrinsic evidence may be admitted to prove the circumstances under which it was made; whenever, without the aid of such evidence, such application could not be made in the particular case. . ...
With this, principle in view, we proceed to inquire whether the evidence offered by the defendant, in this case, ought to have been received by the Court.
Now had the evidence been received; it would have disclosed the following state of facts. - That the route mentioned, in the-contract, was" oiie on which the plaintiff in error transported passengers,' and also the mail :• that the steamboat Sydney, mentioned in the contract, wás designed to perform this service; and that the Franklin •was wanted for the same purpose': that the Sydney was then at Baltimore, for the purpose of being, fitted with her engine and equipments: that although the transportation of passengers and the mail was carried on, by the plaintiff in error., in a steamboat, whilst the river, was open; yet, when the river was closed, by ice, so that navi-* gation was obstructed, the plaintiff in error then transported passengers and the -mair all- the way over land to Fredericksburg: that when the river was thus obstructed, the plaintiff in error could not, and did not, use a steamboat: and that all these facts were known to the, defendants in error.
We, think that this evidence ought to have been received, because it would have tended to show, by the circumstances under which the contract was made, what was the intention of the parties; and, in the language of the rule which we have laid down, that the contract, without its -aid, could not be applied to its proper subject matter.
The terms, used in the written- contract are, for the use of the [100]*100steamboat Franklin, until the Sydney is placed on the. route to Potomac creek.” It is contended, that this amounted to a stipulation to keep, the Franklin in use until ■ the Sydney was placed on ,the-route; no matter what length of timé may have elapsed before that was done. Suppose that the Sydney had' been accidentally consumed by fire the day after the hiring of the Franklin, the effect of this construction would be, to make that hiring coextensive in point of timq with the existence of the Franklin, in a Condition. for, use; although it is obvious that a temporary hiring only was in the contemplation" of the parties. Again, suppose the plaintiff in error had sold the Sydney, and bought another boat, and put that other on the route; the construction contended for would lead to the result, that the hire of the Franklin would still have continued to have gone on, indefinitely. If this were so, it must be upon the principle thát it entered into the contemplation of the parties, as a matérial term of the contract, that the plaintiff in error should keep the Franklin in use,mot until he ceased to want it by having a steamboat to take its place, but until the identical steamboat Sydney, and no other, should-take its place. We think that the evidence offered, and rejected by the Court, would have shown why reference was made to the Sydney being placed on the route; that is,, because she-was expected to be ready for use in a-very short time. It would have shown further, that the defendants in error knew the service for which their boat was wanted; what was the nature of that service; that whenever the river was obstructed by ice, the Franklin would hot be wanted, because it could not be Used, and because then another mode of transportation-was resorted-to. From all this it would have been competent to infer, that the words, “ Until the Sydney is placed on the route,” were not intended to 'fix that time as the period to which the hiring was to continue, at all events, and under all‘circumstances; but as being referred to, because the Sydney was then expected to be ready for use in a very short time; and so soon as she could be used, the Franklin would not be wanted, even although there should be no obstruction to navigation by ice. - And, moreover, it would have been competent to infer, that as the defendants knew why'the Franklin was wanted; for what service she, was wanted; the character of that service, that is, that it would cease when she could not be used, by reason of the river being closed with ice : that, therefore, the real intention of the parties, to be derived from the written contract and the parol evidence taken together, was, a hiring and letting to hire, for - so long a time as the boat could be used, that is, until the navigation was obstructed; subject to being terminated at any previous time', when the Sydney was ready to take her place. We think.that the rule of law, which admits extrinsic evidence for the purpose of applying a written contract to its subject matter, justifies its admission, beyond the mere designation of the thing, or* corpus, if we may so express it, on which the contract operates, and extends so far as to embrace the circumstances which accompany the transaction; when, without the [101]*101aid of those circumstances, the written contract could not be applied, to its proper subject matter. .
-This principle is illustrated by the cas,es which we have before referred to. Take, for example, the case cited from 1 Mason, 11. That was assumpsit for a balance .alleged to be due on consignments; In that case, parol evidence was recéived of the circumstances under which a contract was made, which contained this clause relating to the plaintiff’s goods, viz., “ On which goods Mr. D. (the defendant in the ease)'has advanced me @5,833, for which amount he will hold for reimbursement, on the amount and net proceeds of the sales of said goods, which are only considered answerable, for said amount advanced, as per our agreementfor the purpose .of showing, whether it was intended to waive any personal-claim on the plaintiff, and to restrictthe defendant’s security,, for the repayment of the advance, to the goods only; or was meant merely to exempt the goods of the shippers, on freight, from being included as a security for the advanee on the plaintiff’s goods.
So we have seen,, in the case from 2 Leigh, 630, the proposition is stated, in terms, that in equivocal written agreements the circumstances under which they 'were made may he given- in evidence, to explain their'meaning; and, accordingly, in that ease, the judges rely upon the circumstances as disclosed-by the parol evidence; , in connexion with a written promise of indemnity, in deciding on its legal effect.
We could suggest many eases which we think would illustrate this principle, and prove, that from the necessity of the case, and consistently with the rules of law, the circumstances under which a. written contract is made, must be open to proof by extrinsic evidence, in order to ascertain the intention of the parties, and thus correctly interpret it. Suppose that during the late war, .a person had been engaged, by contract, to transport munitions of war' to the army; that, for that purpose, he had hired a steamboat of another, and had signed a written agreement, by which he engaged to take good' care of the boat; suppose that, whilst he was engaged in this transportation, the boat had been destroyed by the enemy, as it might rightfully have been by reason of the hostile character impressed upon it; that, thereupon, a suit, had been brought by the person who let it to hire, upon the stipulation to take good care of the boat. Can it be doubted, that it would have been competent., for the defendant to have proven, that he was a contractor with the government to transport munitions of war; that he had hired the boat for that express purpose; and that these facts were known to the other party; so as to show the intention and understanding of the parties as to. the kind of danger to which the boat .woiild unavoidably be exposed, -in performing the very service for which it was hired. . .
We-will state only.one case more, founded on the suggestion of Mr. Chief Justice Ellsworth, in a note to 3 Dallas, 421. Suppose a, [102]*102man signs a written agreement in these words, viz., “I will take your ship John.” May not the party, as the Chief Justice asked, go beyond the note, to explain, by existing circumstances, the meaning of the word take; which, accordingly as the circumstances might be one way or another, might equally embrace a purchase or a charter party ?
All the cases which we have cited, in which extrinsic evidence has been received, and those which wé have supposed-, in which we think that it would be' admissible, proceed on one principle only, and-can only be justified upon that principle. And that is this: that the rule which admits extrinsic evidence, for the purpose Of applying a written contract to its proper subject matter, extends beyond the mete designation of the thing on which the contract operates; and embraces within its scope the circumstances Under which the contract concerning that thing was made; when, without the aid of su6h extrinsic evidence, such application of the written contract to its proper, subject mattér could not be made. Hence' Mr. Starkie, in his third volume on evidence, 1021, after having laid down the principle, that extrinsic parol evidence is admissible to give effect to á written instrument,By applying it to its proper subject matter; adds, “ and also as ancillary to the latter object, (that, is, the application to its proper subject matter,) for the purpose, in some in- . stances, of explaining expressions used in a peculiar sense, and of annexing customary incidents,” &c. , .
Let us take a case under each branch of this rule; and by this exemplification, we shall more clearly see the operation of the rule itself, , and the very decided bearing which it has upon this case. Theta as to the first branch, as to parol evidence for the purpose of explaining expressions used, in a peculiar sense. Let Us take the case before cited; where the question was as to the legal 'effect, of a written contract; to receive a stipulated sum in lieu of privilege and primage.: in other words, what was the meaning of these terms? Parol evidence was received to show the sense in which the mercantile part of the nation used the w'drd privilege; and why? - because, the real question was not what was the meaning of. the word privilege in general) if that had been the question, it would have been a patent ambiguity, and parol evidence would have been dearly inadmissible: but the real question was, what was the meaning of the word privilege, as used in that contract ; it being , a word which had acquired in: the mercantile world. a peculiar meaning, that meaning must be inquired into, by parol evidence, to get at the intention of; the. parties, as it-was a mercantile contract. Thus, it will be seen, that it was necessary to go into the mercantile sense of the word, that being the sense in which it was used in the case stated; in order to apply the written contract to its proper subject matter.. Accordingly, Mr. Starkie, in his book on evidence, 1033, States that to be the reason why evidence is admissible to prove the special and peculiar sense in which a word is understood.
[103]*103Now, let us take a case to exemplify the second branch of the rule, as to annexing customary incidents. The case of Senior vs. Armitage, will illustrate the second branch of this rule, that of the admission of parol evidence, to annex customary incidents. In that case it was held, that a custom for an away-going tenant to provide work and' labour, tillage and sowing, and all materials for the. same, in his away-going year, the landlord making him a reasonable compensation, is not excluded ,by an express written agreement between the landlord and tenant, which is consistent with such a custom. Now, here proof of the custom was considered as necessary to apply the -contract to its proper subject matter. So in the two cases which we have supposed of the steamboat, and the ship; we think the extrinsic evidence which we have mentioned would be admissible, because the question would not have been the meaning of the stipulation to take proper care of-the boat, in the one case, and to take the ship in the other, in the general sense of these expressions; but what was the meaning of proper care,-as to that steamboat, and of the .word také, as to that ship, under the circumstances which attended the respective contracts concerning them: neither a steamboat in the one case, nor -a ship in the other, was the proper subject matter of the contract,. but each of them, in connexion, with its accompanying circumstances; in other words; that steamboat, under the circumstances under-which it was hired; and that ship, under the circumstances under which it was taken.
And so in the case before us, upon the same principle, the subject matter of the contract was not merely the steamboat Franklin; but the-steamboat Franklin under the circumstances under which .it was hired.' ,.The parol evidence then,- in this case, was admissible; because without it§ aid, the written contract could not he applied to its proper subjeet matter: and, therefore, it was proper to prove the circumstances attending the transaction. . Having thus stated our opinion to :be,- that evidence ought to have been received to prove the facts stated in the hill of exceptions on the part of the defendants ;..it follows as a conseqúence, that the Court below erred, in giving to the jury the instruction which they did give; at the instance of the plaintiffs in the Circuit Court.
We think, therefore; that the judgment is erroneous, and must be reversed with costs. And a venire facias de- novo is. awarded; with instructions, that upon the next trial, the Court shall receive- parol evidence, to prove the facts stated in the bill of exceptions, to have been offered to be proved by.the defendant, at the former trial: except the fact of the communication made to the plaintiff, by the defendant, or his agent, before the time of making the contract, that the defendant intended to keep the steamboat Franklin in use under the contract, so long as the navigation remained open, and no longer: and with the furthér instruction to the Court, not to give the jury the instruction stated in the exception to have been given at the former trial.