By the Court, Hand, J.
The answer admits an entry upon the land of the plaintiff, and sets up matter in justification; and the important question is, does it in substance contain a justification? It was put in before the code was amended. The code then required that the answer should contain, “ In respect to each allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant a specific denial thereof, or of any knowledge thereof, sufficient to form a belief. 2d. A statement of any new matter constituting a defense, in ordinary and concise language, without repetition, and in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what was intended.” And the different grounds of defense were to be stated separately. (Code, §§ 128, 9.) The 118th section abolished all the forms of pleading theretofore existing, but did not abolish the fundamental principles by which legal controversies had been conducted. That perhaps was impossible, without changing or interfering with the rights of parties.
An eminent writer says that “ pleading is a statement, in a logical and legal form, of the facts which constitute the plaintiff’s cause of action, or the defendant’s ground of defense. It is the formal mode of alledging that on the record, which would be the support or the defense of the party, in evidence.” (1 Chit, on Pl. 195.) This definition is as true now in relation to substance, as before the code. The forms before in use are not now in some respect “ legal forms,” particularly as to the classifi[85]*85cation of actions ; but the manner of stating the claim or defense, as required by the code, with this exception, and that of certain formal parts, still remains; and in other respects I have not been able to discover that any great change has been made in the substance of pleading. The pleader may use his own language, but the necessary matter must be there, and be stated in an intelligible and issuable form, capable of trial. Facts I must still be set forth according to their legal effect and operation, and not the mere evidence of those facts, nor arguments/ nor inferences, nor matter of law only. (Gould on Plead. 14, 53. 1 Chit. Pl. 196. Dyett v. Pendleton, 8 Cowen, 792, Spencer, senator. Grannis v. Clark, 8 Id. 36. Kearny v. King, 1 Chit. Rep. 28. Church v. Gilman, 15 Wend. 656. 2 Saund. 9, b. n. z. 3 B. & A. 66.) Npr should pleadings be hypothetical. (Gould v. Lasbury, 4 Tyr. 863. 1 B. & P. 413. 3 M. & Sel. 114. Steph. Pl. 430,1.) Nor jn the alternative. (Cook v Cox, 3 M. & Sel. 110, 114. 1 B. & P. 413. 1. Chit. Pl. 217. Tift v. Tift, 4 Denio, 175.) In this case the title or right (if any) is set up in the alternative form; and again the defendant says, that if he did go extra viam, it was because the way was obstructed. Good pleading should be material, single, true, unambiguous, consistent, and certain to a common intent as to time, place, person and quantity, and not redundant or argumentative. I do not say that under the code a failure in these particulars would be fatal. The pleadings are to be liberally construed, with a view to substantial justice, and the court is to disregard errors and defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the party. (§s 159, 176.) But these qualities were desirable in pleadings at law, formerly, and the same general principles governed pleadings in equity. Buller, J., in Reed v. Brookman, (3 T. R. 159,) says, “ Pleading is the formal mode of alledging that on the record which would be the support or defense of the party in evidenceand Mr. Justice Story says, this rule is equally applicable to pleadings in equity as to pleadings at law. (Story’s Eq. Pl. 3, n. And see Lube’s Eq. Pl. pt. 2, ch. 1, § 111.) There should be some proper forms of proceeding, without which logical order and reasoning can not be [86]*86preserved. The same eminent writer says: “ It is obvious that in every system of jurisprudence professing to provide for the administration of justice, there must be some forms of proceeding adopted to bring the matters in controversy between the parties who are interested therein, before the tribunal by which they are to be adjudicated. (Stor. Pl. § 1.) When the law and the fact are decided by the judges, there is not the same necessity of separating them. In that case the judge selects the points in the pleadings to which the proofs are to be applied. But when this is done in the haste of a jury trial it is more difficult, and casts upon the court great power and responsibility, and this selection often takes the counsel by surprise. The judge has not only to select the issues to be tried, and perhaps out of voluminous pleadings, but to make the jury also possessed of them. It may be questionable whether, in the class of cases which will admit of it, that great and prominent characteristic system of our jurisprudence, trial by jury, will not have more freedom of action and be more complete in practice, by the use of simple and settled forms of issues, familiar to the profession, and to which juries can generally respond, yea or nay. However, intending to avoid all hindrance of justice by mere technicalities, our lawgivers have assimilated the pleadings in equity and at law; and endeavored to require a plain statement of facts for both ; and it is the duty of the courts, as far as may be, to carry that change into effect, in good faith and in hll its spirit. This must be done by liberal amendments and by disregarding every thing merely formal; but to disregard substance and all the plain common sense rules of pleading, will lead to doubt, surprise and confusion, open the door for chicanery, and utterly subvert, in effect, the trial by jury. All experience has shown that the trial by jury is best adapted to direct issues, stript of extrinsic and unnecessary matters. These are best obtained by truth and certainty in pleading. Ld. C. J. Hobart said, more than two centuries since, that truth is the goodness and virtue of pleading, and certainty the beauty and grace of it. (Slade v. Drake, Hob. 295.) The paragraph from which this sentiment is extracted is at once concise and elegant. “ Littleton [87]*87says that the pleading is the honorable, commendable and profitable part of the law; and by good desert it is so. For cases arise by chance and are many times intricate, confused and obscured, and are cast into form and made evident, clear and easy, both to judge and jury (which are the arbitrators of all causes) by good and fair pleading. So that this is the principal art of law, for pleading is not. talking; and therefore it is required that pleading be true ; that is the goodness and virtue of pleading; and that it be certain and single, and that is the beauty and grace of pleading.” When set forms are used, of which the nature, use and effect are known to all, although not literally of the precise meaning given to them, yet no embarrassment is felt in ascertaining the issue. But if all forms, as such, are to be thrown aside, the pleader must conform to certain settled principles by which good pleading is tested, for without such rules, doubt, uncertainty and perplexity, to say nothing of constant novelty and diversity, will tend to render the administration of justice at least tardy, precarious and irregular, if not capricious. In all pleading at common law, in whatever language, and whether
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By the Court, Hand, J.
The answer admits an entry upon the land of the plaintiff, and sets up matter in justification; and the important question is, does it in substance contain a justification? It was put in before the code was amended. The code then required that the answer should contain, “ In respect to each allegation of the complaint controverted by the defendant a specific denial thereof, or of any knowledge thereof, sufficient to form a belief. 2d. A statement of any new matter constituting a defense, in ordinary and concise language, without repetition, and in such a manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what was intended.” And the different grounds of defense were to be stated separately. (Code, §§ 128, 9.) The 118th section abolished all the forms of pleading theretofore existing, but did not abolish the fundamental principles by which legal controversies had been conducted. That perhaps was impossible, without changing or interfering with the rights of parties.
An eminent writer says that “ pleading is a statement, in a logical and legal form, of the facts which constitute the plaintiff’s cause of action, or the defendant’s ground of defense. It is the formal mode of alledging that on the record, which would be the support or the defense of the party, in evidence.” (1 Chit, on Pl. 195.) This definition is as true now in relation to substance, as before the code. The forms before in use are not now in some respect “ legal forms,” particularly as to the classifi[85]*85cation of actions ; but the manner of stating the claim or defense, as required by the code, with this exception, and that of certain formal parts, still remains; and in other respects I have not been able to discover that any great change has been made in the substance of pleading. The pleader may use his own language, but the necessary matter must be there, and be stated in an intelligible and issuable form, capable of trial. Facts I must still be set forth according to their legal effect and operation, and not the mere evidence of those facts, nor arguments/ nor inferences, nor matter of law only. (Gould on Plead. 14, 53. 1 Chit. Pl. 196. Dyett v. Pendleton, 8 Cowen, 792, Spencer, senator. Grannis v. Clark, 8 Id. 36. Kearny v. King, 1 Chit. Rep. 28. Church v. Gilman, 15 Wend. 656. 2 Saund. 9, b. n. z. 3 B. & A. 66.) Npr should pleadings be hypothetical. (Gould v. Lasbury, 4 Tyr. 863. 1 B. & P. 413. 3 M. & Sel. 114. Steph. Pl. 430,1.) Nor jn the alternative. (Cook v Cox, 3 M. & Sel. 110, 114. 1 B. & P. 413. 1. Chit. Pl. 217. Tift v. Tift, 4 Denio, 175.) In this case the title or right (if any) is set up in the alternative form; and again the defendant says, that if he did go extra viam, it was because the way was obstructed. Good pleading should be material, single, true, unambiguous, consistent, and certain to a common intent as to time, place, person and quantity, and not redundant or argumentative. I do not say that under the code a failure in these particulars would be fatal. The pleadings are to be liberally construed, with a view to substantial justice, and the court is to disregard errors and defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the party. (§s 159, 176.) But these qualities were desirable in pleadings at law, formerly, and the same general principles governed pleadings in equity. Buller, J., in Reed v. Brookman, (3 T. R. 159,) says, “ Pleading is the formal mode of alledging that on the record which would be the support or defense of the party in evidenceand Mr. Justice Story says, this rule is equally applicable to pleadings in equity as to pleadings at law. (Story’s Eq. Pl. 3, n. And see Lube’s Eq. Pl. pt. 2, ch. 1, § 111.) There should be some proper forms of proceeding, without which logical order and reasoning can not be [86]*86preserved. The same eminent writer says: “ It is obvious that in every system of jurisprudence professing to provide for the administration of justice, there must be some forms of proceeding adopted to bring the matters in controversy between the parties who are interested therein, before the tribunal by which they are to be adjudicated. (Stor. Pl. § 1.) When the law and the fact are decided by the judges, there is not the same necessity of separating them. In that case the judge selects the points in the pleadings to which the proofs are to be applied. But when this is done in the haste of a jury trial it is more difficult, and casts upon the court great power and responsibility, and this selection often takes the counsel by surprise. The judge has not only to select the issues to be tried, and perhaps out of voluminous pleadings, but to make the jury also possessed of them. It may be questionable whether, in the class of cases which will admit of it, that great and prominent characteristic system of our jurisprudence, trial by jury, will not have more freedom of action and be more complete in practice, by the use of simple and settled forms of issues, familiar to the profession, and to which juries can generally respond, yea or nay. However, intending to avoid all hindrance of justice by mere technicalities, our lawgivers have assimilated the pleadings in equity and at law; and endeavored to require a plain statement of facts for both ; and it is the duty of the courts, as far as may be, to carry that change into effect, in good faith and in hll its spirit. This must be done by liberal amendments and by disregarding every thing merely formal; but to disregard substance and all the plain common sense rules of pleading, will lead to doubt, surprise and confusion, open the door for chicanery, and utterly subvert, in effect, the trial by jury. All experience has shown that the trial by jury is best adapted to direct issues, stript of extrinsic and unnecessary matters. These are best obtained by truth and certainty in pleading. Ld. C. J. Hobart said, more than two centuries since, that truth is the goodness and virtue of pleading, and certainty the beauty and grace of it. (Slade v. Drake, Hob. 295.) The paragraph from which this sentiment is extracted is at once concise and elegant. “ Littleton [87]*87says that the pleading is the honorable, commendable and profitable part of the law; and by good desert it is so. For cases arise by chance and are many times intricate, confused and obscured, and are cast into form and made evident, clear and easy, both to judge and jury (which are the arbitrators of all causes) by good and fair pleading. So that this is the principal art of law, for pleading is not. talking; and therefore it is required that pleading be true ; that is the goodness and virtue of pleading; and that it be certain and single, and that is the beauty and grace of pleading.” When set forms are used, of which the nature, use and effect are known to all, although not literally of the precise meaning given to them, yet no embarrassment is felt in ascertaining the issue. But if all forms, as such, are to be thrown aside, the pleader must conform to certain settled principles by which good pleading is tested, for without such rules, doubt, uncertainty and perplexity, to say nothing of constant novelty and diversity, will tend to render the administration of justice at least tardy, precarious and irregular, if not capricious. In all pleading at common law, in whatever language, and whether ore tenus or written, except in case of well understood and familiar forms, we find truth and certainty have been insisted upon. The pleading before us wants these. Truth, because inconsistent with itself. Every lawyer knows the difference between a public and private way, and that if public, it is not private; and also the distinction between a highway by statute, by grant, by prescription and of necessity. And it is uncertain, because in the form of disjunctive propositions, or negations, and in the alternative; and also in part hypothetical.
As I understand section 129, (now 150, which is the same except in a few words,) it is a statutory inhibition against duplicity in stating two defenses together. "Each defense (or ground of defense) must be separately stated. And this, I think, applies to more than one defense to the same cause of action, as well as to different defenses to different causes of action; so •that, under the code, as amended by the act of April 11, 1849, it may be doubtful whether, what was matter of form before, requiring a special demurrer, is not now. matter of substance. [88]*88But it is not important to consider that point in this case; nor whether, if duplicity alone does not now make the answer insufficient in substance, it can be demurred to at all; (§ 153 ;) for I think this answer radically defective in matter.
All that I mean to say now. is, that as a general rule, a pleading, to be good by the settled principles of pleading as modified by the code, must state the facts constituting a legal cause of action or ground of defense ; and these should be set forth in a plain, direct, definite, certain and traversable manner, and according to their legal effect. Any number of facts constituting one cause of action or one defense, may be combined; but each cause of action, and each defense, should be stated separately, and then they will be capable of trial. (Code, §§ 142,149,150, 160, 176.) This answer does not conform to these rules.
It is said there are five kinds of private ways. By grant, (and reservation,) prescription, necessity, custom, and statutes. ( Woolrych on Ways, 9.) I doubt whether any such right exists here by custom, which is a sort of prescription by all of a certain community or place. Here, except by proceedings under the statute, a right of way rests upon grant, prescription, necessity or reservation. A prescription supposes a grant before the time of legal memory. A way of necessity derives its origin from a grant and by operation of law. In pleading a way by prescription or grant, no doubt the particular grounds of the title must be set forth, and as a way of necessity is in truth nothing else but a way by grant, it must be pleaded in the same way ; and, if its origin can not be any longer traced, must be claimed by grant or prescription and pleaded as such, or (in some cases) as a non-existing grant. (Dutton v. Taylor, 2 Lutw. 148.) And if there once existed unity of possession, some authors have supposed it must be claimed by way of grant. The better opinion now is that a way of necessity can not be pleaded in general terms. See most of the authorities collected in the notes to Pomfret v. Ricroft, (1 Saund. 323, 6th ed. 1846, Phil.) Indeed, it seems there is no general way of necessity, without specifying the manner whereby the land over which it is claimed, becomes charged with the burden. Such was the decision in [89]*89Bullard v. Harrison, (4 M. & Sel. 387,) where Ld. Ellenborough approves of Sergeant Williams’ note to Pomfret v. Ricroft, (supra.) These are matters of substance. How can the plaintiff prepare for trial on the naked affirmation that the defendant claims a right of way by grant, without stating any thing more1? It is no better than for the defendant to answer by a single sentence, “ I justify under a right of way.” It would be almost impossible to try such vague allegations. All the precedents are opposed to such looseness and obscurity. (9 Went. Pl. 161. Lill. Ent. 426. 2 Rich. Pr. C. P. 49. 3 Ch. Pl, 1118, 1127.) It is not even stated that the defendant could not have gone upon his own land, or that there was no other way. (Bullard v. Harrison, 4 M. & Sel. 392. Reynolds v. Edwards, Willes, 287. Holmes v. Goring, 2 Bing. 75. Holmes v. Seely, 19 Wend. 507.) In Chichester v. Lethbridge, ( Wittes, 71,) it was held that a public and a private way were inconsistent, and could not be claimed together; and that a prescription for a right of way for the plaintiff and other persons, without naming them, was bad after verdict.
The answer further alledges that if the defendant ever turned out of this road, it was because it was unlawfully obstructed and made impassable by the plaintiff or others. It now seems well settled that a party having a private way can not justify going extra viam because the road is impassable. (Taylor v. Whitehead, Doug. 749. Bullard v. Harrison, 4 M. & Sel. 387. Woolrych on Ways, 51. 3 Kent, 424. Holmes v. Seely, 19 Wend. 507- Williams v. Safford, MS. decided in Ath district. See Post.) Though perhaps this would be good in case of a way of necessity; particularly if the averment had been positive, that the disturbances were by the plaintiff or by his aid. (Butter, J. in Taylor v. Whitehead, supra. 3 Kent, 424. Woolrych, 51. Holmes v. Seely, supra. Reynolds v. Edwards, Willes, 282. Osborne v. Wise, 7 C. & P. 761. Bullard v. Harrison, supra.)
As to the allegation that “ the defendant and those before him, and others,” had the peaceable use of this road for more than thirty years by the “ license, consent, and permission of [90]*90Jonathan Brown,” it is at most a mere license, and is so stated. Nothing is alledged showing that license to be irrevocable. (Cocker v. Cowper, 1 Cr. Mees, & Roscoe, 418. Reynolds v. Edwards, Willes, 282. Mumford v. Whitney, 15 Wend. 380. Bird v. Higginson, 4 Nev. & M. 505. Webb v. Paternoster, Palm. 71. 15 Vin. A6. License. F. 11 Ves. 391. Poph. 151. 2 Lill. Ab. 215. Prince v. Case, 10 Conn. 375. Jackson v. Babcock, 4. John. 418. Ex parte Coburn, 1 Conn. 570.) Indeed it was still executory. A license is counterm andable. though it concerns profit or pleasure, unless there be a certain time in the license. If a time is fixed, it is a lease. (15 Vin. License, A. & E.) This long user might, unless explained, (Luce v. Carley, 24 Wend. 651.) have sustained a plea of grant or prescriptive right. (Corning v. Gould, 16 Id. 531.) But it is not so pleaded.
The defendant further says that when he purchased of Jonathan Brown, this road then existed, and when the defendant built his dwelling house, Brown agreed that in consideration that the defendant would build there, he might forever use this road, and have the right to the use of it. It is not alledged that the defendant built his house in consideration thereof; or built it at all, except inferentially; but if it had been, as no grant is pretended, I think the principle laid down in The Utica and Sch’y R. R. Co. v. Brinckerhoff, (21 Wend. 139,) applies. There was no consideration or mutuality. And besides, as this is an easement, it should be claimed by grant or by prescriptive right, which supposes one. (3 Kent, 452. 15 Wend. 380, and cases there cited. Dexter v. Hazen, 10 John. 246. Jackson v. Babcock, 4 Id. 418.) Nor is there any allegation that the defendant was induced to lay out money to build the house, in consequence of such agreement.
The answer contains no defense to the action, and the next question is, can this be taken advantage of on the trial 1 The code, before it was amended, declared that an issue of law arises upon a demurrer to a complaint, or upon an allegation of fact in pleading by one party, the truth of which is not controverted by the other. (§ 204.) The plaintiff could not, it would seem, [91]*91(under the former code) demur, yet by going to trial upon this answer he admitted it to be true, so far as the matter is set out issuably. But that admission did not aid a defect in substance. If a good title be defectively set out, it is doubtful whether, under this section, the plaintiff could have made the objection on the trial. But the case is different where the title itself, as set out, is defective, or where in truth none is set out. Both of these objections apply to this case.
This answer was put in before the amendment of the code: it is therefore unnecessary to inquire whether the court, of its own motion, should have required the answer to be more definite and certain. {Code, § 160.)
The judgment rendered at circuit must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.