Bowles v. Baca

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: December 9, 2020
• Docket: 3:18-cv-00272
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

5 * * *

6 TRAVIS BOWLES, Case No. 3:18-cv-00272-MMD-WGC

7 Petitioner, ORDER v. 8 ISIDRO BACA, et al., 9 Respondents. 10 11 I. SUMMARY 12 Petitioner Travis Bowles filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. 13 § 2254 (ECF No. 4 (“Petition”)). This habeas matter comes before the Court for a final 14 decision on the merits of the remaining grounds in the Petition. The Court denies the 15 Petition and denies Petitioner a certificate of appealability. 16 II. BACKGROUND 17 Petitioner challenges his 2012 Nevada state judgment of conviction, pursuant to a 18 jury verdict, of six counts of lewdness with a child under the age of fourteen years. (ECF 19 No. 15-23.) Petitioner was charged with committing lewd acts upon his two 20 stepdaughters, S.T. and M.T., who were ten and eight years old respectively at the time 21 that the acts were committed. (ECF Nos. 14-7, 14-8.) Prior to his arrest, detectives from 22 the Sparks Police Department interviewed Petitioner.1 (ECF No. 29 at 208.) Petitioner 23 drove himself to the police station for the interview. (Id. at 207-08.) The detectives 24 informed Petitioner that he was not under arrest and that the interview was voluntary. 25 (ECF Nos. 29 at 208, 14-7 at 16.) The interview room was unlocked during the interview 26 and a detective who conducted the interview testified that Petitioner was free to leave at 27 28 1Petitioner’s interview was videotaped and played at trial. The videotape, however, 2 station. (Id.) 3 Both S.T. and M.T. testified at the preliminary hearing and at trial. (ECF Nos. 14- 4 7, 15-15.) S.T. testified that Petitioner talked to her about “the penis, the vagina, and men 5 and women” to prepare her for “the world.” (ECF No. 15-15 at 45.) S.T. further testified 6 that Petitioner showed his penis and his testicles to her while they were in the garage. 7 (Id. at 46-47.) At both the preliminary hearing and at trial, S.T. testified that she had 8 touched Petitioner’s penis and testicles while they were in the garage and also in the 9 bathroom. (ECF Nos. 14-7 at 35-36, 15-15 at 52-54.) On one occasion while taking a nap 10 in bed together, Petitioner’s penis touched S.T.’s buttocks and Petitioner told her that his 11 penis “was waking up” and “saying hello.” (ECF No. 15-15 at 60.) On that occasion, after 12 Petitioner asked S.T. if she wanted to say hello back, S.T. held Petitioner’s penis. (Id. at 13 60-61.) S.T. testified that she had kissed Petitioner’s penis in the garage. (ECF Nos. 14- 14 7 at 44, 15-15 at 53.) 15 M.T. similarly testified that Petitioner taught her about “the real world.” (ECF Nos. 16 14-7 at 52, 15-15 at 117.) M.T. testified that she had touched Petitioner’s penis and 17 testicles. (ECF No. 15-15 at 128.) M.T. testified that Petitioner asked M.T. if she wanted 18 to try a vibrator and placed a vibrator on her vagina over her clothing while they were in 19 the bathroom. (ECF Nos. 14-7 at 55-57, 15-15 at 126-27.) Petitioner had watched S.T. 20 and M.T. masturbate and M.T. testified that Petitioner put lubricant on M.T.’s finger. (ECF 21 Nos. 14-7 at 53-54, 15-15 at 130.) 22 Petitioner was found guilty of six counts of lewdness with a child under the age of 23 fourteen years. (ECF No. 15-23.) The state district court sentenced Petitioner to three 24 consecutive ten years to life sentences and three concurrent ten years to life sentences. 25 (ECF Nos. 15-22 at 21-22, 15-23.) Petitioner appealed and the Nevada Supreme Court 26 affirmed the judgment of conviction. (ECF No. 16-12.) Petitioner then filed a state habeas 27 petition and the State filed a motion to dismiss. Following oral argument, the state district 28 court dismissed Petitioner’s habeas petition. (ECF No. 18-5.) The Nevada Supreme Court 2 habeas petition. (ECF No. 4.) Respondents moved to dismiss the petition and Petitioner 3 elected to dismiss his unexhausted claims. (ECF Nos. 13, 25.) As such, the Court 4 dismissed Grounds 4, in part, 7(2), 7(3), 7(4), 7(5), 8, and 9. (ECF No. 28.) 5 III. LEGAL STANDARD 6 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) sets forth the standard of review generally applicable in 7 habeas corpus cases under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA): 8 An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect 9 to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim – 10

11 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the 12 Supreme Court of the United States; or

13 (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 14

15 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court decision is contrary to established Supreme Court 16 precedent, within the meaning of § 2254(d), “if the state court applies a rule that 17 contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or “if the state court 18 confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the 19 Supreme] Court.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003) (first quoting Williams v. 20 Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-06 (2000), and then citing Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694 21 (2002)). A state court decision is an unreasonable application of established Supreme 22 Court precedent under § 2254(d), “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal 23 principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to 24 the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 75. “The ‘unreasonable application’ clause requires 25 the state court decision to be more than incorrect or erroneous. The state court’s 26 application of clearly established law must be objectively unreasonable.” Id. 27 The Supreme Court has instructed that “[a] state court’s determination that a claim 28 lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ 2 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). “[E]ven a strong case 3 for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.” Id. at 4 102 (citing Lockyer, 538 U.S. at 75); see also Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 5 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (describing the standard as 6 “difficult to meet” and “highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, which 7 demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt”). 8 IV. DISCUSSION 9 A. Ground 1 10 In Ground 1, Petitioner alleges that his federal constitutional rights were violated 11 when the State failed to disclose exculpatory evidence contained in a social services 12 report wherein M.T. denied that she was a victim. (ECF No. 4 at 3.) Petitioner’s claim is 13 based on violations of Brady v. Maryland. 373 U.S. 83 (1963). On direct appeal, the 14 Nevada Supreme Court held: 15 Bowles contends that the district court erred by denying his discovery request for existing reports on the victims and the State committed 16 misconduct by failing to provide them. “We review district court’s resolution of discovery disputes for an abuse of discretion.” Means v. State, 120 Nev. 17 1001, 1007, 103 P.3d 25, 29 (2004). The record reveals that the State filed a supplemental notice of expert witnesses and indicated that these 18 witnesses may be called during rebuttal. Bowles requested the experts’ written reports, stated that he was entitled to the reports by statute, asserted 19 that the reports contained exculpatory information, and admitted that he had a copy of the report containing exculpatory information. The district court 20 ruled that the State did not have to produce documents that Bowles already possessed and Bowles could renew his motion if the State called the 21 experts as rebuttal witnesses. We conclude from this record that Bowles has failed to demonstrate that the district court abused its discretion in 22 resolving this discovery dispute or that the State committed misconduct by failing to provide the expert witnesses’ reports. 23

24 (ECF No. 16-12 at 4-5.) The Nevada Supreme Court’s determination that Petitioner failed 25 to demonstrate misconduct was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of 26 clearly established law as determined by the United States Supreme Court. 27 “[T]he suppression by the prosecutor of evidence favorable to an accused upon 28 request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to 2 at 87. Because a witness’s “‘reliability . . . may well be determinative of guilt or innocence,’ 3 nondisclosure of evidence affecting credibility falls within [the Brady] rule.” Giglio v. United 4 States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972) (quoting Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959)). 5 “There are three components of a true Brady violation: The evidence at issue must be 6 favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; 7 that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; 8 and prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999). The 9 materiality of the evidence that has been suppressed is assessed to determine whether 10 prejudice exists. See Hovey v. Ayers, 458 F.3d 892, 916 (9th Cir. 2006). Evidence is 11 material “if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the 12 defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” United States v. Bagley, 13 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985). “A ‘reasonable probability’ of a different result [exists] when the 14 government’s evidentiary suppression ‘undermines confidence in the outcome of the 15 trial.’” Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434 (1995) (quoting Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678). 16 At the hearing on Petitioner’s motions for discovery and for psychological 17 evaluations, Petitioner represented that in a report, “the alleged victim [M.T.] denies that 18 she was a victim,” and characterized such as being “clearly exculpatory.” (ECF No. 15-7 19 at 6.) As noted by the Nevada Supreme Court, Petitioner admitted that he had a copy of 20 the document containing the alleged exculpatory information and the district court ruled 21 that the State did not have to produce documents that Petitioner already possessed. (Id. 22 at 6-7.) The Nevada Supreme Court reasonably denied Petitioner’s Brady claim because 23 the alleged undisclosed exculpatory evidence was not suppressed by the State. 24 Therefore, Petitioner is denied federal habeas relief on Ground 1. 25 The Court would reach the same result on de novo review for the following 26 reasons. To the extent that Petitioner would have used the alleged undisclosed reports 27 to demonstrate that M.T. denied that she was a victim, such evidence was before the jury. 28 Petitioner elicited testimony from M.T. on cross-examination that M.T. did not tell a 2 148-49.) Petitioner elicited testimony from a licensed social worker who performed a 3 sexual assessment on M.T. that M.T. denied that she experienced sexual abuse. (ECF 4 No. 15-16 at 25.) Petitioner elicited testimony from a police officer that after he interviewed 5 M.T., she was initially characterized as a witness, rather than a victim. (ECF No. 29 at 6 213.) Further, Petitioner elicited testimony from a detective that M.T. denied that anything 7 of a sexual nature happened between her and Petitioner. (ECF No. 15-16 at 59.) 8 Therefore, Petitioner failed to demonstrate that the alleged undisclosed reports were 9 material because there was not “a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been 10 disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Bagley, 11 473. U.S. at 682. As such, in the alternative, the Court on de novo review would reach 12 the same result denying habeas relief on Ground 1. 13 B. Conclusory Claims 14 Pursuant to Rule 2(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, a 15 federal habeas petition must specify all grounds for relief and “state the facts supporting 16 each ground.” Rule 2(c) requires specific pleading of facts that, if proven to be true, would 17 entitle the petitioner to federal habeas relief. Claims based on conclusory allegations are 18 not a sufficient basis for federal habeas relief. See Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655–56 19 (2005) (acknowledging that notice pleading is insufficient to satisfy the specific pleading 20 requirement for federal habeas petitions). 21 Prisoner pro se pleadings are understandably given the benefit of liberal 22 construction. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21 (1972). Summary dismissal, 23 however, is appropriate when the allegations in a petition are “vague, conclusory, 24 palpably incredible, patently frivolous or false.” Hendricks v. Vasquez, 908 F.2d 490, 491 25 (9th Cir. 1990); James v. Borg, 24 F.3d 20, 26 (9th Cir. 1994) (“[C]onclusory allegations 26 which are not supported by a statement of specific facts do not warrant habeas relief.”); 27 see also Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). It is permissible for pro se 28 petitioners to incorporate claims by reference when the petition includes specific 2 U.S. 1 (2005) (per curium) (applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) in habeas proceeding). 3 However, there is no authority permitting a federal habeas petitioner to incorporate 4 claims from documents not attached to the petition. 5 i. Ground 2 6 In Ground 2, Petitioner alleges, without elaboration, that the state district court 7 unreasonably limited his cross-examination of witnesses in violation of his right to 8 confrontation. (ECF No. 4 at 5.) Petitioner incorporated by reference certain claims made 9 on direct appeal in state court. (Id.) Respondents argue that Petitioner failed to support 10 his claim with any specific facts or evidentiary support, other than references to the claims 11 made on direct appeal. (ECF No. 30 at 7-8.) Because Petitioner did not attach the opening 12 or reply brief on direct appeal in state court to his federal petition, Petitioner failed to 13 present the Court with facts that, if proven true, would establish that Petitioner is entitled 14 to relief on those grounds. Further, Petitioner failed to offer factual allegations to 15 demonstrate how the state court unreasonably limited his cross-examination of 16 witnesses. Petitioner’s conclusory allegations are insufficient to warrant habeas relief. 17 Accordingly, Petitioner is not entitled to habeas relief on Ground 2. 18 ii. Ground 3 19 In Ground 3, Petitioner alleges that the state district court lacked subject matter 20 and personal jurisdiction. (ECF No. 4 at 7.) Respondents argue that Petitioner’s claim is 21 conclusory and that the Nevada Court of Appeals nonetheless declined to consider this 22 claim. (ECF No. 30 at 8, fn. 6.) Although Petitioner references the claim made in the 23 amended habeas petition that was filed in state court, he fails to attach such amended 24 petition to his federal petition. Further, while Petitioner provides procedural history of the 25 claim, he fails to present factual allegations to demonstrate that the state district court 26 lacked subject matter or personal jurisdiction. Petitioner’s conclusory allegations are 27 insufficient to warrant habeas relief. Accordingly, Petitioner is not entitled to habeas relief 28 on Ground 3. 2 In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court propounded a two-prong test for 3 analysis of ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims requiring Petitioner to demonstrate 4 that: (1) the counsel’s “representation fell below an objective standard of 5 reasonableness[;]” and (2) the counsel’s deficient performance prejudices Petitioner such 6 that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the 7 result of the proceeding would have been different.” 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984). 8 Courts considering an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim must apply a “strong 9 presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional 10 assistance.” Id. at 689. It is Petitioner’s burden to show “counsel made errors so serious 11 that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed . . . by the Sixth 12 Amendment.” Id. at 687. Additionally, to establish prejudice under Strickland, it is not 13 enough for Petitioner to “show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome 14 of the proceeding.” Id. at 693. Rather, errors must be “so serious as to deprive [Petitioner] 15 of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Id. at 687. 16 Where a state court previously adjudicated the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel 17 claim under Strickland, establishing the court’s decision was unreasonable is especially 18 difficult. See Richter, 562 U.S. at 104-05. In Richter, the Supreme Court clarified that 19 Strickland and § 2254(d) are each highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, 20 review is doubly so. See id. at 105; see also Cheney v. Washington, 614 F.3d 987, 995 21 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (“When a federal court reviews a state 22 court’s Strickland determination under AEDPA, both AEDPA and Strickland’s deferential 23 standards apply; hence, the Supreme Court’s description of the standard as doubly 24 deferential.”). The Court further clarified, “[w]hen § 2254(d) applies, the question is not 25 whether counsel’s actions were reasonable. The question is whether there is any 26 reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Richter, 27 562 U.S. at 105. 28 /// 2 In Ground 5, Petitioner alleges that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance for 3 failing to object to the charging document. (ECF No. 4 at 11.) He alleges that the 4 information contained language, specifically “allowed and/or asked and/or watched 5 and/or helped,” which Petitioner alleges did not require a showing of a willful act or intent. 6 (Id.) He further alleges that the information contained the disjunctive “or,” which permitted 7 a finding of guilt on multiple counts based on a single act. (Id.) In addition, he alleges that 8 the information failed to state the locations of where the acts occurred, which prevented 9 the preparation of an adequate defense. (Id.) 10 The Nevada Court of Appeals held: 11 Bowles claimed counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge language in the information. Bowles failed to demonstrate he was prejudiced. Even 12 assuming the language in the information regarding “allow” was incorrect, Bowles failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability of a different outcome 13 had counsel objected to the language. Had counsel objected to the language, the State likely would have been permitted to amend the 14 language in the information. See NRS 173.095(1); Viray v. State, 121 Nev. 159, 163-163, 111 P.3d 1079, 1081-82 (2005). Further, even without the 15 “allowed” language, the information sufficiently alleged the crime of lewdness. Therefore, the district court did not err by denying this claim 16 without holding an evidentiary hearing.

17 Bowles claimed counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the information because the information charged more than one crime in each 18 count. Further, Bowles argues the information was insufficient because it did not allege in what room of the home the conduct took place. Bowles 19 failed to demonstrate counsel was deficient or resulting prejudice. The information did not charge more than one crime per count, but instead, 20 offered alternative theories for each count charged, see NRS 173.075(2), and the jury is not required to be unanimous in its determination of what 21 theory constituted the crime, see Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813, 817 (1999); see also Anderson v. State, 121 Nev. 511, 515, 118 P.3d 22 184, 186 (2005).

23 Further, even assuming the State should have included information regarding which rooms in the house the conduct occurred, Bowles was on 24 notice from the preliminary hearing as to what rooms the conduct occurred. “An accurate information does not prejudice a defendant’s substantial rights 25 if the defendant had notice of the State’s theory of prosecution.” Viray, 121 Nev. at 1082, 111 P.3d at 162-63. In addition, had counsel objected, the 26 State likely would have been allowed to amend the information to include location information. See NRS 173.095(1). Therefore, Bowles failed to 27 demonstrate a reasonable probability of a different outcome had counsel objected. Accordingly, the district court did not err by denying this claim 28 without holding an evidentiary hearing. 2 The Nevada Court of Appeals’ determination that Petitioner failed to demonstrate 3 prejudice as a result of his counsel’s failure to object to the “allowed and/or asked and/or 4 watched and/or helped” language in the information was not an unreasonable application 5 of Strickland. As noted by the Court of Appeals, an objection to the language in the 6 charging document would not have resulted in a different outcome of the proceeding 7 because the state district court would have likely permitted an amendment to the 8 information. Further, the Court of Appeals rejected Petitioner’s argument that the term 9 “allowed” did not require a willful act because even without the alleged objectionable term, 10 the State sufficiently alleged the crime of lewdness. Therefore, the Court of Appeals 11 reasonably determined that Petitioner failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that 12 but for counsel’s failure to object to the language of the charging document, the outcome 13 of the proceedings would have been different. 14 Further, the Court of Appeals reasonably determined that Petitioner failed to 15 demonstrate that his counsel was deficient for failing to object to the use of the disjunctive 16 “or” in the information. Petitioner did not demonstrate that there was a basis for objectively 17 reasonable counsel to successfully object to the use of the disjunctive “or” in the charging 18 document. The Court of Appeals noted that the State is permitted to offer alternative 19 theories for each count in the charging document and the charging document did not 20 charge more than one crime per count. Counsel’s decision not to object to the use of the 21 disjunctive “or” does not fall “outside the wide range of professionally competent 22 assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Because Petitioner has not sufficiently 23 demonstrated that his counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of 24 reasonableness, the Court need not address the prejudice prong of Strickland as to this 25 issue. Id. at 697. 26 Moreover, the Court of Appeals reasonably determined that Petitioner failed to 27 demonstrate a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s failure to object that the 28 charging document did not specify where the acts occurred, the outcome of the 2 court would have likely permitted an amendment to the information. And Petitioner 3 nonetheless received notice because S.T. and M.T. testified at the preliminary hearing as 4 to where the acts took place. Therefore, the Nevada Court of Appeals’ rejection of 5 Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim was neither contrary to nor an objectively 6 unreasonable application of Strickland. Petitioner is denied federal habeas relief for 7 Ground 5. 8 ii. Ground 6 9 Petitioner alleges that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to file 10 a motion to suppress his statements to law enforcement. (ECF No. 4 at 13.) He asserts 11 that he was not given warnings pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), 12 when he was subject to a custodial interrogation. (Id.) The Nevada Court of Appeals held: 13 Bowles claimed counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress his interview with police officers. Bowles claimed he was in 14 custody and interrogated without being given his Miranda warnings. The district court concluded counsel was not deficient because Bowles failed to 15 demonstrate the motion would have been successful. Specifically, the district court found, based on evidence presented at trial, Bowles failed to 16 demonstrate he was in custody. The district court found the police asked Bowles to drive to the station for an interview and Bowles stated he would 17 after putting some things away. He took his time and then followed officers to the police station in his own vehicle. Once in the room, Bowles was 18 informed he was not under arrest and told the officers “I figured that one.” Bowles was not handcuffed or restrained in any way. The door of the 19 interview room was unlocked, the door was not blocked, and he at one point announced he needed to use the bathroom and left the room. Further, he 20 was not arrested that day. Based on the totality of these circumstances, the district court concluded Bowles was not in custody at the time of the 21 interview, and therefore, any motion to suppress the interview would have been futile. 22 The district court’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, 23 see State v. Taylor, 114 Nev. 1071, 1082, 968 P.2d 315, 323 (1998); Donovan v. State, 94 Nev. 671, 675, 584 P.2d 708, 711 (1978), and we 24 conclude the district court did not err by denying this claim without holding an evidentiary hearing. 25

26 (ECF No. 18-28 at 4-5.) The Nevada Court of Appeals’ rejection of Petitioner’s ineffective 27 assistance claim was neither contrary to nor an objectively unreasonable application of 28 clearly established law as determined by the United States Supreme Court. 2 stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of 3 procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.” 4 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. at 444. Custodial interrogation “mean[s] questioning initiated 5 by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise 6 deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” Id. 7 “[T]he ultimate inquiry” of whether someone is in custody “is simply whether there 8 is a formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a 9 formal arrest.” California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983) (internal quotation marks 10 omitted). There are “[t]wo discrete inquiries” to determine whether an individual is in 11 custody: “first, what were the circumstances surrounding the interrogation; and second, 12 given those circumstances, would a reasonable person have felt he or she was not at 13 liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.” Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112 14 (1995). Relevant factors in ascertaining how an individual would assess his freedom of 15 movement “include the location of the questioning, its duration, statements made during 16 the interview, the presence or absence of physical restraints during the questioning, and 17 the release of the interviewee at the end of the questioning.” Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 18 499, 509 (2012) (internal citations omitted). The “determination of custody depends on 19 the objective circumstances of the interrogation, not on the subjective views harbored by 20 either the interrogating officers or the person being questioned.” Stansbury v. California, 21 511 U.S. 318, 323 (1994). 22 In Oregon v. Mathiason, the Court held that questioning was not custodial wherein 23 the suspect had gone voluntarily to the police station, the suspect was informed that he 24 was not under arrest, and the suspect was allowed to leave at the end of the interview. 25 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977). There was “no indication that the questioning took place in a 26 context that where [the suspect’s] freedom to depart was restricted in any way.” Id. In 27 Yarborough v. Alvarado, the Court denied a petitioner habeas relief based on a non- 28 Mirandized police interview. 541 U.S. 652 (2004). The Court found that the following facts 2 the interview at the police station by police; his parents remained in the lobby; he was not 3 threatened that he would be placed under arrest; and at the end of the interview, the 4 petitioner went home. Id. at 664. On the other hand, the Court noted that the petitioner 5 was brough to the station by his legal guardians rather than arriving on his own accord 6 and the interview lasted for two hours, which weighed in favor of the view that the 7 petitioner was in custody. Id. The Court held that the state court considered the proper, 8 objective factors and reached a reasonable conclusion that the petitioner was not in 9 custody for Miranda purposes. Id. at 665, 668. “[A] federal habeas court may not issue 10 the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent judgment that the state- 11 court decision applied [the law] incorrectly.” Id. at 665. 12 The Nevada Court of Appeals reasonably determined that Petitioner failed to 13 demonstrate that his counsel was deficient for failing to file a motion to suppress his 14 statements to law enforcement. The Court of Appeals upheld the state district court’s 15 determination that Petitioner’s interview was not custodial finding that Petitioner 16 voluntarily appeared for the interview, Petitioner drove himself to the interview, Petitioner 17 was not under arrest, Petitioner was informed that he was not under arrest, Petitioner was 18 not restrained, and the door of the interview room was unlocked. (ECF Nos. 29 at 207- 19 209, 14-7 at 16.) As the Court of Appeals reasonably determined that a motion to 20 suppress would have been futile, counsel’s conduct does not fall “outside the wide range 21 of professionally competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. Because Petitioner 22 has not sufficiently demonstrated that his counsel’s representation fell below an objective 23 standard of reasonableness, Petitioner is denied habeas relief on Ground 6. 24 iii. Ground 7(1) 25 In Ground 7(1), Petitioner alleges that counsel who represented him at the 26 preliminary hearing rendered ineffective assistance because there was a conflict of 27 interest. (ECF No. 4 at 15.) Respondents argue that Petitioner’s claim is conclusory and 28 2 No. 30 at 14-15.) The Nevada Court of Appeals held: 3 Bowles claims the district court erred by denying his claim his preliminary hearing counsel had a conflict of interest because the public defender’s 4 office previously, or at the time of the preliminary hearing, represented the victims’ father. “In order to establish a violation of the Sixth Amendment, a 5 defendant who raised no objection at trial must demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” Cuyler v. 6 Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348 (1980). “[A] defendant who shows that conflict of interest actually affected the adequacy of his representation need not 7 demonstrate prejudice in order to obtain relief.” Id. at 349-50.

8 Bowles failed to demonstrate he was prejudiced. At the preliminary hearing, the State only had to prove slight or marginal evidence to support 9 the charges in the criminal complaint. See Sheriff, Washoe Cty. v. Hodes, 96 Nev. 184, 186, 606 P.2d 178, 180 (1980). Bowles did not demonstrate 10 that absent the alleged conflict the State would not have been able to meet this standard. Further, he failed to demonstrate the adequacy of his 11 preliminary hearing counsel’s representation was influenced by the alleged conflict. We reject Bowles’ assertion the alleged conflict amounted to the 12 deprivation of counsel. Finally, we note after the preliminary hearing, new counsel was appointed to represent Bowles at trial who did not have a 13 conflict of interest. Accordingly, we conclude the district court did not err by denying this claim without holding an evidentiary hearing. 14

15 (ECF No. 18-28 at 5-6.)

16 The Nevada Court of Appeals’ determination that Petitioner failed to demonstrate 17 prejudice was not an unreasonable application of Strickland. Petitioner failed to 18 demonstrate that the outcome of the preliminary hearing would have been different 19 absent the alleged conflict, particularly considering that the State only had to prove slight 20 or marginal evidence to support the charges at that stage of the case. As noted by the 21 Court of Appeals, preliminary hearing counsel withdrew and on October 3, 2011, 22 Petitioner was appointed new counsel who represented him at trial. Therefore, the Court 23 of Appeals reasonably determined that Petitioner failed to demonstrate a reasonable 24 probability that but for the conflict of preliminary hearing counsel, the outcome of the 25 proceeding would have been different. Petitioner is denied habeas relief on Ground 7(1). 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// |) V. CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 2 This is a final order adverse to Petitioner. Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Section 3 || 2254 Cases requires the Court to issue or deny a certificate of appealability (“COA”). 4 || Therefore, the Court has sua sponte evaluated the claims within the Petition for suitability 5 || for the issuance of a COA. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Turner v. Calderon, 281 F.3d 851, 6 || 864-65 (9th Cir. 2002). Under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2), a COA may issue only when the 7 || petitioner “has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” With 8 || respect to claims rejected on the merits, a petitioner “must demonstrate that reasonable 9 || jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or 10 || wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (citing Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 11 || 880, 893 n.4 (1983)). Applying this standard, the Court finds a certificate of appealability 12 || is unwarranted. 13 || VI. CONCLUSION 14 It is therefore ordered that Petitioner’s writ of habeas corpus (ECF No. 4) is denied. 15 It is further ordered that Petitioner is denied a certificate of appealability. 16 The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly and close this case 17 DATED THIS 9" Day of December 2020. 18 □ AGA 20 MIRANDA M. DU CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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